Cesar Franck |

César Franck

…Hakuna zita rakachena kupfuura iro remweya wakapfava uyu. Anenge munhu wese akauya kuna Frank akaona runako rwake rusingadzivisiki… R. Rollan

Franck munhu asina kujairika muFrench musical art, akasarudzika, akasarudzika hunhu. R. Rolland akanyora nezvake akamiririra gamba renovhero Jean Christophe: “… uyu Frank asina kusimba, musande uyu wemumhanzi akakwanisa kurarama hupenyu hwakazara nenhamo nebasa rinozvidzwa, kujeka kusingagumi kwemweya unoshivirira, uye nekudaro. kunyemwerera kuya kwokuzvininipisa kwaifukidza nechiedza kunaka kwebasa rake.” K. Debussy, uyo asina kunzvenga runako rwaFrank, akayeuka kuti: “Murume uyu, akanga asingafari, asingazivikanwi, aiva nemweya wouduku zvokuti aikwanisa kugara achifunga nezvoutsinye hwevanhu uye kusapindirana kwezviitiko zvisina kugumbuka. ” Zvipupuriro zvevaimbi vakawanda vakakurumbira pamusoro pemurume uyu ane rupo rusingawanzoitiki, kujeka kunoshamisa uye kusava nemhosva, izvo zvisina kumbotaura nezvekusava nemakore kwenzira yehupenyu hwake, zvakachengetedzwa.

Baba vaFrank vaiva vemhuri yekare yevapendi vematare eFlemish. Tsika dzemhuri dzeunyanzvi dzakamubvumira kuti atange kuona tarenda remumhanzi remwanakomana wake rakatanhamara, asi mweya wemutsigiri wezvemari wakakunda muhunhu hwake, zvichimuita kuti ashandise tarenda diki repiyano raCesar kuti awane zvinhu. Muridzi wepiyano ane makore gumi nematatu okuberekwa anoremekedzwa muParis - guta guru renyika yemimhanzi yemakore iwayo, yakashongedzwa nekugara kwevakakurumbira pasi rose - F. Liszt, F. Chopin, V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, N. Paganini, F. Mendelssohn, J. Meyerbeer, G. Berlioz. Kubvira muna 1835, Frank ave achigara muParis uye achienderera mberi nedzidzo yake panzvimbo yekugara. Kuna Frank, kuumba kuri kuramba kuchikosha, ndosaka achisiyana nababa vake. Chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yemunyori yaive gore ra1848, iro raive rakakosha munhoroondo yeFrance - kurambwa kwechiitiko chekonzati nekuda kwekunyora, kuroora kwake naFelicite Demousso, mwanasikana wevatambi veFrance comedy theatre. Zvinofadza kuti chiitiko chekupedzisira chinopindirana nezviitiko zvekuchinja kweFebruary 22 - cortege yemuchato inomanikidzwa kukwira pamusoro pezvivharo, umo vapanduki vakavabatsira. Frank, uyo akanga asinganyatsonzwisisi zviitiko zvacho, akazviona semurepublic uye akabvuma chimurenga chacho nokunyora rwiyo nekwaya.

Kudiwa kwekuriritira mhuri yake kunomanikidza munyori kuti agare achipinda muzvidzidzo zvepachivande (kubva kune chiziviso chiri mupepanhau: "VaCesar Franck ... vanotangazve zvidzidzo zvepachivande ...: piyano, kuwirirana kwedzidziso uye kunoshanda, counterpoint uye fugue ... "). Akanga asingakwanisi kurega basa rinonetesa iri rezuva nezuva kusvika pakupera kwemazuva ake uye akatokuvara nokusundwa nebhazi raienda kumumwe wevadzidzi vake, izvo zvakazoita kuti aurayiwe.

Kunonoka kwakasvika kuna Frank kucherechedzwa kwebasa remunyori wake - bhizinesi guru rehupenyu hwake. Akawana kubudirira kwake kwekutanga pazera remakore makumi matanhatu nemasere, nepo mimhanzi yake yakawana kuzivikanwa kwenyika mushure mekufa kwemusiki.

Zvisinei, chero matambudziko ehupenyu haana kuzunungusa hutano hwakanaka, tariro isina maturo, mutsa wemunyori, izvo zvakamutsa tsitsi kune venguva yake uye vana. Akaona kuti kuenda kukirasi kwakanakira utano hwake uye aiziva nzira yokunakidzwa nayo kunyange nokuita kuduku-duku kwemabasa ake, kazhinji achitora kusava nehanya nevoruzhinji kuti agamuchirwe noushamwari. Sezviri pachena, izvi zvakakanganisawo kuzivikanwa kwenyika kweFlemish temperament yake.

Ane mutoro, nemazvo, akadzikama akadzikama, anokudzwa aive Frank pabasa rake. Mararamiro emunyori airatidza kuzvida - kumuka na4:30, maawa maviri ekuzvishandira, sekudana kwaaiita kuumbwa, na2 mangwanani aitoenda kuzvidzidzo, achidzokera kumba chete kunodya, uye kana vasina. akauya kwaari muzuva iroro, vadzidzi vake vakanga vari mukirasi yeogani uye maumbirwo, akanga achine maawa mashoma okupedzisa mabasa ake. Pasina kuwedzeredza, izvi zvinogona kunzi chiitiko chebasa risina udyire kwete nekuda kwemari kana kubudirira, asi nekuda kwekuvimbika kune iwe pachako, chikonzero chehupenyu, basa remunhu, hunyanzvi hwepamusoro.

Frank akagadzira 3 operas, 4 oratorios, 5 symphonic nhetembo (kusanganisira Nhetembo yePiano neOchestra), aiwanzoita Symphonic Variations yePiano neOrchestra, yakanakisa Symphony, chamber-instrumental mabasa (kunyanya, ayo akawana vatsivi uye vatevedzeri muFrance. Quartet naQuintet), Sonata yeViolin nePiano, inodiwa nevatambi uye vateereri, zverudo, piano inoshanda (makuru e-single-movement nziyo - Prelude, chorale uye fugue uye Prelude, aria uye yekupedzisira inofanirwa kucherechedzwa zvakanyanya kubva kuruzhinji), anenge 130 zvidimbu. kunhengo.

Mimhanzi yaFrank inogara yakakosha uye inoyevedza, inomutswa nepfungwa yakakwira, yakakwana mukuvaka uye panguva imwe chete izere nerunako rweruzha, ruvara uye kutaura, runako rwepanyika uye nemweya wakanyanya. Franck aive mumwe wevagadziri vemimhanzi yesymphonic yeFrench, achivhura pamwe chete neSaint-Saens nguva yehukuru, yakakomba uye yakakosha mukufunga symphonic nemabasa ekamuri. MuSymphony yake, musanganiswa wemweya werudo usingadzoreki nekuenderana kwechinyakare uye kuenzana kwechimiro, kusimba kwenhengo yekurira kunogadzira mufananidzo wakasarudzika wepakutanga uye yepakutanga kuumbwa.

Pfungwa yaFrank ye“zvinhu” yaishamisa. Akagona basa racho nenzira yepamusorosoro yeshoko racho. Pasinei nebasa rinoenderana uye rinotanga, hapana mabreak uye raggedness mumabasa ake, pfungwa yemimhanzi inoyerera ichienderera uye yakasikwa. Aive nekashoma kugona kuenderera mberi nekunyora kubva chero kwaaifanira kukanganisa, aisafanira "kupinda" iyi nzira, sezviri pachena, aigara akatakura kurudziro yake maari. Panguva imwecheteyo, aigona kushanda panguva imwe chete pamabasa akati wandei, uye haana kumbodzokorora kaviri fomu raakambowana, achiuya kune mhinduro nyowani mubasa rega rega.

Hunhu hunoshamisa hwehunyanzvi hwekunyora hwepamusoro hwakazviratidza mukuvandudzwa kwenhengo yaFrank, mumhando iyi, yakapotsa yakanganwika kubva panguva yemukuru JS Bach. Frank, munyori wenziyo anozivikanwa, akakokwa kumitambo yakakomba yekuvhurwa kwenhengo itsva, kukudzwa kwakadaro kwakapiwa chete kune vanyori vakuru. Kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva ake, kanenge kaviri kana katatu pavhiki, Frank airidza muchechi yeSt. Vakararama panguva ino vanoyeuka kuti: “… akauya kuzobatidza moto wekuvandudza kwake, kazhinji kwakakosha kudarika masamples akanyatsogadziriswa, isu ... akanga ari, nziyo dzakafuridzirwa uye kutsinhirana kwakaisvonaka kwairatidzirwa namapilasta echechi yekereke: vachiizadza, vakabva varasika pamusoro mumakamuri ayo. Liszt akanzwa kuvandudzwa kwaFrank. Mudzidzi waFrank W. d'Andy anonyora kuti: “Leszt akasiya chechi … azere nemanyawi uye nekufara, achitaura zita raJ. hunyanzvi hwaSebastian Bach!” akadaro.

Kupesvedzera kwekurira kweogani pamaitiro epiyano yemunyori uye mabasa e orchestral yakakura. Saka, rimwe remabasa ake ane mukurumbira - Prelude, Chorale uye Fugue yePiano - rinofemerwa nekurira kwenhengo nemhando - inonakidza toccata prelude inofukidza hupamhi hwese, kufamba kwakadzikama kwechorale nekunzwa kwenhengo inoramba ichidhonzwa. kurira, mhute yakakura ine matauriro aBach ekunyunyuta-kugomera, uye nzira dzemimhanzi pachayo, hupamhi uye kukwirira kwedingindira, sokunge zvakadaro, yakaunzwa mupiyano kutaura kwemuparidzi akazvipira, achipwisa vanhu. kukwirira, chibayiro chinochema uye kukosha kwetsika kwemagumo ake.

Rudo rwechokwadi rwemumhanzi uye kuvadzidzi vake rwakapinda mubasa rekudzidzisa raFrank paParis Conservatoire, uko kirasi yake yeogani yakava musimboti wezvidzidzo zvekuumbwa. Kutsvaga kwemavara matsva eHarmonic uye mafomu, kufarira mumhanzi wemazuva ano, ruzivo runoshamisa rwenhamba huru yemabasa nevanyori vakasiyana kwakakwezva vaimbi vechidiki kuna Frank. Pakati pevadzidzi vake vaiva vanyori vanofarira zvakadai saE. Chausson kana V. d'Andy, uyo akazarura cantorum yeSchola mukurangarira mudzidzisi, akagadzirirwa kukudziridza tsika dzatenzi mukuru.

Kuzivikanwa kwemunyori mushure mekufa kwaive kwepasi rose. Mumwe wevairarama panguva yake ainyatsoona akanyora kuti: “Mr. Cesar Franck ... achaonekwa muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX semumwe wevaimbi vakuru vechiXNUMX. ” Mabasa aFrank aishongedza rwiyo rwevatambi vakuru vakadai saM. Long, A. Cortot, R. Casadesus. E. Ysaye akaita Franck's Violin Sonata mumusangano wemuvezi O. Rodin, chiso chake panguva yekushanda kwebasa iri rinoshamisa chakanyanya kufemerwa, uye muvezi weBelgian anozivikanwa C. Meunier akashandisa izvi paakagadzira mufananidzo we mutambi weviolin ane mukurumbira. Tsika dzekufunga kwemimhanzi yemunyori dzakadzoserwa mubasa raA. Honegger, zvishoma zvakaratidzwa mumabasa evanyori vokuRussia N. Medtner naG. Catoire. Mumhanzi unokurudzira uye wakasimba waFrank unopwisa kukosha kwehunhu hwemunyori, izvo zvakamubvumira kuti ave muenzaniso webasa repamusoro kune unyanzvi, kuzvipira kune basa rake uye basa revanhu.

V. Bazarnova

“… Hakuna zita rinochenesa kupfuura zita remweya mukuru uyu une mwoyo wakapfava,” Romain Rolland akanyora pamusoro paFrank, “mweya werunako rusina kuchena uye runopenya.” Muimbi akakomba uye akadzika, Frank haana kuwana mukurumbira, akararama hupenyu huri nyore uye hwakavanzika. Zvakadaro, vaimbi vemazuva ano vemaitiro akasiyana ekugadzira uye kuravira kwehunyanzvi vaimubata neruremekedzo rukuru neruremekedzo. Uye kana Taneyev akanzi "hana yemimhanzi yeMoscow" muzuva rekuita kwake, ipapo Frank pasina chikonzero chiduku anogona kunzi "hana yemimhanzi yeParis" ye70s uye 80s. Zvisinei, izvi zvakatangirwa nemakore akawanda ekusanyatsojeka.

Cesar Franck (Belgian by nationality) akaberekerwa muLiege musi waDecember 10, 1822. Mushure mokunge awana dzidzo yake yekutanga yemimhanzi muguta raakaberekerwa, akapedza kudzidza kubva kuParis Conservatoire muna 1840. Akadzokera zvakare kwemakore maviri kuBelgium, akapedza nguva yakasara. hupenyu hwake kubva muna 1843 achishanda senhengo mumachechi eParisian. Sezvo ari mugadziri asingaenzaniswi, iye, saBruckner, haana kupa makonzati kunze kwechechi. Muna 1872, Frank akagamuchira kirasi yeogani paimba inochengeterwa mhuka, yaakatungamirira kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva ake. Haana kupihwa kirasi yedzidziso yekuumbwa, zvisineyi, makirasi ake, ayo akafamba zvakapfuura mwero wekuita kwenhengo, akapindwa nevazhinji vanyori vane mukurumbira, kusanganisira Bizet munguva yake yekukura yekusika. Frank akatora rutivi rwokushingaira musangano reNational Society. Mumakore aya, mabasa ake anotanga kuitwa; asi kubudirira kwavo pakutanga kwakanga kusiri kukuru. Mimhanzi yaFrank yakagamuchirwa zvizere mushure mekufa kwake - akafa musi waNovember 8, 1890.

Basa raFrank rakadzama rekutanga. Haazivikanwe kuchiedza, kupenya, hupenyu hwemimhanzi yaBizet, iyo inowanzoonekwa seyakajairika kuratidzwa kwemweya wechiFrench. Asi pamwe chete nehungwaru hwaDiderot naVoltaire, manyorerwo akakwenenzverwa eStendhal naMérimée, zvinyorwa zvechiFrench zvinozivawo mutauro weBalzac wakazadzwa nemadimikira uye verbosity yakaoma kunzwisisa, nyoro kune hyperbole yaHugo. Yakanga iri rumwe rutivi urwu rwemweya weFrance, wakapfumiswa neFlemish (Belgian) pesvedzero, iyo Frank akaratidzira zvakajeka.

Mimhanzi yake yakazadzwa nehunhu hwakanaka, pathos, nyika dzisina kugadzikana.

Shungu, manyawi emufaro anopikiswa nemanzwiro ekuzvinyima, ongororo yekuongorora. Mimhanzi, yakasimba-inoda mimhanzi (kazhinji ine rhythm ine dotted) inotsiviwa neinonzwisa tsitsi, sekunge inokumbira madingindira-kufona. Kune zvakare nziyo dzakapfava, dzechinyakare kana dzekwaya, asi kazhinji "dzakafukidzwa" neine gobvu, viscous, chromatic kuwirirana, inogara ichishandiswa yechinomwe uye isingachinjiki. Kuvandudzwa kwemifananidzo inosiyanisa kwakasununguka uye kusingadzoreki, kuzere nekutaura kwakasimba kwekudzokorora. Zvose izvi, seBruckner, zvakafanana nenzira yekuvandudza nhengo.

Kana, zvakadaro, munhu akaedza kumisikidza mimhanzi uye stylistic mavambo emumhanzi waFrank, saka kutanga pane zvese zvichave zvakakosha kutumidza Beethoven neake ekupedzisira sonatas uye quartets; pakutanga kwehupenyu hwake hwekusika, Schubert naWeber vaivewo pedyo naFrank; gare gare akawana pesvedzero yaLiszt, chikamu chaWagner - kunyanya mudura remusoro, mukutsvaga mumunda wekuwirirana, magadzirirwo; akapesvedzerwawo nechisimba cherudo cheBerlioz chine musiyano wemumhanzi wake.

Pakupedzisira, pane chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoita kuti ave nehukama naBrahms. Kufanana neyokupedzisira, Frank akaedza kubatanidza kubudirira kwekudanana ne classicism, akanyatsodzidza nhaka yemimhanzi yekare, kunyanya, akateerera zvakanyanya kune unyanzvi hwepolyphony, kusiyanisa, uye mikana yekugadzira ye sonata fomu. Uye mubasa rake, iye, saBrahms, aivavarira kuva netsika dzakanaka zvikuru, achiunza pamberi pedingindira rekuvandudzwa kwetsika dzevanhu. “Chinhu chinokosha chenziyo chiri mupfungwa yaro,” akadaro Frank, “mweya wenziyo, uye chimiro chacho chinongova goko remuviri remweya.” Frank, zvisinei, anosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kuBrahms.

Kwamakumi amakore akawanda, Frank, mose muri muviri munenge, norudzi rwebasa rake, uye nokupwiswa, akabatanidzwa neChechi yeKaturike. Izvi zvaisagona asi kukanganisa basa rake. Senyanzvi yehunyanzvi hwevanhu, akabuda mumimvuri yepesvedzero iyi yekupindura uye akagadzira mabasa aive kure nemafungiro echiKatorike, anonakidza chokwadi chehupenyu, anoratidzwa nehunyanzvi hunoshamisa; asi zvakadaro maonero emunyori akasunga masimba ake okusika uye dzimwe nguva aimutungamirira munzira isiri iyo. Naizvozvo, haisi nhaka yake yose ine hanya nesu.

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Simba rekugadzira raFrank mukusimudzira mimhanzi yeFrance mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX rakakura. Pakati pevadzidzi vari pedyo naye tinosangana nemazita evanyori vakuru vakadai saVincent d'Andy, Henri Duparc, Ernest Chausson.

Asi nharaunda yaFrank yepesvedzero yakanga isina kuganhurirwa kudenderedzwa revadzidzi vake. Akamutsidzira mumhanzi wesymphonic uye wekamuri kuhupenyu hutsva, akamutsa kufarira mune oratorio, uye haana kuipa kududzira kunoyevedza uye kwemifananidzo, sezvakaita Berlioz, asi rwiyo uye runoshamisa. (Pakati pezvinyorwa zvake zvose, bhuku guru uye rinokosha zvikuru ndero<em>The Beatitudes, muzvikamu zvisere zvine sumo yemashoko eevhangeri yeinonzi Mharidzo yepaGomo. Zvibodzwa zvebhuku iri zvine mapeji emimhanzi inonakidza, yemwoyo wose. (ona, semuenzaniso, chikamu chechina Muma80s, Frank akaedza ruoko rwake, kunyange asina kubudirira, mumhando ye operatic (iyo ngano yeScandinavia Gulda, ine dramatic ballet mifananidzo, uye iyo isina kupera opera Gisela), Anewo nziyo dzechitendero, nziyo. , zverudo, etc.) Pakupedzisira, Frank akawedzera zvikuru mikana yemimhanzi inoratidzira nzira, kunyanya mumunda wekubatana uye polyphony, kusimudzira iyo vanyori veFrance, avo vakamutangira, dzimwe nguva vainyatsoteerera. Asi zvinonyanya kukosha, nemimhanzi yake, Frank akasimbisa misimboti isingachinjike yetsika yemunhu aidzivirira aine chivimbo hunhu hwepamusoro hwekusika.

M. Druskin

Zvinyorwa:

Mazuva ekuumbwa anopiwa mumaparenthesi.

Organ inoshanda (inenge zana nemakumi matatu pamwe chete) Zvimedu zvitanhatu zvenhengo hombe: Fantasy, Grand Symphony, Prelude, Fugue and Variations, Pastoral, Prayer, Finale (6-1860) Kuunganidza "1862 zvidimbu zvidiki" zveorgan kana harmonium (44, yakabudiswa mushure mekufa) 1863 Pieces for Organ: Fantasy, Cantabile, Heroic Piece (3) Kuunganidza "Organist": 1878 zvidimbu zveharmonium (59-1889) 1890 chorales yenhengo huru (3)

Piano inoshanda Eclogue (1842) First Ballad (1844) Prelude, Chorale and Fugue (1884) Prelude, aria and finale (1886-1887)

Kune, mukuwedzera, akati wandei mapiyano zvidimbu (chikamu 4-ruoko), izvo zvinonyanya ndezvenguva yekutanga yekugadzira (yakanyorwa muma1840s).

Chamber instrumental works 4 piano trios (1841-1842) Piano quintet in f minor (1878-1879) Violin Sonata A-dur (1886) String Quartet in D-dur (1889)

Symphonic uye vocal-symphonic inoshanda "Ruth", eclogue yebhaibheri yevanoimba, kwaya uye orchestra (1843-1846) "Yananisi", nhetembo yesymphony yesoprano, kwaya uye orchestra (1871-1872, 2nd edition - 1874) "Aeolis", nhetembo yesymphonic, mushure naLecomte de Lisle (1876) The Beatitudes, oratorio yevanoimba vari voga, kwaya uye orchestra (1869-1879) “Rebekah”, chiitiko chebhaibheri chevanoimba vari voga, kwaya uye orchestra, zvichibva mudetembo raP. Collen (1881) “The Damned Hunter” ", symphonic poem, yakabva mudetembo raG. Burger (1882) "Jinns", symphonic nhetembo yepiyano uye orchestra, mushure medetembo yaV. Hugo (1884) "Symphonic Variations" yepiyano uye orchestra (1885) "Psyche ", nhetembo ye symphonic yeorchestra nekwaya (1887-1888) Symphony mu d-moll (1886-1888)

dhanzi Farmhand, libretto naRoyer naVaez (1851-1852, isina kubudiswa) Gould, libretto naGrandmougin (1882-1885) Gisela, libretto naThierry (1888-1890, isina kupera)

Mukuwedzera, kune zvakawanda zvekunamata nziyo dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, pamwe chete nerudo uye nziyo (pakati padzo: "Angel and Child", "Wedding of Roses", "Broken Vase", "Evening Ringing", "First Smile of May" )