Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov |

Ivan Ershov

"Kana Sobinov aive akakwana kwazvo wevaRussia lyric tenors, saka pakati pevatambi vemapato ehugamba-anoshamisa, nzvimbo imwechete yaive yaErshov," anonyora DN Lebedev. - Mumiririri mukuru wechikoro chezwi chechokwadi, Ershov akatsunga uye akasimbisa nheyo dzayo.

Basa raErshov raipisa, richifara, richikwezva. Sezvo aive muhupenyu, saka aive mukuita. Simba rekunyengetedza, kureruka kwaive chikamu chakakosha chechimiro chake chehunyanzvi.

Hazvishamisi kuti mumwe wevenguva yake akamudaidza kuti Chaliapin pakati pevatambi.

Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov akaberekwa pana November 20, 1867. “Uduku hwangu hwakanga hwakaoma,” Ershov anoyeuka kudaro. - Ndakanga ndiri mumhuri "yekuwedzera muromo". Amai vangu vaishanda somuranda mumhuri yaiva nevarombo. Ndaizove injiniya wenjanji. Akatopasa bvunzo dzezita remubatsiri wemutyairi uye akadzokorora kuenda kumutsara, achityaira chitsiga. Asi Anton Rubinstein mukuru akakwevera ngwariro kwandiri, jaya. Kubva ipapo, hupenyu hwangu hwakatsaurirwa kune art, mimhanzi. "

Hungu, sezvinoitika, imwe nyaya yakamubatsira. Ershov akadzidza pachikoro chezvitima muYelets, kazhinji aiitwa mumakonzati evasingadzidzi. Mano ake anoshamisa akanga asingarambiki. Pano akanzwiwa napurofesa weSt. Petersburg Conservatory NB Pansh. Akaudza AG Rubinstein nezvemurume wechidiki ane tarenda. Pamusoro pekurudziro yemupiyano mukuru, machinist wezuro akava mudzidzi wekirasi yezwi, inotungamirirwa naStanislav Ivanovich Gabel. Makore ekudzidza aive asiri nyore: mari yese yaive 15 rubles pamwedzi, mabhezari uye kudya kwemasikati kwemahara.

Muna 1893 Ershov akapedza kudzidza paSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Mugore rimwe chetero akaita debut yake saFaust.

"Muimbi wechidiki haana kuita zvakanaka," anonyora AA Gozenpud. Akarayirwa kuti aende kuItaly kuti avandudzwe. Mushure memwedzi mina yemakirasi nemudzidzisi Rossi, akaita debut yake nekubudirira kukuru paRegio Opera House. Kubudirira kutsva kwakamuunzira kuita basa raJosé muCarmen. Runyerekupe pamusoro pemitambo yekunze yeYershov yakasvika Napravnik naVsevolozhsky, uye muiti wacho akapiwa debut itsva. Hunhu, izvi zvakaitika mushure mekunge awana mukurumbira kunze kwenyika. Hazvigoneki kuti mwedzi mina yemakirasi naRossi inogona kupfumisa tsika yake yezwi. Kudzokera kuRussia, Ershov akaita muKharkov mumwaka wa4/1894. The debut panguva Mariinsky Theater kwakaitika muna April 95 sezvo Faust.

Kuita uku kwaizivikanwawo nekuti mumwe mutambi, wechidiki bass Fyodor Chaliapin, akaita saMephistopheles. Mune ramangwana, sezvamunoziva, Chaliapin akaimba pamatanho ese makuru munyika, uye hupenyu hwese hwekusika hwaErshov hwakanga hwakaganhurirwa kuMariinsky (yakazotevera Kirov) Theatre.

Pakutanga, Ershov akaimba pano zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikamu, asi nekufamba kwenguva zvakava pachena kuti basa rake chairo raiva mabasa ehugamba. Pakanga pari munzira iyi iyo kugona kwake kwakatanhamara kwakaratidzwa kwete semuimbi, asi semuimbi-mutambi. Achitsanangura hunyanzvi hwake hwehunyanzvi, Ershov akanyora kuti:

“Inzwi romuimbi inzwi romwoyo. Izwi, chimiro chechiso, modulation yechimiro chemunhu mune zvipfeko zvenguva, mune zvipfeko zverudzi uye kubatanidzwa kwekirasi; makore ake, unhu hwake, mafungiro ake kune zvakatipoteredza, nezvimwewo - zvose izvi zvinoda kubva kune muimbi-mutambi kunzwa kwakakodzera kwemavara anoenderana nekunzwika kwezwi rake, kana zvisina kudaro zvinhu zvose bel canto uye bel canto, nezvimwewo. etc. Chokwadi, chokwadi muunyanzvi!..

Ingani shanduko mumatimu, mavara, marudzi ese emazwi anomonyoroka uye anotendeuka anogona kunge ari muzwi, asi hapana chokwadi, manzwiro emoyo nemweya!

Faust naRomeo havana kupindirana nenzira ipi neipi kune hunhu hwemuimbi. Tannhäuser naOrestes vakaunza budiriro chaiyo kuna Ershov. Kutenda kwavari, tarenda redanho remuimbi wechidiki rakaratidzwa uye simba uye kutaura kwezwi kwakaratidzwa.

Mutsoropodzi Kondratiev anotsinhira nokugutsikana kuita kwaErshov muOresteia: “Ershov akaita murangariro wakanaka… Mushure memutambo wechipiri: "Ershov akaita manyawi munzvimbo yehasha."

Kumwe kukunda kwekusika kwaErshov kwaive kuita kwake mu opera Samsoni naDherira. Nezvake, Kondratiev akanyora kuti: “Ershov akanyatsoita Samsoni.” Akakunda kubudirira kutsva muchikamu cheSobinin, achiimba aria inowanzopotsa nekwaya "Hama, mudutu rechando." Iine kakati wandei iyo yepamusoro "C" uye "D-flat", inowanikwa kune mashoma tenor. Vanenge vese vamiririri vemimhanzi St.

Kondratiev akanyora mudhayari rake kuti: “Nyaya yacho yakanyorwa mubhuku repamusoro-soro zvokuti inotyisa kunyange pakuiverenga. Ndaitya Yershov, asi akabuda mumuedzo uyu nerukudzo. Kunyanya kuita zvinyoro-nyoro chikamu chepakati che cantabile, vateereri vakamudana zvisinganzwisisike uye vakakumbira kudzokorora, akazadzisa zvaidiwa neruzhinji uye akaimba akadzikama uye zviri nani kechipiri.

Ershov akadzokorora zvakare mufananidzo weFinn muRuslan naLyudmila nenzira itsva. BV akanyora pamusoro peizvi. Asafiev: "Kuita chiitiko chipenyu, chinobatika, nekuti" izwi rinonzwika, mukupokana kunowanikwa naYershov, rinoita sechibatanidza mukuenderera (mune ino ruzha sphere) kuyerera kwemaitiro ekuumba nguva yega yega, yega yega yemweya. kufamba. Zvose zvinotyisa uye zvinofadza. Zvinotyisa nekuti pakati pevanhu vazhinji vanobatanidzwa muopera sehunyanzvi, vashoma, vashoma ndivo vakarongerwa kuti vanzwisise kudzika kwakazara uye simba rekutaura ririmo mairi. Zvinofadza nokuti, uchiteerera kuita kwaYershov, pakarepo unogona kunzwa chimwe chinhu chisina kuratidzwa mune chero zvinyorwa uye zvisingagoni kuendeswa netsanangudzo ipi zvayo: kunaka kwekurova kwehupenyu mukuratidzwa kwekushungurudzika kwepfungwa kuburikidza nekurira kwemimhanzi, zvinoreva neshoko.

Kana iwe ukatarisa runyoro rwezvikamu zve opera zvakaitwa naErshov, saka iye, semupi wemifananidzo mukuru, anoratidzirwa nehupfumi uye kusiyana-siyana. Iyo yakakura panorama - kubva kuMozart, Weber, Beethoven uye Bellini kusvika kuRachmaninoff, Richard Strauss naProkofiev. Akave nekubudirira kwakanakisa muma opera eGlinka naTchaikovsky, Dargomyzhsky naRubinstein, Verdi uye Bizet.

Nekudaro, chiyeuchidzo munhoroondo yeunyanzvi hweopera chakamiswa nemuimbi weRussia kwaari aine nhongonya mbiri. Imwe yacho kuita kunoshamisa kwezvikamu mumabasa aWagner. Ershov aigutsikana zvakaenzana muLohengrin neTannhäuser, Valkyrie neRhine Gold, Tristan naIsolde uye Rufu rweVamwari. Pano muimbi akawana zvakanyanya kuomarara uye zvine mubairo zvinhu zvekuisa misimboti yake yehunyanzvi. "Chinhu chose chemabasa aWagner chakazadzwa nehukuru hwechiito," muimbi akasimbisa. - Mimhanzi yemunyori uyu inoyevedza, asi inoda kudzorwa kwakasarudzika kwetsinga yehunyanzvi pa tempo. Zvose zvinofanira kukwidziridzwa - kutarisa, inzwi, chiito. Mutambi anofanira kukwanisa kutamba pasina mazwi muzviitiko izvo pasina kuimba, asi kungoramba kuripo. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuenderana nekumhanya kwechikuva nemimhanzi yeorchestra. NaWagner, mimhanzi, kutaura kwekufananidzira, inokwidziridzwa kune mutambi-muimbi. Kupwanya chibatiso ichi zvinoreva kuputsa kubatana kwedariro uye mutinhimira wenziyo. Asi kusaparadzaniswa kwakafanana hakusungiri mutambi uye kunoraira kwaari ukuru hunodiwa, hukuru, chimiro chakafara, chinononoka, icho pachikuva chinoenderana nemweya wemimhanzi yaWagner.

Cosima Wagner, chirikadzi yemunyori wacho, akanyorera muimbi wacho musi waSeptember 15, 1901 kuti: “Shamwari dzedu dzakawanda dzemifananidzo yedu nevaimbi vakawanda, kusanganisira Amai Litvin, vakandiudza nezvematambiro ako emabasa eunyanzvi hwedu. Ndinokubvunza iwe kana nzira yako rimwe zuva ichakutora iwe kuburikidza neBayreuth uye kana uchida kumira ipapo kuti utaure neni pamusoro pekushanda kweGermany kweaya mabasa. Handitendi kuti ndichazombova nemukana wekuenda kuRussia, ndosaka ndiri kukukumbirai. Ndinovimba kuti zvidzidzo zvako zvichakubvumidza iwe zororo uye kuti zororo rino harina kure zvakanyanya. Ndapota gamuchirai ruremekedzo rwangu rukuru.”

Hongu, mukurumbira wemuimbi weWagnerian wakanamatira kuna Yershov. Asi zvakanga zvisiri nyore kutyora repertoire iyi pachikuva.

“Nzira yose yeMariinsky Theatre yakanga isingafariri Wagner,” Ershov anoyeuka kudaro muna 1933. Mimhanzi yaWagner yakasangana neruvengo rwokungwarira. Lohengrin naTannhäuser vakanga vachiri kutenderwa padariro, vachishandura aya maopera erudo-egamba kuita stereotyped maitiro echiItaly. Runyerekupe rwevaFiristiya rwakadzokororwa rwokuti Wagner akashatisa manzwi evaimbi, achivhara nzeve vateereri nokutinhira kwechikwata chevaimbi. Zvaiita sokuti vakanga vasvika pakubvumirana neYankee ane pfungwa shoma, hero yenyaya yaMark Twain, uyo anonyunyuta kuti mimhanzi yeLohengrin inonzwa. NdiLohengrin!

Paivawo nemafungiro anogumbura, kunyange kutuka kune muimbi weRussia: "Kuenda kupi nekusagadzirira kwako uye kushaya tsika yako kutora Wagner! Hapana chauchawana.” Mune ramangwana, hupenyu hwakaramba fungidziro idzi dzinogumbura. Iyo Mariinsky Stage yakawana pakati pevatambi vayo vazhinji vakanaka vanoita zvezvikamu zveWagner repertoire ... "

Imwe yepamusoro yepamusoro yakakundwa nemuimbi ndiyo chikamu cheGrishka Kuterma muRimsky-Korsakov opera The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh uye Maiden Fevronia. Iyo Rimsky-Korsakov Theatre zvakare ndiyo Yershov Theatre. Sadko ndeimwe yehunyanzvi hwemuimbi, iyo yakacherechedzwa nemunyori pachake. Akaita zvakanakisa Berendey muThe Snow Maiden, Mikhail Tucha muThe Maid of Pskov. Asi kubudirira kukuru kwemuimbi ndiko kusikwa kwemufananidzo weGrishka Kuterma, akatanga kutamba basa iri muna 1907.

Mutungamiriri wemutambo uyu usingakanganwiki VP Shkaber akati: "Muiti akanzwa zvakadzama zvinhu zvekutambura kukuru uye kusuwa kwevanhu, akanyura mukudhakwa, apo hupenyu hwevanhu hwakarasika pasina. Chiitiko chekupenga kwake, nguva dzega nemaTatars musango, neFevronia - zvese izvi zviitiko zvekusika zvemuimbi-muimbi zvaive zvakakura zvekuti mufananidzo weGrishka wakaitwa naYershov hauna kukodzera kuyemurwa chete, asiwo nekudzika. kuyemura tarenda remuimbi: akazara, ane mavara, nehunyanzvi hukuru, akaburitsa pachena manzwiro egamba rake… kukwira kwakanyanya.

Andrei Nikolaevich Rimsky-Korsakov, achitaura nemuimbi akamiririra mhuri yemunyori, akanyora kuti: "Ini pachangu, pamwe chete nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri yaNikolai Andreevich, avo vandiri kutaura pano, yeuka kuti munyori weKitezh akakoshesa zvikuru sei. tarenda yako yeunyanzvi uye, kunyanya, nekugutsikana kwakadini akatarisa brainchild yake Grishka Kuterma muchimiro cheErshov.

…Kuturikira kwako basa reKuterma kwakadzama uye kwakadzama uye munhu wega zvekuti unotofanira kuona rusununguko rwakasimba mune ino hunyanzvi. Iwe wakaisa mari muGrishka chikamu chikuru chehupenyu hwako, mweya wemunhu, saka ndine kodzero yekutaura kuti sezvo pasina uye haigoni kuva wechipiri Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, saka hapana uye haigoni kuva Grishka yechipiri yakadaro.

Uye pamberi pa1917, uye mumakore ekupedzisira-revolutionary, muchengeti weRussia akapiwa zvibvumirano zvekubhadhara kune dzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, hupenyu hwake hwose akanga akatendeka kusvika padanho apo nzira yake yekusika yakatanga - Mariinsky Theater.

Achikorokotedza muimbi pamakore makumi maviri nemashanu echiitiko chake chekugadzira, mutori wenhau uye munyori wenhau AV Amfiteatrov akanyora, kunyanya, kuna Ivan Vasilyevich: "Dai waida kutaura pakushanya, ungadai wakave bhirioni kare kare. Kana iwe wakadzika kune akadaro advertising tricks, saka akajairika mune yazvino hunyanzvi mamiriro, ese ari maviri hemispheres angadai akazadzwa nekuchema pamusoro pako kare. Asi iwe, mupirisita akasimba uye akachenjera wehunyanzvi, wakapfuura nepano zvese izvi uye hype pasina kana kukanda ziso munzira yake. Kumira wakatendeseka uye zvine mwero mu "nzvimbo ine mbiri" yawakasarudza, uri muenzaniso usingaenzaniswi, usingaenzaniswi wekuzvimiririra kwehunyanzvi, uchiramba nekuzvidza nzira dzese dzehunyanzvi dzekubudirira uye hukuru pakati peshamwari dzako ... kuti "kuhwina basa" kuunza noudyire mutemberi yeunyanzvi hwake basa risingakodzeri, rakaderera.

Mudiwa wechokwadi, Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, achisiya nhandare, aigara achifunga nezveramangwana remitambo yedu yemimhanzi, nechido akarera vechidiki vane unyanzvi paOpera Studio yeLeningrad Conservatory, akarongwa mabasa naMozart, Rossini, Gounod, Dargomyzhsky, Rimsky-Korsakov. , Tchaikovsky, Rubinstein ikoko. Nokuzvikudza uye kuzvininipisa, akapeta nzira yake yokusika nemashoko anotevera: “Ndichishanda semutambi kana mudzidzisi wemimhanzi, kutanga ndinonzwa ndiri mugari akasununguka uyo, nepaanogona napo, anoshandira zvakanakira nzanga yesocialist. .”

Ivan Vasilevich Ershov akafa musi waNovember 21, 1943.