Kurekodha inzwi

Kurekodha kwenzwi - kunoitwa nerubatsiro rwemichina yakakosha yehunyanzvi. midziyo inogadzirisa kudengenyeka kwezwi (kutaura, mimhanzi, ruzha) pane inotakura inonzwika, zvichikubvumidza kuti utambe zvakarekodha. Mukana chaiwo weZ. wakaonekwa kubva muna 1688, pazvaiitika. musayendisiti GK Schelhammer akawana kuti ruzha kuzunguzika kwemhepo. Z. Yekutanga kuyedza yakabata ruzha, asi haina shuwa kubereka kwavo. Kudengenyeka kwemutsindo kwaiwanzobatwa ne membrane uye kutumirwa kubva pairi kune pini (tsono), iyo yaisiya mucherechedzo wewavy pane inofamba sooty surface (T. Jung kuEngland, 1807; L. Scott kuFrance uye R. Koenig kuGermany, 1857).

Yekutanga Z. apparatus, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuburitsa zvakare zvakanyorwa, yakagadzirwa naTA Edison (USA, 1876) uye, pasina iye, Ch. Cros (France, 1877). Yainzi giramufomu. Kurekodha kwaiitwa netsono yakagadzika pa membrane ine runyanga, iyo yekurekodha medium yaive yekutanga staniole yakagadzika pane inotenderera cylinder, uyezve wax roller. Z. yerudzi urwu, umo mutsara wezwi, kana phonogram, unowanikwa uchishandisa mechanical. kukanganisa pane inotakura zvinhu (kucheka, extrusion) inonzi mechanical.

Pakutanga, kunyora kwakadzama kwakashandiswa (ine mugero wehudzamu hwakasiyana), gare gare (kubvira 1886) transverse notation (ine sinuous groove yekugara kudzika) yakashandiswawo. Kubereka kwakaitwa pachishandiswa mudziyo mumwe chete. Zvisikwa. Kukanganisa kwegiramufomu kwaive kuderera uye hama. kupfupika kwekurekodhwa, pamwe nekusakwanisa kuburitsa zvakarekodha.

Nhanho inotevera ndeyemakanika. Z. yakanyorwa padhisiki (E. Berliner, USA, 1888), pakutanga simbi, ndokuzonamwa nenamo, uye pakupedzisira purasitiki. Iyi nzira yeZ yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuwanza marekodhi pamwero mukuru; madhisiki ane zvinyorwa anonzi marekodhi egiramufoni (marekodhi egiramufoni). Nokuda kweiyi galvanoplastic nekugadzira simbi. reverse kopi yekurekodha, iyo yakazoshandiswa sechitambi mukugadzira zvinyorwa kubva kune zvinoenderana. zvinhu zvepurasitiki pazvinopisa.

Kubva muna 1925, kurekodha kwakatanga kuitwa pachishandiswa kushandura kudengenyeka kwezwi kuva magetsi, ayo akakwidziridzwa nerubatsiro rwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye mushure mezvo zvakashandurwa kuva mechanical. kushanduka kweanocheka; izvi zvakavandudza zvikuru kunaka kwezvakarekodhwa. Kuwedzera kubudirira munharaunda iyi kunobatanidzwa nekuvandudzwa kweZ. tekinoroji, kugadzirwa kweiyo inonzi. kutamba kwenguva refu uye stereo. marekodhi egiramufoni (ona rekodhi regiramufoni, Stereophony).

Zvinyorwa zvakaridzwa pakutanga nerubatsiro rwegiramufoni negiramufoni; kubva ku30s 20th yezana vakatsiviwa nemutambi wemagetsi (electronic, radiogram).

Possible mechanical. Z. pafirimu. Midziyo yekurekodha yakadaro yakagadziridzwa muna 1927 na AF Shorin muUSSR ("shorinophone"), kutanga kugovera bhaisikopo, uyezve kurekodha mimhanzi nekutaura; 60 manzwi ezwi akaiswa pamwe chete nehupamhi hwefirimu, iyo, ine firimu yakareba mamita 300, yakaita kuti zvikwanise kurekodha kwemaawa 3-8.

Pamwe chete nemakanika Magnetic kurekodha inowana yakafara application. Magnetic kurekodha uye kubereka kwayo kwakavakirwa pakushandiswa kweasara magineti mune ferromagnetic zvinhu zvinofamba mune inochinjana magineti. Nemagineti eruzha masaisai, kurira kwenzwi kunoshandurwa kuita masaisai emagetsi. Iyo yekupedzisira, mushure mekukwidziridzwa, inopihwa kumusoro wekurekodha, matanda ayo anogadzira yakadzika magineti pane inofambisa magineti inotakura, ichigadzira yakasara yemagineti track pairi, inoenderana nemanzwi akarekodhwa. Kana svikiro rekurekodha rakadaro richipfuura musoro unoburitsa ruzha, magetsi anochinja anokonzereswa mukutenderera kwawo. voltage inoshandurwa mushure mekukwidziridzwa kuita mavibrations akafanana neakarekodhwa.

Chiitiko chekutanga chekurekodha magineti chakatanga muna 1888 (O. Smith, USA), asi magineti ekurekodha zvigadziri akakodzera kugadzirwa kwemazhinji zvakasikwa chete pakati. 30s 20th century Vanodaidzwa kuti tepi rekodha. Ivo vakanyorwa pane yakakosha tepi yakavharwa kune rumwe rutivi nehupfu hwehupfu kubva kune chinhu chinokwanisa kuita magineti uye kuchengetedza magineti ehupfumi (iron oxide, magnesite) kana (mune inotakurika mhando) pawaya yakatetepa yakagadzirwa nemagineti alloy. Tepi yekurekodha inogona kuridzwa kakawanda, asi inogona kudzimwa zvakare.

Magnetic Z. inokutendera kuti utore kurekodha zvemhando yepamusoro, kusanganisira. uye stereophonic, zvinyorezve, zvichizviisa pasi pekuora. shanduko, shandisa kuiswa kwezvinoverengeka zvakasiyana. zvinyorwa (zvinoshandiswa mumabasa ezvinonzi mimhanzi yemagetsi), etc. Sezvo mutemo, zvinyorwa zvegiramufomu zvinyorwa zvinotanga kugadzirwa pamagineti tape.

Optical, kana mifananidzo, Z., ch. arr. mune cinematography. Pamwe pamucheto wefirimu optical. Iyi nzira inogadzirisa kurira kwekurira, uko kutinhira kwezwi kunodhindwa nenzira ye density fluctuation (iyo dhigirii yekusviba kweiyo photosensitive layer) kana muchimiro chekuchinja kwehupamhi hwechikamu chakajeka che track. Panguva yekutamba, chiedza chechiedza chinopfuudzwa kuburikidza nezwi rezwi, rinowira pane photocell kana photoresistance; kuchinja mukuvhenekera kwayo kunoshandurwa kuita magetsi. mavibrations, uye ekupedzisira kuita mavibrations. Panguva iyo magnetic Z. yakanga isati yatanga kushandiswa, optical. Z. yakashandiswawo kugadzirisa misisi. anoshanda paredhiyo.

Mhando yakakosha ye optical Z. - Z. pafirimu nekushandiswa kwe-sound-optical. modulator yakavakirwa pane Kerr maitiro. Z. yakadaro yakaitwa muna 1927 muUSSR naPG Tager.

References: Furduev VV, Electroacoustics, M.-L., 1948; Parfentiev A., Fizikisi uye firimu rekodhi nzira, M., 1948; Shorin AF, Sei sikirini yakava mukurukuri, M., 1949; Okhotnikov VD, Munyika yemanzwi echando, M.-L., 1951; Burgov VA, Zvinokosha zvekurekodha uye kubereka, M., 1954; Glukhov VI naKurakin AT, Technique yekuridza firimu, M., 1960; Dreyzen IG, Electroacoustics uye nhepfenyuro inonzwika, M., 1961; Panfilov N., Inzwi mufirimu, M., 1963, 1968; Apollonova LP uye Shumova ND, Mechanical sound recording, M.-L., 1964; Volkov-Lannit LF, The Art of Imprinted Sound, M., 1964; Korolkov VG, Magetsi emagetsi ematepi rekodhi, M., 1969; Melik-Stepanyan AM, Inzwi rekurekodha midziyo, L., 1972; Meerzon B. Ya., Basics of electroacoustics and magnetic recording of sound, M., 1973. Onawo lit. pasi pezvinyorwa zveGramophone, Gramophone rekodhi, Tape rekodha, Stereophony, Electrophone.

LS Termin, 1982.