Sound system |
Greek sustnma, German. Tonsystem
Altitude (interval) sangano remimhanzi. manzwi anobva pana c.-l. musimboti mumwe chete. Pakati pemoyo weZ ne. panogara paine nhevedzano yematoni mune chaiyo, inoyerwa reshiyo. Izwi rokuti Z. With." inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana:
1) maumbirwo eruzha, kureva kuwanda kwemanzwi anoshandiswa mukati meimwe nguva (kazhinji mukati meoctave, semuenzaniso, shanu-sound, gumi nembiri-sound system);
2) kurongeka kwakajeka kwezvinhu zvegadziriro (inonzwika sechiyero; inonzwika seyakaoma yemapoka ezwi, semuenzaniso, chords mutonal system yezvikuru nezvidiki);
3) sisitimu yehunhu, semantic hukama, mashandiro emanzwi, ayo anoumbwa pahwaro hweimwe musimboti wekubatana pakati pavo (semuenzaniso, zvinoreva toni mune melodic modes, harmonic tonality);
4) kuvaka, masvomhu. kutaura kwehukama pakati pemanzwi (Pythagorean system, yakaenzana temperament system).
Main zvinoreva pfungwa yeZ. ne. yakabatana nekuumbwa kwezwi uye chimiro chayo. Z. s. inoratidza chiyero chebudiriro, zvine musoro. kubatana uye kurongeka kwemamusi. kufunga uye nhoroondo inoshanduka nayo. Kushanduka kweZ ne., munhoroondo chaiyo. Iyo nzira, inoitwa nenzira yakaoma uye yakazara nekupokana kwemukati, pane zvese zvinotungamira mukukwenenzverwa kwekusiyanisa inzwi, kuwedzera kwenhamba yematoni anosanganisirwa muhurongwa, kusimbisa uye kurerutsa kubatana pakati pavo, kugadzira yakaoma. branched hierarchy yezvibatanidza zvichibva pahukama hwezwi.
Logic chirongwa chebudiriro Z. ne. chete anenge anoenderana kongiri nhoroondo. nzira yekuumbwa kwayo. Z. s. mupfungwa chaiyo inotangira kupenya kwechinyakare, kusina matauriro akasiyana, uko manzwi ereferenzi achangotanga kubuda pachena.
Rwiyo rweKubu rudzi (Sumatra) rwiyo rwerudo rwejaya. Maererano naE. Hornbostel.
Chimiro chepasi cheZ. s chinochitsiva. inomiririra kuimba kwezwi rimwe chete rereferensi, kumira (), padyo () pamusoro kana pasi.
Russian folk joke
Kolyadnaya
Inzwi riri pedyo rinogona kunge risina kugadzika pahurefu hwakati kana kuti hunenge hurefu.
Kuwedzera kukura kwehurongwa kunotaridza mukana wekufamba-nhanho, cantilena kufamba kwerwiyo (pasi pemamiriro eiyo mashanu-, manomwe-nhanho system kana akasiyana chiyero chimiro) uye inovimbisa kubatana kwese nekuda kwekuvimba nemanzwi ari. muhukama hwehukama hwepamusoro kune mumwe nemumwe. Nokudaro, nhanho inotevera inonyanya kukosha mukugadzirwa kweZ. - "nguva yequart", ichizadza mukaha pakati pemanzwi e "first consonance" (iyo quart inoshanduka kuva ruzha rwuri kure kure nezwi rekutanga rereferenzi uye riri mukuwirirana kwakakwana naro; se mhedzisiro, inowana mukana pane mamwe, kunyangwe akakwana makonzonenzi - octave, yechishanu) . Kuzadza quart inoumba nhevedzano yezviridzwa masisitimu - asiri-semitone trichords uye akati wandei tetrachords ezvimiro zvakasiyana:
TICHORD
TETRACHORDS
LULLABY
EPIC CHANT
Panguva imwecheteyo, toni dziri padyo uye dzinopfuura dzakadzikamiswa uye dzinova tsigiro kune itsva dziri pedyo. Pahwaro hwe tetrachord, pentachords, hexachords inomuka:
MASLENICHNA
round dance
Kubva pakubatanidzwa kwematrichords uye tetrachords, pamwe chete nepentachords (nenzira yakasanganiswa kana yakaparadzana), masisitimu anoumbwa anoumbwa anosiyana muhuwandu hwemanzwi - hexachords, heptachords, octachords, iyo, zvakare, inosanganiswa kuita zvakanyanya kuoma. , multi-component inonzwika masisitimu. octave uye isiri-octave:
PENTATONICA
Iyo UKRAINIAN VESNIA
PYASOVAYA
Znamenny chant
RUSSIAN FOLK SON
KUKRISSIMUSI YAAMAI VAMWARI, RUYIMBO AKASAIWA
HEXACHORD SYSTEM
Theoretical generalization yetsika yekuunza toni muEurope. mumhanzi wekupera kweMiddle Ages uye Renaissance (“musica ficta”), apo mhedziso-toni yakazara uye kutevedzana kwenzwi rose kwaiwedzera kutsiviwa zvine hurongwa nema halftones (semuenzaniso, pachinzvimbo che cd ed stroke cis-d etc.), inoratidzwa mu chimiro chechromatic-enharmonic. gumi nenomwe-nhanho chiyero (naProsdochimo de Beldemandis, pakupera kwe14th - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi15):
Kuvandudzwa kwepolyphony uye kuumbwa kwekonsonanti triad sechinhu chikuru chezwi. yakatungamirira kukugadzirisa kwayo kwemukati kwakakwana - kubatanidzwa kwematoni ose ehurongwa hwakapoteredza iyi consonance inokosha, iyo inoshanda sepakati, tonic function. triads (tonic), uye muchimiro chemifananidzo yayo pane mamwe matanho ese edhiatonic. gamma:
Basa rechinhu chinovaka Z. s. zvishoma nezvishoma inopfuura kubva ku ladomelodich. mienzaniso kune chord-harmonic; maererano neZ. ne. inotanga kuratidzwa kwete nenzira yechikero ("masitepisi enzwi" - scala, Tonleiter), asi nenzira yemapoka ezwi ane hukama. Zvakare pane mamwe matanho ebudiriro yeZ ne., ese mitsetse mikuru yemafomu ekutanga Z. ane. varipowo muZ. s. melodic simba. mutsara, microsystems kubva pareferensi toni (tsvimbo) uye dziri pedyo, ichizadza yechina (neyechishanu), kuwanda kwe tetrachords, nezvimwewo. Makomba ari eimwe centralization. Mapoka enzwi rose-makodhi pamatanho ese-pamwe chete nezvimwe zviyero, anova rudzi rutsva rwemanzwi s-harmonics. tonality (ona chinyorwa pamusoro), uye musanganiswa wavo wakarongedzerwa unoumba "system yemasisitimu" emakiyi makuru uye madiki pane imwe neimwe yematanho echromatic. scale. Iyo yakazara sonic vhoriyamu yesystem inotambanukira kusvika kukusingaperi, asi inoganhurirwa nemikana yekuona kwenzwi uye ndeye chromatically yakazadzwa renji kubva paanenge A2 kusvika c5. Kuumbwa kweiyo huru-diki tonal system muzana remakore rechi16. yaida kutsiviwa kwePythagorean system muzvikamu zvishanu zvakachena (semuenzaniso, f - c - g - d - a - e - h) neyechishanu-tertian (inonzi yakachena, kana yakasikwa, Fogliani - Zarlino system), uchishandisa maviri anovaka. interval – cheshanu 2:3 uye chetatu chikuru 4:5 (somuenzaniso, F – a – C – e – G – h – D; mavara makuru anoratidza prima uye chikamu chechishanu chevatatu, mavara madiki anoratidza zvikamu zvitatu, maererano naM. Hauptmann). Kuvandudzwa kwetonal system (kunyanya tsika yekushandisa makiyi akasiyana) yaida yunifomu temperament system.
Contact elements decomp. tonality inotungamirira pakugadzwa kwezvibatanidza pakati pavo, kune kuwirirana kwavo uye mberi - kubatanidza. Pamwe chete neiyo counter process yekukura kwe intratonal chromaticity (alteration), kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvetoni zvinotungamira kune chokwadi chekuti mukati meiyo tonality chero nguva, chero chord uye chero chiyero kubva pane imwe neimwe nhanho zvinogoneka. Iyi nzira yakagadzirira kurongeka patsva kwechimiro cheZ. mubasa rehuwandu hwevanyori vezana remakore rechi20: zvikamu zvose zvechromatic. zviyero zvavo zvinosunungurwa, hurongwa hunoshanduka kuva nhanho gumi nembiri, apo nguva imwe neimwe inonzwisiswa zvakananga (uye kwete pahwaro hwechishanu kana hukama hwechishanu-tertz); uye chikamu chekutanga chemaitiro Z. s. inova semitone (kana chikuru chechinomwe) - sechinobva cheshanu uye chetatu chikuru. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuvaka symmetrical (semuenzaniso, terzochromatic) modes uye masisitimu, kubuda kwetoni gumi nembiri-nhanho, iyo inonzi. "Kusununguka kwemahara" (ona mimhanzi yeAtonal), serial organisation (kunyanya, dodecaphony), nezvimwe.
Non-European Z. pamwe. (semuenzaniso, nyika dzeAsia, Africa) dzimwe nguva dzinogadzira mhando dziri kure neEuropean. Nekudaro, iyo yakanyanya kana kushoma yakajairwa diatonic yemumhanzi weIndia inoshongedzwa nezwi. mimvuri, ne theoretically inotsanangurwa semhedzisiro yekukamura octave kuita zvikamu makumi maviri nemaviri (shruti system, inodudzirwawo sekuzara kwese kunokwanisika kureba).
Mumhanzi weJavanese, nhanho 5-ne 7-nhanho "yakaenzana" yezvikamu zve octave (slendro uye pelog) hazvienderane neinojairika anhemitonic pentatonic scale kana yechishanu kana yechishanu-tertz diatonic scale.
References: Serov AH, rwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia sechidzidzo chesainzi (3 zvinyorwa), "Musical Season", 1869-70, No 18, 1870-71, Nha 6 uye 13, yakadhindwa zvakare. mubhuku rake: Selected Articles, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; Sokalsky PP, Russian folk mimhanzi?, Har., 1888, Peter VI, Pazvinyorwa, zvimiro uye modhi mumimhanzi yekare yechiGiriki, K., 1901 Yavorsky B., Chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi, vol. 1-3, M., 1908, Tyulin Yu. H., Kudzidzisa pamusoro petsinhirano, L., 1937, M, 1966; Kuznetsov KA, mimhanzi yechiArab, mu: Essays panhoroondo uye dzidziso yemimhanzi, vol. 2, L., 1940; Ogolevets AS, Nhanganyaya yemafungiro emimhanzi yemazuva ano, M.-L., 1946; Musical acoustics. Tot. Ed. HA Garbuzova, M, 1954; Jami A., Chibvumirano paMumhanzi. Ed. uye zvakataurwa naVM Belyaev, Tash., 1960; Pereverzev NK, Matambudziko emumhanzi, M., 1966; Meshchaninov P., Evolution yepitch fabric (structural-acoustic substantiation ...), M., 1970 (manuscript); Kotlyarevsky I., Diatonics uye chromatics sechikamu chekufunga kwemimhanzi, Kipv, 1971; Fortlage K., Das musikalische System der Griechen in seiner Urgestalt, Lpz., 1847, Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Tl 1, Lpz., 1888, Rus. pa. -Katekisimu yenhoroondo yemimhanzi, chikamu 1, M., 1896), yake, Das chromatische Tonsystem, mubhuku rake: Preludien und Studien, Bd I, Lpz., 1895.
Yu. H. Kholopov
