Francois Couperin |

Francois Couperin

Couperin. "Les Barricades mystirieuses" (John Williams)

Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX chikoro chinoshamisa chemimhanzi ye harpsichord chakagadzirwa muFrance (J. Chambonière, L. Couperin nehama dzake, J. d'Anglebert, nevamwe). Zvichipfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa, tsika dzekuita tsika nemaitiro ekunyora dzakasvika pakakwirira mubasa raF. Couperin, uyo vepanguva yake vakatanga kudana zvikuru.

Couperin akaberekerwa mumhuri ine tsika refu yemimhanzi. Basa remuimbi muCathedral yeSaint-Gervais, akagara nhaka kubva kuna baba vake, Charles Couperin, muimbi anozivikanwa uye mutambi muFrance, Francois akasanganiswa nebasa padare ramambo. Kuitwa kwemabasa akawanda uye akasiyana-siyana (kugadzira mimhanzi yeminamato yechechi nemakonzati edare, kuridza somunhu ari oga uye muperekedzi, zvichingodaro) kwakazadza upenyu hwomunyori wacho kusvika kumagumo. Couperin akapawo zvidzidzo kunhengo dzemhuri yehumambo: "... Kwemakore makumi maviri zvino ndine rukudzo rwekuva namambo uye kudzidzisa panguva imwe chete kukwirira kwake Dauphin, Duke weBurgundy nemachinda matanhatu nemachinda eimba yehumambo ..." Mukupera kwema1720. Couperin anonyora zvidimbu zvake zvekupedzisira zve harpsichord. Chirwere chakakomba chakamumanikidza kusiya basa rake rekusika, kurega kushumira mudare uye muchechi. Nzvimbo yemuimbi wekamuri yakapfuura kumwanasikana wake, Marguerite Antoinette.

Hwaro hwenhaka yekugadzira yaCouperin mabasa eharpsichord - zvinopfuura 250 zvidimbu zvakaburitswa muzvikamu zvina (1713, 1717, 1722, 1730). Zvichienderana neruzivo rwevakamutangira uye vakararama panguva iyoyo, Couperin akagadzira yepakutanga harpsichord style, inosiyaniswa nehungwaru uye kunaka kwekunyora, kunatsiridza kwediki mafomu (rondo kana kusiyanisa), uye kuwanda kwekushongedza kwekushongedza (melismas) inoenderana ne. chimiro che harpsichord sonority. Iyi inoyevedza filigree maitiro ari munzira dzakawanda ane hukama neiyo Rococo maitiro muFrench art yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kusakwana kwechiFrench kwekuravira, pfungwa yechiyero, kutamba kwakapfava kwemavara uye sonorities inotonga mimhanzi yaCouperin, kusasanganisa kutaura kwakakwira, kuratidzwa kwakasimba uye kwakavhurika kwemanzwiro. "Ndinoda izvo zvinondifambisa kune izvo zvinondishamisa." Couperin anobatanidza mitambo yake mumitsara (ordre) - tambo dzemahara dzezvidiki zvakasiyana. Mitambo mizhinji ine misoro yezvirongwa inoratidza kupfuma kwefungidziro yemunyori, mafambisirwo emafungiro ake. Iyi mifananidzo yechikadzi ("Isina Kubata", "Naughty", "Hanzvadzi Monica"), zvechifundisi, zvimiro, nzvimbo ("Reeds", "Lilies muKugadzira"), mitambo ine mitauro yenziyo ("Regrets", "Tende Anguish”) , masiki emitambo (“Satires”, “Harlequin”, “Tricks of magicians”), zvichingodaro. Mumashoko okutanga emuunganidzwa wekutanga wemitambo, Couperin anonyora kuti: “Pakunyora mitambo, ndaigara ndiine imwe nyaya mupfungwa. - mamiriro akasiyana akandikurudzira. Naizvozvo, misoro yacho inoenderana nepfungwa dzandaive nadzo pandainyora. Kutsvaga kwake, kubata kwega kwega kwediki, Couperin inogadzira nhamba isingaperi yesarudzo dze harpsichord texture - yakadzama, airy, openwork jira.

Icho chiridzwa, chakaganhurirwa kwazvo mumikana yaro inoratidzira, inoshanduka, inonzwisisika, ine mavara nenzira yaCouperin pachake.

Kudzokororwa kweruzivo rwakapfuma rwemunyori uye mutambi, tenzi anonyatsoziva zvingaitika zvechiridzwa chake, yaive chinyorwa chaCouperin The Art of Playing the Harpsichord (1761), pamwe chete nekutanga kwemunyori kuunganidzwa kwezvidimbu zve harpsichord.

Munyori anonyanya kufarira kune zvakananga zvechiridzwa; anojekesa maitiro ekuita maitiro (kunyanya kana achiridza pamakibhodhi maviri), anodudzira akawanda ekushongedza. "Harpsichord pachayo chiridzwa chinopenya, chakanakira mumhando yayo, asi sezvo harpsichord isingakwanise kuwedzera kana kuderedza simba rekurira, ndichagara ndichitenda kune avo, nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo uye kuravira kwavo, vachakwanisa. ita kuti zvive pachena. Izvi ndizvo zvaishuvirwa nevakanditangira, tisingarevi kuumbwa kwakanakisa kwemitambo yavo. Ndakaedza kugadzirisa zvavakawana.”

Chinonyanya kufarira ikamuri-instrumental basa reCouperin. Kutenderera kuviri kwekonzati "Royal Concertos" (4) uye "New Concertos" (10, 1714-15), yakanyorerwa diki ensemble (sextet), yakaitwa mumakonti emimhanzi yekamuri yedare. Couperin's trio sonatas (1724-26) akafuridzirwa neA. Corelli's trio sonatas. Couperin akatsaurira trio sonata "Parnassus, kana Apotheosis yeCorelli" kune waanofarira muimbi. Mazita ehunhu uye kunyange akazara akatambanudzwa - anogara akangwara, epakutanga - anowanikwawo muCouperin's ensembles yekamuri. Saka, chirongwa chevatatu sonata "Apotheosis yeLully" yakaratidza gakava remufashoni panguva iyoyo nezvezvakanakira mimhanzi yeFrance neItaly.

Kukomba uye kukwirira kwemifungo kunosiyanisa mimhanzi inoera yeCouperin - organ masses (1690), motets, 3 pre-Easter masses (1715).

Nechekare panguva yehupenyu hwaCouperin, mabasa ake aizivikanwa zvakanyanya kunze kweFrance. Vanyori vakurusa vakawana mavari mienzaniso yemhando yakajeka, yemhando yepamusoro yeharpsichord. Saka, J. Brahms akatumidza JS Bach, GF Handel naD. Scarlatti pakati pevadzidzi veCouperin. Kubatana ne harpsichord style yeFrench master inowanikwa mu piano mabasa aJ. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart uye mudiki L. Beethoven. Tsika dzeCouperin pane yakasarudzika yekufananidzira uye yenyika dzakamutsiridzwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. mumabasa evanyori vechiFrench C. Debussy naM. Ravel (somuenzaniso, muchikamu chaRavel “The Tomb of Couperin”.)

I. Okhalova