Luigi Rodolfo Boccherini |
Luigi boccherini
Mukuwirirana mukwikwidzi wemunyoro Sacchini, Muimbi wekunzwa, Mwari Boccherini! Fayol
Nhaka yemimhanzi yeItaly cellist uye munyori wenziyo L. Boccherini inenge yakazara zvachose ine nziyo dzezviridzwa. Mu "zera re opera", sezvinowanzoitwa zana remakore rechi30, akasika mashoma emimhanzi emitambo. A virtuoso performer anokwezvwa nezviridzwa zvemimhanzi uye ensembles yezviridzwa. Muimbi wePeru ane anenge 400 masimphoni; mabasa akasiyana-siyana eorchestra; akawanda violin uye cello sonatas; violin, nyere uye cello concertos; angangoita XNUMX ensemble nziyo (tambo quartets, quintets, sextets, octets).
Boccherini akawana dzidzo yake yekutanga yemimhanzi achitungamirirwa nababa vake, kaviri bassist Leopold Boccherini, uye D. Vannuccini. Anga atova nemakore gumi nemaviri, muimbi wechidiki akatanga nzira yehunyanzvi hwekuita: kutanga neshumiro yemakore maviri mumachapel eLucca, akaenderera mberi nemabasa ake ekuita se cello solo muRome, uyezve zvakare mune chapel ye. guta rake rekuzvarwa (kubvira 12). Pano Boccherini nokukurumidza anoronga tambo quartet, iyo inosanganisira inonyanya kuzivikanwa virtuosos uye vanyori venguva iyoyo (P. Nardini, F. Manfredi, G. Cambini) uye iyo yave vachigadzira mabasa akawanda mumhando ye quartet kwemakore mashanu (1761). -1762). 67 Boccherini anosangana muParis, uko mitambo yake inoitwa mukukunda uye tarenda remunyori semuimbi rinogamuchira kuzivikanwa kweEurope. Asi munguva pfupi (kubva muna 1768) akatamira kuMadrid, uko kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva ake akashanda semunyori wedare, uye akawanawo nzvimbo yakabhadharwa zvikuru muimba yemimhanzi yaMambo Wilhelm Frederick II, nyanzvi huru yemimhanzi. Kuita zvishoma nezvishoma chiitiko chinodzokera kumashure, kuchisunungura nguva yebasa rakasimba rekunyora.
Mimhanzi yaBoccherini inopenya mupfungwa, senge munyori wayo pachake. Muridzi we<em>violin weFrance P. Rode akayeuka, kuti: “apo kuridza kwomumwe munhu kwenziyo dzaBoccherini kwakasasangana nevavariro kana kuti kuravira kwaBoccherini, munyori wacho akanga asingachagoni kuzvidzora amene; ainzwa manyukunyuku, kutsika tsoka dzake, uye neimwe nzira, asingashiviriri, akatiza nokukurumidza sezvaaigona, achidanidzira kuti vana vake vari kutambudzwa.
Kwemazana maviri emakore apfuura, zvisikwa zveItaria tenzi hazvina kurasikirwa nekutsva uye nekukasira kwesimba. Solo uye ensemble zvimedu naBoccherini zvinopa yakakwira tekinoroji matambudziko kumuiti, inopa mukana wekuratidza hupfumi hunoratidza uye virtuoso mikana yechiridzwa. Ndicho chikonzero nei vaimbi vemazuva ano vachida kutendeukira kune basa remunyori weItaly.
Chimiro cheBoccherini hachisi chete hunhu, rwiyo, nyasha, umo matinoziva zviratidzo zvechiItaly mimhanzi tsika. Akatora zvimiro zvemutauro unonzwira tsitsi, unonzwira tsitsi weFrench komiki opera (P. Monsigny, A. Gretry), uye hunyanzvi hunoshamisa hwevaimbi veGerman vepakati pezana ramakore: vanyori vekuMannheim ( Ja Stamitz, F. Richter ), pamwe chete naI. Schobert uye mwanakomana akakurumbira Johann Sebastian Bach - Philipp Emanuel Bach. Muimbi wacho akawanawo pesvedzero yemunyori mukuru weopera wemuzana ramakore rechipiri. - mushanduri we opera K. Gluck: hazvina kuitika kuti imwe yeBoccherini's symphonies inosanganisira iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa dingindira rekutamba kwehasha kubva kuAction 2 yeGluck's opera Orpheus uye Eurydice. Boccherini aive mumwe wemapiyona emhando yetambo quintet uye wekutanga ane quintets akawana kuzivikanwa kweEurope. Ivo vaikosheswa zvakanyanya naWA Mozart naL. Beethoven, vagadziri vemabasa akajeka mumhando yequintet. Zvose munguva yehupenyu hwake uye mushure mekufa kwake, Boccherini akaramba ari pakati pevaimbi vanoremekedzwa zvikuru. Uye unyanzvi hwake hwepamusoro-soro hwakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki pandangariro dzevenguva yake nevazukuru. Nhoroondo yerufu mubepanhau reLeipzig (1805) yakataura kuti anga ari mutambi akanakisa uyo aifarira kuridza kwake chiridzwa ichi nekuda kwemhando isingaenzaniswi yeruzha uye kunobata kutaura mukutamba.
S. Rytsarev
Luigi Boccherini mumwe wevanyori vakatanhamara uye vaimbi veClassical era. Semunyori wenziyo, akakwikwidzana naHaydn naMozart, achigadzira akawanda symphonies nekamuri ensembles, anosiyaniswa nekujeka, kujeka kwechimiro, architectonic kukwana kwemafomu, kunaka uye nenyasha unyoro hwemifananidzo. Vakawanda venguva yake vaimuona semugari wenhaka yeRococo style, "mukadzi Haydn", ane basa rinotungamirirwa nezvinhu zvinofadza, zvine simba. E. Buchan, asingazezi, anomuendesa kune vekare: “Boccherini anopisa uye anorota, nemabasa ake ema70s, anova pakati pevakatanga kupenga venguva iyoyo, kuwirirana kwake kwakashinga kunofungidzira manzwi enguva yemberi. .”
Buchan akanyanya kurongeka muongororo iyi kupfuura mamwe. "Kupisa uye kurota" - munhu angaratidza sei zviri nani matanda emimhanzi yaBoccherini? Mariri, nyasha uye hufundisi hweRococo zvakabatanidzwa nemutambo waGluck uye nziyo, zvinoyeuchidza zvakajeka nezveMozart. Kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, Boccherini aive muimbi akagadzirira nzira yeramangwana; basa rake rakashamisa vanhu vepanguva iyoyo nehushingi hwezviridzwa, hutsva hwemutauro weharmonic, kukwenenzvera kwechinyakare uye kujeka kwemafomu.
Kunyanya kukosha ndeye Boccherini munhoroondo ye cello art. Muiti anoshamisa, muumbi we classical cello technique, akagadzira uye akapa hurongwa hunoenderana hwekutamba padanda, nokudaro achiwedzera miganhu yecello mutsipa; yakagadzira chimiro chakareruka, chine nyasha, "pearl" chekufamba kwekufananidzira, zvichipfumisa zviwanikwa zvemunwe kutsetseka kweruoko rweruboshwe uye, kusvika pamwero muduku, unyanzvi hweuta.
Hupenyu hwaBoccherini hauna kubudirira. Ramangwana rakamugadzirira magumo ekutapwa, hupenyu huzere nekunyadziswa, urombo, kurwira nguva dzose chimedu chechingwa. Akanzwa kuomerwa kwe "kutsigirwa" kwevakuru kwakakuvadza zvikuru mweya wake waidada uye unonzwira tsitsi padanho rega rega, uye akararama kwemakore mazhinji mukushaya tariro. Mumwe anogona kungoshamisika kuti sei, nezvose zvakawira kumugove wake, akakwanisa kuchengetedza kufara kusingagumi uye tariro iyo inonyatsonzwika mumhanzi wake.
Nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwaLuigi Boccherini iguta rekare reTuscan reLucca. Guta iri raiva duku mukukura, rakanga risina kumbofanana nepurovhinzi iri kure. Lucca akararama hupenyu hwakanyanya hwemimhanzi uye hwemagariro. Pedyo pakanga paine mvura dzekuporesa dzakakurumbira muItari yese, uye mazororo etembere ane mukurumbira mumakereke eSanta Croce neSan Martino aikwezva gore negore vafambi vazhinji vaiuya vachibva kumativi ose enyika. Vaimbi vakatanhamara vekuItaly nevaimbi vairidza mumakereke panguva yezororo. Lucca aiva neochestra yeguta yakaisvonaka; paive netheater nechapel yakanakisa, yaichengetwa naarchbishop, maive nemaseminari matatu aive nehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi mune imwe neimwe. Mune mumwe wavo Boccherini akadzidza.
Akaberekwa February 19, 1743 mumhuri nziyo. Baba vake Leopold Boccherini, mutambi webass kaviri, akatamba kwemakore akawanda muorchestra yeguta; mukoma Giovanni-Anton-Gaston akaimba, akaridza violin, aiva mutambi, uye gare gare munyori wekusununguka. Pane yake libretto, Haydn akanyora oratorio "Kudzoka kwaTobias".
Mano aLuigi ekuimba akaoneka achiri mangwanani. Mukomana uyu akaimba mukwaya yechechi uye panguva imwe chete baba vake vakamudzidzisa unyanzvi hwokutanga hwe cello. Dzidzo yakaenderera mberi mune imwe yemaseminari aine mudzidzisi akanakisa, cellist uye bandmaster Abbot Vanucci. Somugumisiro wemakirasi ane abbot, Boccherini akatanga kutaura pachena kubva pazera remakore gumi nemaviri. Izvi zvakaunza Boccherini mukurumbira pakati pevanoda mimhanzi yemudhorobha. Mushure mekupedza chikoro chemimhanzi cheseminari muna 1757, Boccherini akaenda kuRoma kunovandudza mutambo wake. Pakati pezana remakore reXVIII, Roma yakanakidzwa nekubwinya kweimwe yemhanzi yemimhanzi yenyika. Aipenya nemapoka ezviridzwa zvakaisvonaka (kana kuti, sokudanwa kwavaiitwa panguva iyoyo, makamuri ezviridzwa); maive nematheatre nemasalon akawanda emimhanzi aikwikwidzana. MuRoma, munhu aigona kunzwa kutamba kwaTartini, Punyani, Somis, uyo akaumba mukurumbira wenyika yose weItaly violin art. Mudiki cellist anonyura akananga muhupenyu hwemimhanzi hweguta guru.
Kuti waakakwana naye muRoma, hazvizivikanwe. Zvingangodaro, "kubva pauri", kutora mimhanzi inotorwa, kusarudza nesikirwo zvitsva uye kurasa zvechinyakare, zvekuchengetedza. Tsika yeviolin yeItaly yaigonawo kumukurudzira, chiitiko chaakaendesa pasina mubvunzo kunharaunda ye cello. Nenguva isipi, Boccherini akatanga kucherechedzwa, uye akakwezva kutarisa kwaari kwete chete nekutamba, asiwo nenziyo dzakamutsa kufarira kwepasirese. Mukutanga 80s, akaburitsa mabasa ake ekutanga uye akaita rwendo rwake rwekutanga konzati, achishanyira Vienna kaviri.
Muna 1761 akadzokera kuguta raakaberekerwa. Lucca akamukwazisa nemufaro: "Taisaziva kuti chii chatinganyanya kushamiswa nacho - kuita kunoshamisa kwemunhu ane hunyanzvi kana magadzirirwo matsva uye anoyevedza emabasa ake."
MuLucca, Boccherini akatanga kugamuchirwa muimba yemitambo, asi muna 1767 akatamira kuimba yechitendero cheLucca Republic. MuLucca, akasangana nemuridzi weviolin Filippo Manfredi, uyo akazova shamwari yake yepamwoyo. Boccherini akabatana zvakanyanya naManfredi.
Zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma Lucca anotanga kuyera Boccherini. Kutanga, pasinei nebasa rayo rine mwero, upenyu hwenziyo huri mariri, kunyanya pashure peRoma, hunoratidzika kwaari soruwa. Mukuwedzera, akakurirwa nenyota yemukurumbira, anorota nezvechiitiko chekonzati yakakura. Pakupedzisira, basa romuchechi yakamupa tuso yokunyama ine mwero zvikuru. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti pakutanga 1767 Boccherini, pamwe Manfredi, akasiya Lucca. Makonzati avo akaitwa mumaguta eNorthern Italy - muTurin, Piedmont, Lombardy, ipapo kumaodzanyemba kweFrance. Munyori wenhoroondo yehupenyu Boccherini Pico anonyora kuti kwese kwese vaisangana nekuyemura uye kufarira.
Sekureva kwaPico, panguva yekugara kwake muLucca (muna 1762-1767), Boccherini aiwanzoita zvekugadzira, aive akabatikana kuita zvekuti akasika 6 trios chete. Sezviri pachena, panguva ino Boccherini naManfredi vakasangana nemukurumbira weviolinist Pietro Nardini uye violist Cambini. Kweinenge mwedzi mitanhatu vakashanda pamwe chete sevana. Zvadaro, muna 1795, Cambini akanyora kuti: “Muhuduku hwangu ndakararama mwedzi mitanhatu inofadza mumabasa akadaro uye mumafaro akadaro. Vatenzi vatatu vakuru - Manfredi, mutambi weviolin akanakisa muItari yese maererano nekuridza orchestral uye quartet, Nardini, ane mukurumbira wekunaka kwekuridza kwake seakanaka, uye Boccherini, ane mukurumbira unozivikanwa, akandipa rukudzo rwekugamuchira. ini semunhu anoridza violist.
Pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kuita kwequartet kwanga kuchangotanga kukura - yaive mhando nyowani yaive ichibuda panguva iyoyo, uye quartet yeNardini, Manfredi, Cambini, Boccherini yaive imwe yevakatanga hunyanzvi ensembles munyika inozivikanwa. kwatiri.
Pakupera kwa1767 kana pakutanga kwe1768 shamwari dzakasvika muParis. Kuita kwekutanga kwevaviri maartist muParis kwakaitika mu salon yaBaron Ernest von Bagge. Yaive imwe yeakanakisa mimhanzi salons muParis. Yaigara ichiburitswa nekushanyira maartist vasati vabvumidzwa kuConcert Spiritucl. Muvara wose wemimhanzi yeParis yakaungana pano, Gossec, Gavignier, Capron, cellist Duport (mukuru) nevamwe vakawanda vaiwanzoshanyira. Unyanzvi hwevaimbi vechidiki hwakakosheswa. Paris akataura nezvaManfredi naBoccherini. Concert muBagge salon yakavhura nzira yekuti vaende kuConcert Spirituel. Kuridza muhoro ine mukurumbira kwakaitika musi waKurume 20, 1768, uye pakarepo vabudisi vemimhanzi vekuParis Lachevardier naBesnier vakapa Boccherini kuti adhinde mabhuku ake.
Nekudaro, kuita kwaBoccherini naManfredi kwakasangana nekutsoropodzwa. Bhuku raMichel Brenet rinonzi Concerts in France under the Ancien Régime rinonokora mashoko tsinhiro dzinotevera: “Manfredi, mutambi wokutanga we<em>violin, haana kubudirira sezvaaitarisira. Mumhanzi wake wakaonekwa uchitsetseka, kutamba kwaaiita kwakafaranuka uye kwainakidza, asi kuridza kwaaiita kusina kuchena uye kwakashata. Kuridza cello kwaVaBoccarini (sic!) kwakamutsa kuombera kuri pakati nepakati, manzwi avo aiita seakaoma nzeve, uye manzwi acho ainyatsoenderana.
Wongororo dzinoratidza. Vateereri veConcert Spirituel, nokuda kwechikamu chikuru, vakanga vachiri kutungamirirwa nemitemo yekare ye "gallant" art, uye kutamba kwaBoccherini kwaigona kuratidzika (uye kwakaratidzika!) Zvakaoma kutenda iye zvino kuti "nyoro Gavinier" ainzwika zvakapinza uye nehutsinye panguva iyoyo, asi ichokwadi. Boccherini, sezviri pachena, akawana vanoyemura mudenderedzwa iroro revateereri avo, mumakore mashomanana, vaizoita nechido uye kunzwisisa kune Gluck's operatic reform, asi vanhu vakakurira paRococo aesthetics, zvichida, vakaramba vasina hanya naye; kwavari zvakazonyanya kushamisa uye "zvakaoma". Ndiani anoziva kana ichi chiri chikonzero nei Boccherini naManfredi vasina kugara muParis? Pakupera kwa1768, vachitora mukana wekupihwa kwemumiriri weSpain kuti apinde pabasa reInfante yeSpain, Mambo Charles IV weramangwana, vakaenda kuMadrid.
Spain muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX yaive nyika yekunyanyisa kwechiKatorike uye kuita kwehupenzi. Iyi yaive nguva yeGoya, yakatsanangurwa zvine hungwaru naL. Feuchtwanger mubhuku rake nezvemuimbi wekuSpain. Boccherini naManfredi vakasvika pano, mudare raCharles III, uyo noruvengo akatambudza chinhu chiri chose icho kusvikira kutambanuko yakati chaipesana nechiKaturike nechifundisi.
MuSpain, vakasangana zvisina ushamwari. Charles III uye Muchinda Mucheche weAsturias vakavabata zvakanyanya kupfuura kutonhora. Pamusoro pazvo, vaimbi veko havana kana kumbofara nekusvika kwavo. Dare rekutanga violinist Gaetano Brunetti, achitya kukwikwidza, akatanga kuruka kupenga kwakatenderedza Boccherini. Achinyumwira uye asina kukwana, Charles III akatenda Brunetti achida, uye Boccherini akakundikana kuzviwanira nzvimbo mudare. Akaponeswa nerutsigiro rwaManfredi, uyo akagamuchira nzvimbo yekutanga violinist muchapel yemunun'una waCharles III Don Louis. Don Louis aive murume akasununguka zvake. "Aitsigira maartist mazhinji uye maartist asina kugamuchirwa mudare ramambo. Semuenzaniso, akararama panguva yeBoccherini, Goya ane mukurumbira, uyo akawana zita remupendi wedare muna 1799, kwenguva yakareba akawana rubatsiro kubva kumucheche. Don Lui aive aiteur cellist, uye, sezviri pachena, akashandisa kutungamira kweBoccherini.
Manfredi akave nechokwadi chekuti Boccherini akokwawo kuimba yekunamatira yaDon Louis. Pano, semuimbi wekamuri mimhanzi uye virtuoso, munyori akashanda kubva muna 1769 kusvika muna 1785. Kukurukurirana nemutsigiri uyu anokudzwa ndiyo chete mufaro muupenyu hweBoccherini. Kaviri pavhiki akawana mukana wekuteerera kushanda kwemabasa ake muimba ye "Arena", iyo yaiva yaDon Louis. Pano Boccherini akasangana mudzimai wake weramangwana, mwanasikana weAragon kaputeni. Muchato wacho wakaitwa musi waJune 25, 1776.
Mushure memuchato, mamiriro ezvemari eBoccherini akawedzera kuoma. Vana vakazvarwa. Kuti abatsire munyori wacho, Don Louis akaedza kumuteterera dare reSpain. Zvisinei, kuedza kwake kwakashaya basa. Tsanangudzo yakanyatsojeka yechiitiko chinosemesa chine chekuita naBoccherini chakasiiwa neFrench violinist Alexander Boucher, uyo airidza pamberi pake. Rimwe zuva, anodaro Boucher, babamunini vaCharles IV, Don Louis, akaunza Boccherini kumuzukuru wake, aimbova Muchinda weAsturias, kuti azivise mitsva yemunyori. Manotes aive atovhurwa pamastand emimhanzi. Karl akatora uta, aigara achiridza chikamu che violin yekutanga. Mune imwe nzvimbo yequintet, zvinyorwa zviviri zvakadzokororwa kwenguva yakareba uye monotonously: kuti, si, kune, si. Akanyura muchikamu chake, mambo akaaridza asingateereri mamwe manzwi. Pakupedzisira, akaneta nokudzidzokorora, uye, ashatirwa, akarega.
– Zvinosemesa! Loafer, chero mwana wechikoro angaita zvirinani: ita, si, ita, si!
"Changamire," akapindura Boccherini zvakadzikama, "kana humambo hwenyu hukada kurerekera nzeve yako kune zviri kuridzwa violin yechipiri neviola, kune pizzicato inoridzwa ne cello panguva chaiyo iyo violin yekutanga inodzokorora zvinyoro zvayo, zvino manotsi anozorasa monotony yavo nekukurumidza kana zvimwe zviridzwa zvapinda, zvichatora chikamu mubvunzurudzo.
- Bye, bye, bye, bye - uye izvi zviri mukati mehafu yeawa! Bye, bye, bye, bye, hurukuro inofadza! Mumhanzi wemwana wechikoro, mwana wechikoro akaipa!
"Changamire," Boccherini akapopota, "usati watonga saizvozvo, unofanira kunzwisisa mimhanzi, ignoramus!"
Achisvetuka nehasha, Karl akabata Boccherini ndokumukwevera kuhwindo.
“Aa, changamire, ityai Mwari!” akadanidzira Mambokadzi weAsturias. Nemashoko aya, muchinda akatendeuka hafu yekutendeuka, iyo Boccherini aitya akatora mukana wekuhwanda muimba inotevera.
"Chiitiko ichi," anowedzera Pico, "hapana mubvunzo, chakaratidza zvakadarikidza, asi chokwadi chaicho, pakupedzisira chakanyima Boccherini kudiwa nehumambo. Mambo mutsva weSpain, mugari wenhaka yaCharles III, haaigona kukanganwa kutukwa kwakaitwa Muchinda weAsturias ... uye aisada kuona munyori kana kuita mimhanzi yake. Kunyangwe zita raBoccherini raisafanirwa kutaurwa mumuzinda. Kana munhu upi noupi aitya kuyeuchidza mambo nezvemuimbi, aigaropindira mubvunzi:
- Ndiani mumwe anotaura Boccherini? Boccherini afa, munhu wese ngaarangarire izvi zvakanaka uye asazombotaura nezvake zvakare!
Akaremerwa nemhuri (mudzimai nevana vashanu), Boccherini akararama upenyu hunorwadza. Akanyanya kurwara mushure mekufa kwaDon Louis muna 1785. Akatsigirwa chete nevamwe vanoda mimhanzi, mudzimba dzaaiita mimhanzi yekamuri. Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvake zvaive zvakakurumbira uye zvakadhindwa nemakambani makuru ekutsikisa pasi rose, izvi hazvina kuita kuti hupenyu hwaBoccherini huve nyore. Vaparidzi vakamubira zvisina tsitsi. Mune imwe yetsamba, munyori anonyunyuta kuti anogamuchira mari isingakoshi uye kuti kodzero dzake dzekodzero dziri kufuratirwa. Mune imwe tsamba, anodanidzira nehasha kuti: “Zvichida ndakatofa here?”
Asingazivikanwe muSpain, anotaura kuburikidza nemumiriri wePrussia kuna Mambo Frederick William II uye anotsaurira rimwe remabasa ake kwaari. Achitenda zvikuru mimhanzi yaBoccherini, Friedrich Wilhelm akamugadza kuti ave munyori wedare. Mabasa ese anotevera, kubva 1786 kusvika 1797, Boccherini anonyorera dare rePrussia. Zvisinei, mubasa raMambo wePrussia, Boccherini achiri kugara kuSpain. Ichokwadi, maonero evanyori vehupenyu anosiyana panyaya iyi, Pico naSchletterer vanopikisa kuti, pavakasvika kuSpain muna 1769, Boccherini haana kumbosiya miganhu yayo, kunze kwerwendo rwokuenda kuAvignon, uko muna 1779 akapinda muchato wemuzukuru uyo. akaroora mutambi weviolin Fisher. L. Ginzburg ane maonero akasiyana. Ichitaura nezvetsamba yaBoccherini kumumiriri wePrussia Marquis Lucchesini (Chikumi 30, 1787), yakatumirwa kubva kuBreslau, Ginzburg inotora mhedziso ine musoro yekuti muna 1787 munyori aive kuGermany. Kugara kwaBoccherini pano kunogona kugara kwenguva yakareba sezvinobvira kubva muna 1786 kusvika muna 1788, uyezve, angave akashanyira Vienna, uko muna July 1787 muchato wehanzvadzi yake Maria Esther, uyo akaroora choreographer Honorato Vigano, wakaitika. Chokwadi chekuenda kwaBoccherini kuGermany, maererano netsamba imwe chete kubva kuBreslau, inosimbiswawo naJulius Behi mubhuku rinonzi From Boccherini to Casals.
Mumakore ekuma80, Boccherini akanga atova munhu anorwara zvikuru. Mutsamba yakataurwa yaibva kuBreslau, akanyora kuti: “... Ndakazviwana ndapfigirwa mukamuri mangu nokuda kwehemoptysis inodzokororwa kakawanda, uye zvakatonyanya kudaro nemhaka yokuzvimba kwakanyanya kwemakumbo, kunoperekedzwa nokupera kunenge kupererwa nesimba rangu rose.”
Chirwere ichi, kuderedza simba, chakanyima Boccherini mukana wekuenderera mberi nekuita mabasa. Mumakore ekuma80 anosiya cello. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, kugadzira mimhanzi inova iyo chete sosi yekuvapo, uye shure kwezvose, pennies inobhadharwa pakuburitswa kwemabasa.
Mukupera kwema80s, Boccherini akadzokera kuSpain. Situation yaanozviwana ari mairi haitsungiririki zvachose. Chimurenga chakaitika muFrance chinokonzeresa kuita kunoshamisa muSpain nemafaro emapurisa. Kuwedzera izvi, Bvunzurudzo yakatekeshera. Iyo inosimudzira mutemo yakanangana neFrance inozotungamira muna 1793-1796 kuhondo yeFranco-Spanish, iyo yakaguma mukukundwa kweSpain. Mimhanzi mumamiriro ezvinhu aya haikosheswi zvakanyanya. Boccherini anonyanya kuoma kana mambo wePrussia Frederick II afa - tsigiro yake chete. Kubhadhara kwenzvimbo yemuimbi wekamuri yedare rePrussia yaive, muchokwadi, mari huru yemhuri.
Nguva pfupi mushure mekufa kwaFrederick II, dambudziko rakabata Boccherini imwe nhevedzano yehasha: mukati menguva pfupi, mudzimai wake nevanasikana vaviri vakura vanofa. Boccherini akaroorazve, asi mudzimai wechipiri akafa kamwe kamwe nesitiroko. Zviitiko zvakaoma zve90 zvinokanganisa huwandu hwemweya wake - anozvibvisa mukati make, anoenda muchitendero. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, azere nekuora mwoyo kwemweya, anoonga chiratidzo chese chekuteerera. Mukuwedzera, urombo hunomuita kuti abatirire chero mukana wekuwana mari. Apo Marquis weBenaventa, mudiwa wemimhanzi airidza gitare zvakanaka uye akakoshesa Boccherini, akamukumbira kuti amurongere nziyo dzakawanda, achiwedzera chikamu chegitare, munyori anozadzisa urongwa uhwu. Muna 1800, mumiriri weFrance Lucien Bonaparte akatambanudza ruoko rwekubatsira kune munyori. Boccherini anoonga akazvitsaurira mabasa akati wandei kwaari. Muna 1802, mumiriri akabva kuSpain, uye Boccherini zvakare akawira mukushaiwa.
Kubva pakutanga kwe90s, achiedza kutiza kubva kumatare ekuda, Boccherini anga achiedza kudzoreredza hukama neshamwari dzeFrance. Muna 1791, akatumira zvinyorwa zvakawanda kuParis, asi zvakanyangarika. “Zvichida mabasa angu aishandiswa kutakura pfuti,” akanyora kudaro Boccherini. Muna 1799, anotsaurira quintets yake ku "French Republic uye nyika huru", uye mutsamba "kuCitizen Chenier" anoratidza kuonga kwake kwechokwadi "kurudzi rukuru rweFrance, iyo, kupfuura chero ipi zvayo, yakanzwa, yakakoshesa uye akarumbidza zvinyorwa zvangu zvine mwero.” Zvechokwadi, basa raBoccherini rakakosheswa zvikuru muFrance. Gluck, Gossec, Mugel, Viotti, Baio, Rode, Kreutzer, uye Duport cellists vakapfugama pamberi pake.
Muna 1799, Pierre Rode, mutambi weviolinist ane mukurumbira, mudzidzi weViotti, akasvika kuMadrid, uye Boccherini wekare akanyatsosangana nemuFrance akangwara. Kukanganwa nemunhu wese, kusurukirwa, kurwara, Boccherini anofara zvakanyanya kutaura naRode. Akazvipira kuridza makonzati ake. Ushamwari naRode hunopenya hupenyu hweBoccherini, uye anosuruvara zvikuru apo maestro asingazorori anobva kuMadrid muna 1800. Musangano naRode unowedzera kusimbisa kushuva kwaBoccherini. Anosarudza pakupedzisira kubva kuSpain ndokuenda kuFrance. Asi chido chake ichi hachina kumboitika. Mumwe anoyemura zvikuru Boccherini, piano, muimbi uye munyori Sophie Gail akamushanyira muMadrid muna 1803. Akawana maestro achirwara zvachose uye achida zvikuru. Akagara kwemakore akawanda muimba imwe chete, yakakamurwa nemezzanines kuva nhurikidzwa mbiri. Uriri hwepamusoro, kunyanya imba yedenga, yakashanda sehofisi yemunyori. Kugadzwa kwese kwaive netafura, chituru uye cello yekare. Ashamiswa nezvaakaona, Sophie Gail akabhadhara zvikwereti zvose zvaBoccherini uye akaunganidza pakati peshamwari mari yaidiwa kuti aende kuParis. Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwe enyika akaoma uye mamiriro emuimbi anorwara akanga asisamubvumiri kuti aende.
Chivabvu 28, 1805 Boccherini akafa. Vanhu vashoma chete ndivo vakatevera bhokisi rake. Muna 1927, makore anopfuura 120 gare gare, madota ake akatamisirwa kuna Lucca.
Panguva yekugadzira kwake maruva, Boccherini aive mumwe wevakanyanya maseru vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Mukutamba kwake, kunaka kusingaenzaniswi kwenzwi uye kuzere nekunzwika kuimba cello kwakacherechedzwa. Lavasserre naBodiot, muThe Method yeParis Conservatory, yakanyorwa pahwaro hwechikoro cheviolin cheBayot, Kreutzer naRode, inoratidza Boccherini sezvizvi: "Kana iye (Boccherini. - LR) akaita cello kuimba yega, saka neakadaro manzwiro akadzama, nekupfava kwakanaka kwazvo zvekuti kugadzira uye kutevedzera zvinokanganwika; rimwe inzwi rinoshamisa rinonzwika, kwete rinogumbura, asi rinonyaradza.
Boccherini akaitawo basa rinokosha mukuvandudza unyanzvi hwemimhanzi semunyori. Nhaka yake yekusika yakakura - anopfuura mazana mana anoshanda; pakati pavo pane 400 symphonies, violin uye cello concertos, 20 quartets, 95 quintets (125 yavo ine maviri cellos) uye mamwe akawanda ekamuri ensembles. Vepanguva iyoyo vakafananidza Boccherini naHaydn naMozart. Gwaro rerufu rweUniversal Musical Gazette rinoti: “Zvamazvirokwazvo, akanga ari mumwe wevanyori vakatanhamara vezviridzwa zvenyika yababa vake Italy ... Akafambira mberi, akafambirana nenguva, uye akatora chikamu mukusimudzira unyanzvi, uhwo hwakatangwa na. shamwari yake yekare Haydn … Italy inomuisa padanho rakaenzana naHaydn, uye Spain inomuda pane maestro wekuGermany, anowanikwa ikoko akadzidzawo. France inomuremekedza zvikuru, uye Germany ... inomuziva zvishoma. Asi kwavanomuziva, vanoziva mafaro nekuyemura, kunyanya divi renziyo renziyo dzake, vanomuda uye vanomukudza zvakanyanya… Kukodzera kwake kwakakosha maererano nemimhanzi yeItaly, Spain neFrance yaive yekuti aive iye. kutanga kunyora avo vakazviwana vamene varipo kugovewa kukuru kwemaquartets, avo manzwi avo ose anosungirwa. Zvirinani ndiye aive wekutanga kugamuchira kuzivikanwa pasi rose. Iye, uye nguva pfupi mushure make Pleyel, nemabasa avo ekutanga mumhando yemimhanzi yakanzwika ipapo kunyange kare kupfuura Haydn, uyo akanga achiri kure panguva iyoyo.
Mazhinji mabiographies anofananidza pakati pemumhanzi waBoccherini naHaydn. Boccherini ainyatsoziva Haydn. Akasangana naye muVienna uye akazonyorerana kwemakore akawanda. Boccherini, sezviri pachena, akakudza zvikuru munhu wake mukuru wenguva yeGermany. Sekureva kwaCambini, muNardini-Boccherini quartet ensemble, maakatora chikamu, quartets dzaHaydn dzakaridzwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, hongu, hunhu hwekusika hweBoccherini naHaydn hwakasiyana chaizvo. MuBoccherini hatife takawana iwo hunhu mufananidzo unofananidzira mimhanzi yaHaydn. Boccherini ine akawanda mapoinzi ekusangana neMozart. Elegance, kureruka, nenyasha "chivalry" inovabatanidza nemhando yega yega yekugadzira neRococo. Ivo zvakare vane zvakawanda zvakafanana mukusaziva nekukasira kwemifananidzo, mune manyorerwo, yakanyatso kurongeka uye panguva imwechete ine melodious uye melodic.
Zvinozivikanwa kuti Mozart akakoshesa mimhanzi yeBoccherini. Stendhal akanyora pamusoro peizvi. “Handizivi kana zvakaitwa naMiserere zvakamuunza nekuda kwekubudirira kwake (Stendhal zvinoreva kuteerera kwaMozart kwaMiserere Allegri muSistine Chapel. – LR), asi, sezviri pachena, murwiyo unotyisa uye unotyisa wepisarema iri wakaitwa. manzwiro akadzama pamusoro pemweya waMozart, uyo kubva panguva iyoyo ave ane sarudzo yakajeka yeHandel uye yeBoccherini munyoro.
Kunyatsodzidza kwaMozart basa raBoccherini kunogona kutongwa nenyaya yekuti muenzaniso kwaari paakagadzira Yechina Violin Concerto yaive pachena kuti violin concerto yakanyorwa muna 1768 naLucca maestro kuna Manfredi. Kana uchienzanisa ma concertos, zviri nyore kuona kuti ari padyo sei maererano nehurongwa hwese, madingindira, maficha. Asi zvakakosha panguva imwechete kuti yakawanda sei iyo dingindira inoshanduka pasi peinopenya peni yeMozart. Chiitiko chekuzvininipisa chaBoccherini chinoshanduka kuva imwe yemakonzati akanakisisa eMozart; dhaimondi, rine mipendero isina kunyorwa, rinova dhaimondi rinon’anima.
Kuunza Boccherini pedyo neMozart, vepanguva iyoyo vakanzwawo kusiyana kwavo. "Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peMozart neBoccherini?" akanyora kudaro JB Shaul, kuti: “Yokutanga inotitungamirira pakati pemawere achipinda musango rine mikoniferi, rakaita setsono, rinongodirwa maruva panhambo nenhambo, uye rechipiri rinodzika munyika dzinonyemwerera dzine mipata ine maruva, dzine hova dzinon’un’una dziri pachena, dzakafukidzwa neminda mikobvu.”
Boccherini ainyatsonzwa nezvekuita kwemimhanzi yake. Pico anotaurira kuti kamwe muMadrid, muna 1795, mutambi weviolin weFrance Boucher akakumbira Boccherini kuti atambe imwe yemaquartets ake.
“Iwe uchiri mudiki, uye kuita kwenziyo yangu kunoda hunyanzvi uye kukura, uye kuridza kwakasiyana nekwako.
Sezvo Boucher akasimbirira, Boccherini akaregedza, uye vatambi vequartet vakatanga kutamba. Asi, pavakangoridza zviyero zvishoma, munyori akavamisa ndokutora chikamu kubva kuna Boucher.
“Ndakakuudza kuti uchiri mudiki kuti ukwanise kuridza mimhanzi yangu.
Ipapo mutambi weviolin akanyara akatendeukira kune maestro:
“Ishe, ndinokumbira hangu kwamuri kuti mundidzidzise kuita mabasa enyu; ndidzidzisei kuaridza nemazvo.
"Nekuda kwazvo, ndichafara kutungamira tarenda rakadai serako!"
Semunyori, Boccherini akagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwekutanga zvisingaite. Nziyo dzake dzakatanga kuitwa muItaly neFrance kare mu60s, ndiko kuti, paakanga achangopinda mumunda wemunyori. Mukurumbira wake wakasvika kuParis kunyange asati aonekwa ikoko muna 1767. Mabasa aBoccherini akaridzwa kwete chete pa cello, asiwo pa "mukwikwidzi" wake wekare - gamba. "Vituosos pachiridzwa ichi, akawanda muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX kupfuura maseru, akaedza simba ravo nekuita mabasa matsva atenzi kubva kuLucca pagamba."
Basa raBoccherini raive rakakurumbira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Muimbi anoimbwa mundima. Fayol anotsaurira nhetembo kwaari, achimuenzanisa naSacchini munyoro uye achimuti ane humwari.
Muma20s ne30s, Pierre Baio aiwanzoridza maBoccherini ensembles manheru ekamuri yakavhurika muParis. Aionekwa semumwe wevatambi vepamusoro mumhanzi weItaly master. Fetis anonyora kuti rimwe zuva, mushure mekuita quintet yaBeethoven, Fetis paakanzwa Boccherini quintet yaiitwa naBayo, akafadzwa ne“uyu mumhanzi wakapfava uye usina njere” waitevera kupindirana kukuru, kunotsvaira kwenyanzvi yeGermany. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga unoshamisa. Vateereri vakabayiwa mwoyo, vakafara uye vakaroyiwa. Isimba guru kwazvo rekurudziro dzinobva mumweya, dzine simba risingarambiki kana dzichibuda zvakananga kubva mumwoyo.
Mimhanzi yeBoccherini yaidiwa zvikuru muno muRussia. Yakatanga kuitwa muma70s ezana ramakore reXVIII. Mumakore ekuma80, maBoccherini quartets akatengeswa muMoscow muIvan Schoch "Dutch shop" pamwe chete nemabasa aHaydn, Mozart, Pleyel, nevamwe. Vakave vakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pevasina kudzidza; dzaigara dzichiridzwa mumagungano edzimba. AO Smirnova-Rosset anotora mazwi anotevera aIV Vasilchikov, akanyorerwa kune ane mukurumbira fabulist IA Krylov, aimbofarira mimhanzi: E. Boccherini.— LR). Unoyeuka here, Ivan Andreevich, kuti iwe neni takatamba sei kusvika pakati pehusiku?
Quintets ane masero maviri akaitwa nechido kumashure mu50s mudenderedzwa raII Gavrushkevich, uyo akashanyirwa neBorodin wechidiki: "AP Borodin akateerera Boccherini's quintets nekuda kuziva uye nevechidiki kufungidzira, nekushamisika - Onslov, nerudo - Goebel" . Panguva imwe cheteyo, muna 1860, mutsamba yakanyorerwa E. Lagroix, VF Odoevsky anotaura nezvaBoccherini, pamwe chete naPleyel naPaesiello, vatova munyori akanganikwa: “Ndinorangarira zvikuru nguva apo vakanga vasingadi kuteerera chimwe chinhu chipi nechipi. kupfuura Pleyel, Boccherini, Paesiello nevamwe vane mazita akafa uye akanganwika. "
Parizvino, iyo B-flat huru cello concerto chete yakachengeta hunyanzvi hwekuita kubva kunhaka yaBoccherini. Zvichida hapana kana cellist imwe chete isingaite basa iri.
Isu tinowanzo kupupurira kumutsiridzwa kwemabasa mazhinji emimhanzi yekutanga, akazvarwa patsva kwehupenyu hwekonsati. Ndiani anoziva? Zvichida nguva ichasvika yekuti Boccherini nemaensembles ake achanzwika zvakare mumakamuri ekamuri, achikwezva vateereri nerunako rwavo rusina ruzivo.
L. Raaben
