Nhoroondo yeGregorian chant: kudzokororwa kwemunamato kunopindura senge chorale

Nziyo dzeGregorian, rwiyo rweGregorian… Vazhinji vedu tinongobatanidza mazwi aya neMiddle Ages (uye nemazvo). Asi midzi yeiyi nziyo yechitendero inodzokera kunguva yekupedzisira yekare, apo nharaunda dzechiKristu dzekutanga dzakaonekwa kuMiddle East.

Nheyo dzerwiyo rweGregorian dzakaumbwa mukati me2nd-6th mazana emakore pasi pesimba remumhanzi wekare (odic chants), uye mimhanzi yenyika dzekuMabvazuva (mapisarema ekare echiJudha, mimhanzi inonakidza yeArmenia, Syria, Egypt. )

Humbowo hwekutanga uye hwega hunoratidza kuimba kwaGregorian hunogona kunge hwakatangira muzana ramakore rechitatu. AD Ine chokuita nokurekodhwa kwerwiyo rwechiKristu mumashoko echiGiriki kuseri kwomushumo wezviyo zvakaunganidzwa panhokwe yakawanikwa kuOxyrhynchus, Egypt.

Muchokwadi, iyi mimhanzi inoera yakagamuchira zita rekuti "Gregorian" kubva kuna , uyo akaronga uye akabvumidza boka guru renziyo dzepamutemo dzeWestern Church.

Zvinoumba Gregorian chant

Hwaro hwengoma yaGregory kutaura kwemunamato, misa. Zvichienderana nemabatiro anoita mazwi nemimhanzi munziyo dzekwaya, kupatsanurwa kwenziyo dzeGregorian kwakasimuka kuita:

1. syllabics (apa ndipo apo syllable imwe yezvinyorwa inoenderana nerwiyo rwemimhanzi yerwiyo, maonero echinyorwa akajeka);
2. pneumatic (nziyo diki dzinoonekwa mavari - matani maviri kana matatu pasyllable yechinyorwa, maonero echinyorwa ari nyore);
3. melismatic (nziyo huru - nhamba isingagumi yematoni pasyllable, zvinyorwa zvakaoma kuona).

Gregorian chant pachayo ndeye monodic (kureva kuti, izwi rimwe chete), asi izvi hazvirevi kuti nziyo dzaisagona kuitwa nekwaya. Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekuita, kuimba kwakakamurwa kuita:

• antiphonal, umo mapoka maviri evaimbi anochinjana (chaizvoizvo mapisarema ose anoimbwa neiyi nzira);
• responsorkana kuimba uri wega kunochinjana nekuimba kwaya.

Iyo modhi-intonation hwaro hweGregorian chant ine 8 modal modes, inonzi machechi modes. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti mukutanga kweMiddle Ages chete diatonic inzwi rakashandiswa (kushandiswa kweanopinza uye mafurati kwaionekwa semuedzo kubva kune wakaipa uye yakatorambidzwa kwenguva yakati).

Nekufamba kwenguva, iyo yekutanga yakaomesesa hurongwa hwekuita kweGregorian chants yakatanga kudonha pasi pesimba rezvinhu zvakawanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira kugadzira kwega kwevaimbi, vachiedza nguva dzose kupfuura zvakajairwa, uye kubuda kweshanduro itsva dzezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi yapfuura. Iyi yakasarudzika mimhanzi uye nhetembo kurongeka kwezvinyorwa zvakambogadzirwa zvainzi trope.

Gregorian chant uye kukura kwenotation

Pakutanga, nziyo dzakanyorwa pasi pasina manotsi mune izvo zvinonzi tonars - chimwe chinhu semirairo yevaimbi - uye mune zvishoma nezvishoma, mabhuku ekuimba.

Kutanga kubva muzana ramakore rechigumi, mabhuku enziyo ane mukurumbira akaoneka, akarekodhwa achishandisa asiri-mutsara non-neutral notation. Neumas mifananidzo yakakosha, squiggles, iyo yakaiswa pamusoro pezvinyorwa kuitira kuti neimwe nzira kurerutsa hupenyu hwevaimbi. Vachishandisa zvidhori izvi, vaimbi vaifanira kunge vachikwanisa kufungidzira kuti mimhanzi inotevera yaizovei.

Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 12, kwakapararira square-linear notation, izvo zvine musoro zvakapedza iyo isina kwayakarerekera system. Kubudirira kwayo kukuru kunogona kunzi rhythmic system - ikozvino vaimbi vaisagona kungofanotaura mafambiro eiyo melodic kufamba, asi zvakare vaiziva chaizvo kuti imwe nhete inofanira kuchengetedzwa kwenguva yakareba sei.

Kukosha kwekuimba kwaGregorian kumimhanzi yeEurope

Chimbo cheGregorian chakave hwaro hwekubuda kwemhando nyowani dzemimhanzi yenyika mukupera kweMiddle Ages uye Renaissance, ichibva ku organum (imwe yemhando dzekare-manzwi maviri) kuenda kurwiyo rwakapfuma runyoro rwePamusoro Renaissance.

Chimbo cheGregorian chakanyanya kutsanangura thematic (melodic) uye inovaka (chimiro chechinyorwa chinoratidzwa muchimiro chebasa remimhanzi) hwaro hwemumhanzi weBaroque. Iyi ichokwadi munda wakaorera umo nhungirwa dzemarudzi ese akatevera eEuropean - muchirevo chakafara chezwi - tsika dzemimhanzi dzakamera.

Ukama huripo pakati pemazwi nemimhanzi

Dies Irae (Zuva Rehasha) - chorale inonyanya kuzivikanwa yeMiddle Ages

Nhoroondo yekuimba kwaGregory yakabatana zvisingaite nenhoroondo yekereke yechiKristu. Kuitwa kweLiturgical kwakavakirwa pamapisarema, melismatic chant, nziyo uye mass zvaive zvatove mukati zvichisiyaniswa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakabvumira kuimba kwaGregory kurarama nanhasi.

Makwaya airatidzawo kuzvinyima kwechiKristu chepakutanga (kuimba kuri nyore kwemapisarema munharaunda dzechechi dzekutanga) nekusimbisa mashoko pamusoro pemutinhimira.

Nguva yakaparira kuimbwa kwenziyo, apo chinyorwa chedetembo chemunamato chinobatanidzwa nenzira inotsinhirana nemutinhimira wenziyo (rudzi rwekubvumirana pakati pemashoko nemimhanzi). Kuonekwa kwenziyo dzinonakidza - kunyanya majubheri pakupera kweharreruja - kwakaratidza hukuru hwekupedzisira hwekubatana kwemimhanzi pamusoro peshoko uye panguva imwechete yakaratidza kugadzwa kwekutonga kwekupedzisira kwechiKristu muEurope.

Gregorian chant uye liturgical drama

Mimhanzi yaGregory yakaita basa rinokosha mukuvandudzwa kweimba yemitambo. Nziyo dzemadingindira ebhaibheri neeevhangeri dzakaita kuti mitambo iitwe. Izvi zvakavanzika zvemumhanzi zvishoma nezvishoma, pamazororo echechi, zvakasiya madziro emakathedrals ndokupinda munzvimbo dzemaguta ekare nemisha.

Takabatana nemaitiro echinyakare etsika dzechivanhu (mapfekero evatambi vanofamba, troubadours, vaimbi, vatauri vengano, jugglers, vanofamba netambo dzakasimba, vanomedza moto, nezvimwewo), mutambo wechitendero wakateya hwaro hwemarudzi ese aitevera emitambo yemitambo.

Nyaya dzinonyanya kufarirwa dzemutambo wechitendero inhau dzeevhangeri dzekunamatwa kwevafudzi uye kusvika kwevarume vakachenjera vane zvipo kune mucheche Kristu, pamusoro pehutsinye hwaMambo Herodhi, uyo akarayira kuparadzwa kwevana vose veBhetrehema, uye. nyaya yekumuka kwaKristu.

Nekusunungurwa kwaro ku "vanhu," mutambo weliturgical wakatama kubva muchiLatin unosungirwa kuenda kumitauro yenyika, izvo zvakaita kuti uwedzere kufarirwa. Vakuru veChechi vakatonyatsonzwisisa ipapo kuti art ndiyo inonyanya kushanda nzira yekushambadzira, inoratidzwa mumashoko emazuva ano, inokwanisa kukwezva zvikamu zvakakura zvehuwandu kutemberi.

Chimbo cheGregorian, chapa zvakawanda kumitambo yemitambo uye yemimhanzi yemazuva ano, zvisinei, haina kurasikirwa nechinhu, ichiramba chiri chinhu chisina kupatsanurwa, chimiro chakasiyana chechitendero, kutenda, mimhanzi uye mamwe maitiro eunyanzvi. Uye nanhasi anotifadza nekunzwanana kwechando kwechadenga nekuona kwenyika, kwakakandirwa muchorale.