Zviridzwa |

Musical Instruments - zviridzwa zvakagadzirirwa kuburitsa rhythmically yakarongeka uye yakamisikidzwa mumanzwi epitch kana zvakajeka rhythm, pamwe neruzha. Zvinhu zvinonzwika zvisina kurongeka uye ruzha (mallet yevarindi veusiku, ruzha rwevavhimi, arched mabhero, muridzo), kana kuti manyepo anotevedzera kuimba kweshiri uye kuchema kwemhuka dzinoshandiswa mukuvhima, pamwe chete nematurusi anoshanda semidziyo yakakosha. zvinangwa zvechiratidzo, pasi pemamwe mamiriro anogona kushandiswa ese M. uye. Kune zvakare M. uye. kushandiswa kwechinangwa, kushandiswa kwezvinangwa zvetsika (shaman tambourine, Buddhist ghan-dan uye bure, Nivkh partigre); dzimwe nguva dzinoshandiswa kuperekedza mabunks. matambiro (Est. kraatsspill, Latvian, tridexnis, chagana, eglite). Izvi zvinosanganisira zvishandiso, nerubatsiro rweiyo musymphony. (opera) orchestra inoburitsa mabhanan'ana, mhepo inoungudza, tyava inotsemuka, zvichingodaro. Zvimwe zvezviridzwa zvinoiswa nemasaini zvinogonawo kuita mimhanzi. arts. mabasa, eg. mabhero echechi nerurimi rwakarembera zvakasununguka. Kuna M. uye. litas inosanganisirwawo. Toshalya kana Latvian. berzstaase, yakagadzirwa kubva kubirch bark, Mari efi kubva lilac leaf, Ukrainian. lusk kubva panyanga flake, nezvimwewo; kushandisa zvishandiso zvakafanana. vaimbi vanoridza muridzo neunyanzvi nziyo dzakaoma kunzwisisa, vachidzishongedza zvakanyanya nendima dzakasiyana siyana uye melismas.

Imwe neimwe M. uye. ine timbre yekuzvarwa (character, coloring) yeruzha, chaiyo. dynamic kugona uye imwe siyana yemanzwi. Ruzha rwemhando M. uye. zvinoenderana nemidziyo inoshandiswa kugadzira chishandiso, chimiro chakapihwa kwavari (kureva, ese dimensional data yezvikamu, magungano) uye inogona kuchinjwa uchishandisa kuwedzera. midziyo (semuenzaniso mbeveve), decomp. manzwi ekubvisa maitiro (somuenzaniso, pizzicato, harmonic, nezvimwewo).

M. i. Zvinotenderwa kupatsanurwa kuita vanhu uye nyanzvi. Yokutanga inogadzirwa pakati pevanhu uye inoshandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye unyanzvi hwemimhanzi. performance. Zviridzwa zvakafanana zvinogona kuva zvemunhu mumwe chete uye zvemarudzi akasiyana, ane hukama. hama kana nguva. nhoroondo uye tsika kuonana. Saka, muUkraine chete kune bandura, uye muGeorgia - panduri uye chonguri. Ukuwo, kumabvazuva. MaSlav - maRussia, maUkraine, maBelarusian - kare uye zvino akashandisa zviridzwa zvakajairika - gusli, sniffle (sniffle, pombi), zhaleika (nyanga), bagpipe (dudu), wheel lyre, muAzerbaijan neArmenia - saz, tar, kemancha , zurnu, duduk; muUzbekistan neTajikistan, zvinenge zviridzwa zvose zvakafanana. Prof. kuwanda kwakawanda kwezviridzwa zvakagadzirwa semugumisiro wekuvandudzwa uye kuchinjwa kwe nar. zvishandiso. Saka, semuenzaniso, munguva yakapfuura, Nar chete. chiridzwa chaiva violin, violin yemazuva ano yakabva kune vanhu vakareruka. nyere, kubva primitive chalumeau - clarinet, etc. Nyanzvi inowanzobatanidza M. uye., ​​iyo inhengo ye symphony. (opera), mhepo uye estr. vaimbi, pamwe chete nendarira netambo. keyboards (organ, piano, kare - harpsichord, clavichord). Munyika dzinoverengeka (India, Iran, Turkey, China, nezvimwewo) vanoridza zvinenge zviridzwa zvechivanhu chete, uye hunyanzvi hwekuita pazviridzwa zvakadaro mienzaniso yehunyanzvi hwepamusoro munyika idzi. Nekudaro, muchimiro cheEuropean music orchestral uye kunyanya keyboard tsika, idzo dzisinei nehukama hwakanangana netsika dzechivanhu, dzinorongedzerwa zviri pamutemo sa prof. M. uye.; dhizaini yavo, tekinoroji-kuita uye hunyanzvi-kutaura. maitiro akakwana.

M.'s kubuda uye. ndezvenguva dzakare. Vamwe vavo, semuenzaniso. nyanga uye nyere dzekare dzakagadzirwa nemapfupa, vanochera matongo vanowana panguva yekuchera kwekugara kwevanhu kwePaleolithic era. muNeolithic monuments. nguva kune madhiramu ane divi rimwe chete, tsanga dzemhepo (seshavha kana chalumeau), primitive xylophones nenyere dzine maburi ekuridza. Tambo dzakaonekwa pava paya pane dzimwe. M. i. - mbira dzakapfava, dzakaita selute uye dzakaita setanbur, asi dzaizivikanwawo kune mamwe marudzi kare BC asati asvika. e. Pane fungidziro dzakasiyana dzekwakabva M. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakutanga izvi zvaive zviridzwa zvekusaina uye kuti zvaive neimwe nzira kana imwe zvakabatana nemaitiro ebasa emunhu wekare. Nekudaro, sezvinoratidzwa nemidziyo yekuchera matongo, yatova padanho rekutanga mukukura kwevanhu, pakanga paine maturusi aingoita mimhanzi uye aesthetic. basa: nyere dzine maburi ekutamba, zvichikubvumidza kuti utore manzwi ehurefu hwakasiyana hwechiyero chakanyatsogadziriswa (chinoratidza kubuda kwehurongwa hwemimhanzi hunoreva), tambo. zviridzwa zvakakodzera chete kuridza mimhanzi, Zvita. mhando dze castanets dzinoperekedza single and group dance, etc. Nerubatsiro rwekuridza mimhanzi. mitambo yaigona kushandisa mapaipi echiratidzo nenyanga.

Iko kushanduka kweM. uye., ​​kupfumiswa kwezvishandiso kwakaenda zvakananga. kubatana nekukura kwevanhu, tsika, mimhanzi, kuita. zvirevo uye maitiro ekugadzira. Panguva imwecheteyo, vamwe M. uye., ​​nekuda kwezvakasiyana zvekugadzirwa kwavo, vauya kwatiri muchimiro chavo chepakutanga (somuenzaniso, Uzbek stone castanets - kayrak), vamwe vakagadziridzwa, vamwe M. uye. uye zvinodiwa zverunako, zvakatanga kusashandiswa uye zvakatsiviwa nezvitsva. Nhamba uye zvakasiyana-siyana zveM. uye. zvakanyanya kuwedzera. Muses. unyanzvi, pahuchikudziridzwa, hwaida mitoo yakafanira yokutaura, uye zviridzwa zvemhanzi zvemberi zvikuru, zvakabetserawo kukudziridzwa kwokuwedzera kwenziyo. kusika uye kuita. mhosva. Nekudaro, kwete nguva dzose dhigirii rekusiyana uye tekinoroji. M.'s states uye. inogona kushanda sechiyero chemwero wemimhanzi. tsika. Vamwe vanhu, vachisarudza wok. mimhanzi, yakagadzira M. uye. muhuwandu hushoma uye akazvishandisa Ch. arr. sekwaya inoperekedza. kuimba. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, kutakura. chonguri uye panduri, kana iwo chete, chaizvoizvo, kurai pakati peBashkir nemakhomys pakati peYakuti. Panguva imwe cheteyo, unyanzvi hwokuridza kurai uye khomys, uye mimhanzi yaiitwa pavari, yakasvika pakukwana kukuru pakati pavanhu ava.

Zvakanyanya zvakajeka M.'s kubatana uye. nekusika uye kuita, kusarudzwa kwavo nekuvandudza kwavo kunogona kuteverwa mumunda we prof. mimhanzi (mumhanzi wevanhu, maitiro aya anoenderera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye zviridzwa zvinoramba zvisina kuchinjwa kana zvishoma kuchinjwa kwemazana emakore). Saka, mumazana emakore 15-16. ma<em>fidels (ma<em>viels) ane ruzha rwawo rwakakasharara akatsiviwa nema<em>viol airira zvinyoro-nyoro, matte timbre, “akakwirira”. Mumakore 17-18. maererano nekugadzirwa kwehomophonic harmonic. manyorerwo uye kubuda kwemimhanzi inoda kusimba kwakasiyana-siyana, viola yakatsiviwa neviolin nemhuri yayo, ine ruzha rwakajeka, rwunoratidza uye mikana yekuridza virtuoso. Panguva imwe cheteyo nenyere, iyo yakapfava, asi "isina hupenyu" mukunzwika, kureba kwenyere yakawira mukusashandiswa, zvichipa nzira kune inonzwika uye nehunyanzvi hwenhare inochinjika nyere. Panguva imwecheteyo, mimhanzi yeEurope yakanga isisashandiswi mukuungana uye kuita zveochestra. lute nemhando dzayo - theorbo uye chitarron (arch-lute), uye mumhanzi wepamba-kuita lute yakatsiviwa ne vihuela, ipapo gitare. To con. 18th century iyo harpsichord yakatsiviwa neiyo itsva M. uye. - piyano.

Prof. Mimhanzi yemimhanzi, mukuona kuoma kwekugadzirwa kwavo, kunoenderana zvakanyanya nemimhanzi yevanhu mukukura kwayo pamusoro pemamiriro chaiwo esainzi uye maitiro ekugadzira-kuvapo kwemuses. mafekitari nezvirimwa zvine marabhoritari avo ekuyedza uye vagadziri vezvishandiso vane hunyanzvi. Izvo chete zvinosiya zviridzwa zveviolin. mhuri dzinoda kugadzirwa kwega. Violin, cellos, mabhesi maviri akagadziridzwa pahwaro hwemasamples evanhu vane mukurumbira Brescia neCremonese masters e16th-18th century. (G. da Salo, G. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesù, nevamwe) vanoramba vasingaenzaniswi mukukodzera kwavo. Kubudirira kwakanyanya kwaProf. M. i. yakaitika muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19. Kusikwa kwakaitwa naT. Böhm kwedhizaini nyowani yenyere ine valve system (yekutanga modhi yakaonekwa muna 1832) yakawedzera mikana yekugadzira yevanyori uye yakabatsira mukuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita konzati yega. Chimurenga chaicho chakaunzwa nekuonekwa pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19. valve mechanics mumidziyo yendarira. Nekuda kweizvi, vakatendeuka kubva kune vanonzi. zvakasikwa M. uye. (nenhamba shoma yemanzwi uye nekudaro mikana mishoma) kupinda muchromatic, inokwanisa, semhepo yehuni, yekuburitsa chero mimhanzi. Root stylist. shanduko mumimhanzi yemarudzi ese ezviridzwa zvine tambo zvekeyboard yakaitika nekuuya kwesando-piano, iyo yakatsiva harpsichord uye clavichord. Nekugadzirwa kwemagetsi neredhiyo, kuvakwa kwezviridzwa zvemagetsi zvemimhanzi kwakagoneka.

Kumwero wakaderera (nekuda kwekupfeka kwega) vanotsamira padanho rehunyanzvi. M. i. Zvisinei, kunyange pano, pasina kugadzirwa zvakakwana kwemaoko uye fekitari, hazvibviri kuburitsa harmonicas, yakavandudzwa "Andreev" balalaikas uye domras (Russia), tamburash zviridzwa (Czechoslovakia neYugoslavia), tarogata (Hungary neRomania), nezvimwewo, nezvimwewo. .Kusimukira kwevanhu. M. i. inotsamira zvakananga pamagariro enzanga. MuUSSR, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwe nat. art-va, pamwe nekukwira kwese kwehupfumi uye tsika yemabhangi akafara. ruzhinji mumarepublic nematunhu anozvitonga akatanga kuumba akawanda. instr. pamwe chete, basa rakatanga pakumutsiridza, kuvakazve nekuvandudzwa kwemabunks. M. uye., ​​vachigadzira mhuri dzavo kuti dzive pamwe chete uye kuimba kweorchestra, to-rogo aisaziva kare. peoples. Yakadzika midzi kwete chete muProf. uye zviite iwe pachako. solo uye pamwe chete kuita, asiwo muvanhu. mimhanzi hupenyu hwakadai M. uye. yakagadziridzwa sisitimu, senge bandura muUkraine, makwakwakwa esimbi muBelarus, kankles uye birbin muLithuania, marudzi akasiyana emakaneri muEstonia, dutar, Kashgar rubab uye chang muUzbekistan, dombra muKazakhstan, nezvimwe.

Maererano nekuwedzera kweiyo repertoire yeamateurs. uye prof. ensembles uye orchestra zviridzwa, kuiswa kwemimhanzi mairi. classics uye zvigadzirwa vanyori vemazuva ano (kusanganisira mafomu makuru), uyewo nekuda kwekukwira kwepamusoro mutsika yemimhanzi yevanhu veUSSR, vaimbi, ensembles uye orchestra dzevanhu. zvishandiso zvakatanga kushandisa misa uye prof. M. i. - gitare, bhatani accordion, accordion, violin, clarinet, uye mune otd. nyaya - nyere, hwamanda uye trombone.

Typological zvakasiyana-siyana zveM. zviripo munyika uye. hombe. Systematizing M. uye., ​​ivo vanobatanidzwa mumapoka maererano c.-l. maitiro ehunhu. Nzira dzekare dzekuronga ndedzeIndia neChina; yekutanga inoisa M. uye. maererano nenzira yekukurudzira inzwi, yechipiri - maererano nemhando yezvinhu izvo chiridzwa chinogadzirwa. Kazhinji inogamuchirwa kuparadzanisa M. uye. mumapoka matatu: mhepo, tambo uye kurira. Mapoka, zvakare, akakamurwa kuita zvidimbu: mhepo - kuita huni nemhangura, uye tambo - kubvurwa nekukotamiswa. Mhepo inonzwika yezviridzwa zvemhepo ikoromo yemhepo yakavharwa mugero rebhodhoro, zviridzwa zvetambo - tambo yakatambanudzwa; Boka rekurira rinoumbwa nezviridzwa zvinobuditswa nekurira. Kuna Prof. mweya. zviridzwa zvemapuranga zvinosanganisira nyere, oboe, clarinet, bassoon uye marudzi avo (piccolo nyere, Chirungu horn, bassclarinet, contrabassoon), pamwe chete nemhuri ye saxophones uye sarisophones. Pasinei nekuti zvimwe zviridzwa (yemazuva ano nyere uye piccolo nyere, saxophones, sarusophones) zvakagadzirwa nesimbi, nepo mamwe (clarinet, oboe) dzimwe nguva akagadzirwa nepurasitiki, anonyatsoenderana nemhepo dzehuni maererano nekuburitsa inzwi uye hunhu hwemimhanzi. Pakati pezviridzwa zvevanhu zveiyi subgroup ndeye Uzbek-Taj. Nai, Karelian Lira naLuddu, Latvian. ganurags, Buryat. bishkur. Boka rezviridzwa zvendarira zvemhepo (zvinodaidzwawo kuti embouchure kana muromo) rinosanganisira hwamanda, nyanga, trombone, tuba, uye zviridzwa zvemweya. orchestra (byugelhorns uye flugelhorns), kubva nar. – Uzbek-Taj. Karnay, Ukrainian (Hutsul) trembita, Mould. buchum, est. sarv, rus. Vladimir nyanga. Kunyange zvazvo anenge ose ari emapuranga, maererano nenzira iyo inzwi rinobudiswa uye chimiro chayo, hazvina kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune zvendarira. Boka diki retambo dzakadzurwa rine mbira, gitare, mandolin, Kazakh. dombra, Turkm. dutar, rus. gusli uye mhando imwechete ye est. Kannel, Latvian. kokle, lit. kankles, Karelian kantele. Iwo akakotama anosanganisira violin nemhuri yayo (viola, cello, kaviri bass), Azeri. kemancha, chirg. kyyak, Tuvan byzanchi, Mari kovyzh. Boka rekutamba rinoumbwa nevakawanda uye vakasiyana M. uye. ine membrane yedehwe (timpani, ngoma, ngoma) kana yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinokwanisa kuzvirira (makandira, gongo, katatu, xylophone, castanets, nezvimwewo). Mazita ekibhodhi harpsichord, pianoforte (piyano huru, piano yakatwasuka), nhengo, harmonium, nezvimwe.

Muzvinyorwa zvesainzi zvekushandisa shandisa zvakanyanya kuomarara, asiwo akanyanya kurongeka masisitimu (ona. mamwe mashoko muArt. Instrumentation), zvichibvumira kuburitsa zvizere uye zvizere kuburitsa hunhu hwemhando yega yega yeM. uye. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ihurongwa, hwaro hwayo hwakaiswa naF. Gevaart ("Nouveau traité d'instrumentation", P. - Brux., 1885) uyezve yakagadziridzwa naV. Маийоном ("Inotsanangura uye yekuongorora kabhuku yeInstrumental Museum yeRoyal Conservatory yeMimhanzi muBrussels", v. 1-5, Ghent 1893-1922). Izvo zvinotsanangudza zvimiro zvechikamu muhurongwa ndiko kunobva inzwi uye nzira iyo inotorwa; kuwedzera gradation M. uye. inogadzirwa zvinoenderana nemaitiro avo ekugadzira. Chengetedza misimboti yekugadzika kweGevaart neMayon, mune zvinoreva. madhigirii anogamuchirwa uye akanyatsokudziridzwa gare gare naE. Hornbostel uye K. Sachs ("Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", 1914, (Jahrg.) 46), inowanzoshandiswa muSov. instrumentation (pasina kunyanya kupwanya kwezviridzwa mumhando nemhando). Maererano nehurongwa hwakagamuchirwa muUSSR, M. uye. akakamurwa maererano neruzha mumapoka mana: mhepo (maaerophone), tambo (chordophones), membrane (membranophones) uye inonzwika (idiophones kana autophones). Membrane sound source iganda rakatambanudzwa kana dundira remhuka, rinonzwa-kunzwa-kunzwa mukati-mukati memukati umo chiridzwa kana chikamu chayo chinorira chinogadzirwa. Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekubvisa ruzha, zviridzwa zvemhepo zvakakamurwa kuita nyere, tsanga, muromo uye nyere-reed kiibhodhi. Nyere dzinosanganisira marudzi ese enyere: ocarina-shaped, longitudinal (chiridzwa chinobatwa munzvimbo refu) uye chinochinjika (chiridzwa chinobatwa munzvimbo yakachinjika). Ocarinoid - aya marudzi ose evascular whistles uye ocarinas; longitudinal yakakamurwa kuita yakavhurika, iyo migumo yese yetrunk yakavhurika (bashk. Kuray, Turkmen. tuyduk, Adyghe kamyl, abkh. apkhertsa), muridzo (block-flyer, Belarusian. pombi, Russian sopel, dag. kshul, Altai shogur), multi-barreled pan nyere mhando (gr. larchemi kana soinari, mold. vazhinji, Ukrainian svyril, kuim-chipsan yevanhu veKomi); pakati peakakurumbira transverse yemazuva ano. Prof. nyere, Uzibheki-Taj. nai, tuvinskaya lembi, buryat. limbo. Zviridzwa zvetsanga zvakakamurwa kuita zviridzwa zvine rurimi rwemahara (Mari lyshtash kubva kune shiri cherry shizha, Adjarian sapratsuna kubva kune walnut shizha, Ukrainian. luska from horn otschen, Latvian. birzstaase muchimiro chebirch bark plate), ine rurimi rumwechete runorova (clarinet, saxophone, Rus. bagpipe, bagpipe kana bagpipe, est. roopill, lit. birbin), nerurimi runorova kaviri (oboe, bassoon, saryusophone, azerb. uye ruoko. Duduk i zurna, Uzb.-taj. trumpet, buryat. bishkur), netsanga inotsvedza (marudzi ese eharmonicas uye harmonium; zviridzwa izvi zvinonyanya kurira, kureva. nokuti vane rurimi pacharwo, asi maererano negamuchidzanwa vanorondedzerwa sezviridzwa zvinofuridzwa). Mouthpieces ine zviridzwa, umo iyo exciter ye oscillations yemhepo mbiru ndiyo miromo yemuiti, yakasungirirwa pamuromo (muromo) wedhiramu uye, maererano, nguva (prof. zviridzwa zvemhangura, vanhu - nyanga, nyanga nenyere).

Boka retambo rine zviridzwa zvakarukwa, zvakakotamiswa uye zvinoridzwa. Pakutanga, ruzha runotorwa nekudzura tambo nepeni, munwe, plectrum (spinet, harpsichord, harp, gitare, balalaika, Kazakh dombra, mandolin); pane vakakotama - pamwe neuta (zviridzwa zvemhuri yeviolin, Armenian kamani, Georgian chuniri, Ossetian kissyn-fandyr, Kirg. kyyak, Kazakh. kobyz), kana vhiri rinoputika (wheel lyre), uye pa percussion - nekurova. tambo ine sando kana zvimiti (clavichord, fp., makwakwakwa esimbi, Armenian neGeorgian santur kana santuri).

Boka remembrane rinoumbwa nezviridzwa zvine membrane yakatambanudzwa zvakasimba, pazvinorovera neruoko, mallet, kana kuita ruzha nenzira inopokana (tambourine, timpani, ngoma, Ukrainian bugay uye Mold. thump). Membrane yacho inosanganisirawo miritoni – zviridzwa zvine membrane, izvo zvinokurisa uye kuisa mavara inzwi remuimbi mune yakakosha timbre (Ukrainian Ocheretyna, Chuvash. Turana sea otters, muzingawo zvawo wakaputirwa mumatishu bepa rekukama bvudzi). Zvizhinji boka rezviridzwa zvinonzwika zvakakamurwa kuita zvakadzurwa (vargan mune zvese zvinogadziriswa), percussion (xylophone, metallophone, celesta, gong, makwakwakwa esimba, triangle, orc. mabhero, jingulis yeLithuania, Kabardino-Balkarian uye Adyghe pkhachich), kukweshana. (Est. kraatspill and pingpill, Abkh akunjjapkhyartsa, Dag chang-chugur).

Mapoka akakosha ma mechanical uye electrophonic zviridzwa. Pamichina, mutambo unotambwa uchishandisa chinomonereka kana chemagetsi, kutenderera kweshaft neruoko, electrophonic iyo yakakamurwa kuita yakagadziridzwa (zvakajairwa zviridzwa zvine mudziyo wekusimudzira ruzha) uye zvemagetsi, iyo inonzwika sosi yacho. kudengenyeka kwemagetsi (ona Zviridzwa zvemagetsi zveMagetsi).

References: Famintsyn A. S., Gusli - Chiridzwa chemimhanzi cheRussia, St. Petersburg, 1890; yake pachake, Domra nezvimwe zviridzwa zvinoridzwa zvevanhu veRussia, St. Petersburg, 1891; Privalov N. I., zviridzwa zvemumhanzi zveTanbur zvevanhu veRussia, "Kutongwa kweSt. Petersburg Society of Musical Meetings”, 1905, kwete. 4-6, 1906, nhamba. 2; yake, Mimhanzi mhepo zviridzwa zvevanhu vokuRussia, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1907-08; Maslov A., Illustrated tsananguro yezviridzwa zvakachengetwa muDashkovo Ethnographic Museum muMoscow, muProceedings of the Musical and Ethnographic Commission of the Society of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography Lovers, vol. 2, M., 1911; Rindeizen N., Essays panhoroondo yemimhanzi muRussia…, vol. 1, kwete. 2, M.-L., 1928; Privalau N., Folk zviridzwa zveBelarus mubhuku: Institute of Belarusian Culture. Zvinyorwa zveDhipatimendi reHumanities, bhuku. 4. Zvakaitwa neDhipatimendi reEthnography, Vol. 1, Mensk, 1928; Uspensky V., Belyaev V., Turkmen mimhanzi ..., M., 1928; Khotkevich R., Zviridzwa zvevanhu vekuUkraine, Kharkiv, 1930; Zaks K., Zviridzwa zvemazuva ano zvemimhanzi, trans. kubva kuGermany., M.-L., 1932; Belyaev V., Zviridzwa zveUzbekistan, M., 1933; yake, Folk Musical Instruments yeAzerbaijan, muunganidzwa: Art of the Azerbaijani people, M.-L., 1938; Novoselsky A., The book about the harmonica, M.-L., 1936; Arakishvili D., Tsanangudzo uye kuyerwa kwezviridzwa zvevanhu, Tb., 1940 (pamutoro. nguva); Agazhanov A., zviridzwa zvevanhu vokuRussia, M.-L., 1949; Rogal-Levitsky D. R., Contemporary Orchestra, vol. 1-4, M., 1953-56; yake pachake, Kukurukurirana nezve orchestra, M., 1961; Lisenko M. V., Zviridzwa zvevanhu muUkraine, Kipv, 1955; Gizatov B., Kazakh State Orchestra ye Folk Instruments. Kurmangazy, A.-A., 1957; Vinogradov V. S., mimhanzi yechiKyrgyz, P., 1958; Zhinovich I., Belarusian State Folk Orchestra, Minsk, 1958; Nikiforv P. N., Mari folk zviridzwa, Yoshkar-Ola, 1959; (Рaliulis S.), Lietuviu liaudies instrumentine muzika, Vilnius, 1959; Struve B. A., Nzira yekuumbwa kweviolas uye violin, M., 1959; Modr A., ​​Zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, trans. kubva kuCzech., M., 1959; Nyurnberg N., Symphony orchestra nezviridzwa zvayo, L.-M., 1959; Blagodatov G., harmonica yeRussia, L., 1960; zvake, Musical Instruments of the Peoples of Siberia, mubhuku: Kuunganidzwa kweMuseum yeAnthropology uye Ethnography yeUSSR Academy yeScience, vol. 18, Moscow, 1968; Vyzgo T., Petrosyants A., Uzbek orchestra yezviridzwa zvevanhu, Tash., 1962; Sokolov V. F., W. AT. Andreev neorchestra yake, L., 1962; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, M., 1962; Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E., Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR, M., 1963, 1975; Raev A. M., Altai folk musical instruments, Gorno-Altaisk, 1963; Eichhorn A., Mimhanzi uye ethnographic zvinhu (trans. pamwe naye. ed. AT. M. Belyaev), Tash., 1963 (Musical folklore muUzbekistan); Aksenov A. N., Tuvan folk music. Zvishandiso uye tsvakurudzo, M., 1964; Berov L. S., zviridzwa zverudzi rweMoldavian, Kish., 1964; Smirnov B., Art of Vladimir horn players, M., 1965; yake pachake, nziyo dzechiMongolian, M., 1971; Tritus M. L., Mimhanzi tsika yeKalmyk ASSR, M., 1965; Gumenyuk A., zviridzwa zvevanhu vekuUkraine, Kipv, 1967; Mirek A., Kubva munhoroondo yeakodhiyoni nebhatani accordion, M., 1967; Khashba I. M., Abkhaz vanhu zviridzwa zvemimhanzi, Sukhumi, 1967; Levin S. Ya., Pazviridzwa zvevanhu veAdyghe, mu: Scientific manotsi eAdyghe Research Institute of Language, Literature and History, vol. 7, Maikop, 1968; ake, Zviridzwa zveMhepo munhoroondo yetsika dzemimhanzi, L., 1973; Richugin P., Folk mimhanzi yeArgentina. M., 1971; Mahilon V. Сh., Inotsanangura uye yekuongorora kabhuku yeInstrumental Museum yeRoyal Conservatory yeMimhanzi muBrussels, c. 1-5, Gand, 1893-1922; Saсhs C., Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente, В., 1913, reprint, Hildesheim, 1962 (ANGL. ed., N. Y., (1964)); его же, Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde, Lpz., 1920, 1930, reprint, (Lpz., 1966); его же, Mweya nekuve zvezviridzwa, В., 1928, reprint, Hilvcrsum, 1965; его же, Iyo Nhoroondo yeMuseal zviridzwa, N. Y., (1940); Вaines A., Woodwind zviridzwa uye nhoroondo yavo, N. Y., (1963); Bachmann W., Mavambo eTring Instrument Kuridza, Lpz., 1964; Buchner A., ​​​​Musical Instruments of Nations, Prague, 1968; его же, Kubva kuGlockenspiel kuenda kuPianola, (Prague, 1959); Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis, Stockh., 1969. Onawo lit.

K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin