Leoš Janáček |

Leoš Janicek

L. Janacek anogara munhoroondo yemimhanzi yeCzech yezana ramakore reXX. iyo imwe nzvimbo yekuremekedza sezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. - hama dzake B. Smetana naA. Dvorak. Vaive ava vanyori vakuru venyika, vagadziri veCzech classics, vakaunza hunyanzvi hweiyi vanhu vanonyanya mimhanzi padanho repasi. Muimbi wechiCzech J. Sheda akanyora mufananidzo unotevera waJanáček, sezvaakaramba ari mundangariro dzevaaigara navo: “…Anopisa, anokurumidza kutsamwa, ane tsika, akapinza, asina pfungwa, nekushanduka-shanduka kusingatarisirwi. Aiva mudiki mumhu, mutete, aine musoro wairatidza, aine bvudzi gobvu rakarara mumusoro make makaita tambo dzisina kurongeka, aine tsiye dzakaunyana uye maziso aipenya. Hapana kuedza kwekunaka, hapana chekunze. Aive azere nehupenyu uye nekukasira kusindimara. Ndiwo mimhanzi yake: ine ropa rakazara, ipfupi, inochinjika, senge hupenyu pachahwo, ine hutano, inofadza, inopisa, inokwezva. "

Janáček aiva wechizvarwa chaigara munyika yakadzvinyirirwa (iyo yakanga yagara kwenguva refu ichitsamira paHumambo hweAustria) munguva ye<em>reactionary, nguva pfupi pashure pokudzvinyirirwa kwechimurenga cherusununguko rwenyika cha1848. vanodzvinyirirwa nevanotambura, kumukira kwake kwehasha, kusingadzivisiki? Muimbi akaberekerwa munyika yemasango akaomeswa uye nhare dzekare, mumusha mudiki wegomo reHukvaldy. Akanga ari wechipfumbamwe pavana gumi navana vomudzidzisi wechikoro chesekondari. Baba vake, pakati pezvimwe zvidzidzo, vakadzidzisa mumhanzi, aiva violinist, chechi oganist, mutungamiriri uye conductor of choral Society. Amai vaivawo nemano uye ruzivo rwakatanhamara rwemimhanzi. Airidza gitare, akaimba zvakanaka, uye pashure porufu rwomurume wake, akaita chikamu cheOrgan muchechi yomunzvimbomo. Uduku hwemunyori weramangwana hwakanga huri murombo, asi hune hutano uye hwakasununguka. Akachengeta nekusingaperi hukama hwake hwemweya kune zvakasikwa, ruremekedzo uye rudo kune varimi veMoravia, vakarerwa maari kubva paudiki.

Kusvikira pazera remakore 11 chete Leosh akagara pasi pedenga revabereki vake. Kugona kwake mumhanzi uye sonorous treble yakasarudza mubvunzo wekuti ndekupi kutsanangura mwana. Baba vake vakaenda naye kuBrno kuna Pavel Krzhizhkovek, munyori weMoravia uye muunganidzi wengano. Leos akagamuchirwa mukwaya yechechi yeStarobrnensky Augustinian monastery. Vakomana vekwaya vaigara paimba yemamongi nemari yehurumende, vaipinda chikoro chakazara uye vakatora zvidzidzo zvekuimba vachitungamirirwa nevanodzidzisa mamongi. Krzhizhkovsky pachake akatarisira kuumbwa naLeos. Ndangariro dzehupenyu muStarobrnensky Monastery dzinoratidzwa mune mazhinji emabasa aJanáček (the cantatas Amarus uye The Eternal Gospel; the sextet Youth; kutenderera kwepiyano MuRima, Pamwe Panzira Yakakura, nezvimwewo). Mamiriro ezvinhu epamusoro uye echinyakare tsika dzeMoravia, akaonekwa mumakore iwayo, akaiswa mune imwe yepamusoro-soro yebasa remunyori - Glagolitic Mass (1926). Mushure mezvo, Janicek akapedza kosi yePrague Organ School, akavandudzwa paLeipzig neVienna Conservatories, asi nehupamhi hwese hwaro hwehunyanzvi, mubhizinesi guru rehupenyu hwake nebasa, akange asina mutungamiriri chaiye. Zvese zvaakawana hazvina kuhwina nekuda kwechikoro uye vapi vezano vane ruzivo rwakanyanya, asi akazvimiririra zvachose, kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwakaoma, dzimwe nguva nekuedza uye kukanganisa. Kubva pamatanho ekutanga mundima yakazvimirira, Janáček anga asiri muimbi chete, asiwo mudzidzisi, folklorist, conductor, mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi, theorist, murongi wemakonzati ephilharmonic uye Organ School muBrno, bepanhau remimhanzi uye denderedzwa rekudzidza. yemutauro weRussia. Kwemakore akawanda munyori akashanda uye akarwa murima repurovhinzi. Nzvimbo yehunyanzvi yePrague haina kumuziva kwenguva yakareba, chete Dvorak aikoshesa uye aida waaishanda naye mudiki. Panguva imwecheteyo, kunonoka kweRomantic art, iyo yakanga yadzika midzi muguta guru, yakanga isinganzwisisike kuna tenzi weMoravia, uyo aivimba neunyanzvi hwechivanhu uye nematauriro ekutaura kunofadza. Kubva muna 1886, munyori wacho, pamwe chete nenyanzvi yetsika F. Bartosz, vaipedza chirimo choga choga munzendo dzengano. Akaburitsa akawanda marekodhi enziyo dzechiMoravia, akagadzira hurongwa hwavo hwekonzati, kwaya uye ega. Kubudirira kwepamusoro apa kwaive symphonic Lash Dances (1889). Panguva imwe chete navo, muunganidzwa wakakurumbira wenziyo dzechivanhu (kupfuura 2000) wakaburitswa nenhanganyaya naJanáček "Kudivi reMumhanzi reMoravian Folk Songs", iro rava kunzi sebasa rekare mungano.

Mundima yeopera, kukura kwaJanáček kwaive kwakareba uye kwakaoma. Mushure mekuedza kumwe chete kugadzira opera yakanonoka yakavakirwa pachirongwa kubva kuCzech epic (Sharka, 1887), akafunga kunyora ethnographic ballet Rakos Rakoci (1890) uye opera (Kutanga kweNovel, 1891), umo nziyo dzechivanhu nekutamba. Iyo ballet yakatoitwa muPrague panguva yeEthnographic Exhibition ya1895. Mamiriro emarudzi emabasa aya akanga ari nhanho yenguva pfupi mubasa raJanáček. Muimbi akatevera nzira yekugadzira hunyanzvi hwechokwadi hukuru. Akange achisundwa nechishuwo chekupikisa abstractions - simba, chekare - nhasi, ngano yekumisikidzwa - iyo concreteness yehupenyu hwevanhu, generalized hero-zviratidzo - vanhuwo zvavo vane ropa rinopisa remunhu. Izvi zvakawanikwa chete mumutambo wechitatu "Mwanasikana wake wokurera" ("Enufa" inobva pamutambo waG. Preissova, 1894-1903). Iko hakuna makotesheni akananga mune iyi opera, kunyangwe iyo yese iri boka rezvimiro uye zviratidzo, mutinhimira uye manzwi enziyo dzeMoravian, kutaura kwevanhu. Mutambo wacho wakarambwa nePrague National Theatre, uye zvakatora makore 13 okutamburira nokuda kwebasa rakanaka kwazvo, iro rava kuridzwa munzvimbo dzemitambo kupota nyika, kuti rigopinda munhandare yeguta guru. Muna 1916, opera yakabudirira zvikuru muPrague, uye muna 1918 muVienna, iyo yakazarura nzira kune mukurumbira wenyika kune asingazivikanwe 64-year-old Moravian master. Nenguva iyo Mwana Wake Wokurera anopedzwa, Janicek anopinda panguva yekukura kwakazara kwekugadzira. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi1. Janicek anoratidza zvakajeka maitiro ekutsoropodza munharaunda. Anokurudzirwa zvakasimba nemabhuku eRussia - Gogol, Tolstoy, Ostrovsky. Anonyora piano sonata "Kubva Mumugwagwa" uye anoiratidza nemusi waGumiguru 1905, 70000, apo mauto eAustria akaparadzira kuratidzira kwevechidiki muBrno, uyezve kwaya dzinosiririsa pachiteshi. anoshanda mudetembi Pyotr Bezruch "Kantor Galfar", "Marichka Magdonova", "1906" (XNUMX). Kunyanya kushamisa ndeye kwaya "Marichka Magdonova" pamusoro pemusikana ari kuparara asi asina kukundwa, iyo yaigara ichimutsa mhirizhonga kubva kune vateereri. Apo munyori wenziyo, pashure pokumwe kutamba kweiri bhuku, akaudzwa, kuti: “Hungu, uyu ndiwo musangano chaiwoiwo wamasocialists!” Akapindura kuti, “Ndizvo chaizvo zvandaida.”

Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinyorwa zvekutanga zve symphonic rhapsody "Taras Bulba", yakapedzwa zvachose nemunyori pakukwirira kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, apo hurumende yeAustria-Hungary yakadzinga varwi veCzech kuti varwe nevaRussia, vaiva vemauto. nguva imwechete. Zvinokosha kuti mumabhuku ake epamba Janáček anowana zvinhu zvekushoropodza magariro (kubva kumakwaya ari pachiteshi cheP. Bezruch kuenda kune iyo satirical opera The Adventures yePan Broucek zvichibva pane nyaya dzaS. Cech), uye mukushuvira gamba. mufananidzo anotendeukira kuna Gogori.

Makumi gumi ekupedzisira ehupenyu nebasa remunyori (1918-28) akaganhurirwa zvakajeka nenhoroondo ye1918 (kupera kwehondo, kupera kwemazana matatu emakore ejoko reAustria) uye panguva imwe chete nekutendeuka. mune ramangwana raJanáček, kutanga kwemukurumbira wake wenyika. Munguva iyi yebasa rake, iro rinogona kunzi lyric-philosophical, iyo inonyanya kurira yemitambo yake, Katya Kabanova (yakavakirwa paOstrovsky's Thunderstorm, 1919-21) yakasikwa. nhetembo yehuzivi ngano yevakuru - "The Adventures of the Cunning Fox" (yakavakirwa pane pfupi nyaya naR. Tesnoglidek, 1921-23), pamwe neiyo opera "Makropulos 'Remedy" (yakavakirwa pamutambo weiyo yakafanana. zita rakanyorwa naK. Capek, 1925) uye "Kubva kuImba Yakafa" (yakavakirwa pa" Notes from the Dead House" naF. Dostoevsky, 1927-28). Mumakore gumi akafanana ane zvibereko zvinoshamisa, "Glagolic Mass", 2 yepakutanga mazwi ekutenderera ("Diary of a Disappeared" uye "Jests"), kwaya inoshamisa "Mad Tramp" (naR. Tagore) uye yakakurumbira Sinfonietta ye bhendi rendarira rakaonekwa. Mukuwedzera, kune akawanda kwaya uye chamber-zviridzwa nziyo, kusanganisira 2 quartets. Sezvo B. Asafiev akambotaura nezvemabasa aya, Janachek akaita seanokura muduku nemumwe wavo.

Rufu rwakabata Janacek zvisingatarisirwi: panguva yezororo rezhizha muHukvaldy, akabatwa nechando uye akafa nemabayo. Vakamuviga muBrno. Cathedral yeSyrobrnensky monastery, kwaakadzidza uye akaimba mukwaya achiri mukomana, yakanga ichifashukira nemhomho yevanhu vaifara. Zvaiita sezvisingadaviriki kuti uyo makore nehurwere hwehurwere hwaive husina simba aive aenda.

Vemazuva ano havana kunyatsonzwisisa kuti Janáček aive mumwe wevakatanga kufunga kwemumhanzi uye mumhanzi psychology yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Hurukuro yake ine matauriro akasimba epanzvimbo yaiita seyakashinga kune aesthetes, zvisikwa zvepakutanga, maonero ehuzivi uye kufunga kwefungidziro yemugadziri wechokwadi zvakaonekwa sekuda kuziva. Munguva yehupenyu hwake, akawana mukurumbira sehafu-akadzidza, wekare, diki-taundi folklorist. Chete chiitiko chitsva chemunhu wemazuva ano pakupera kwezana ramakore chakavhura maziso edu kuhunhu hweiyi nyanzvi yakangwara, uye kuputika kutsva kwekufarira basa rake kwakatanga. Iye zvino kutwasanuka kwemaonero ake enyika hakudi kupfaviswa, kupinza kweruzha rwezvibodzwa zvake hakudi kukwenenzverwa. Munhu wemazuva ano anoona muJanacek sahwira wake-mu-maoko, anozivisa misimboti yepasirese yefambiro mberi, hunhu hwevanhu, kunyatsoremekedza mitemo yechisikigo.

L. Polyakova