Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin |

Ivan Khandoshkin

Russia yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX yaive nyika yemusiyano. Umbozha hweAsia hwakagara nehurombo, dzidzo - nekusaziva kwakanyanya, humanism hwakanatswa hwevavhenekeri vekutanga vekuRussia - nehutsinye uye serfdom. Panguva imwecheteyo, tsika yepakutanga yeRussia yakakurumidza kukura. Pakutanga kwezana remakore, Peter I akanga achiri kucheka ndebvu dzevakomana, kukunda kupikisa kwavo kunotyisa; pakati pezana remakore, vakuru veRussia vaitaura chiFrench chakanaka, maopera uye mabheti akaitwa mudare; orchestra yedare, inoumbwa nevaimbi vane mukurumbira, yaionekwa seimwe yedzakanakisa muEurope. Vaimbi vakakurumbira nevaimbi vakauya kuRussia, vachikwezvwa pano nezvipo zverupo. Uye mukati memakore asingasviki zana, Russia yekare yakabuda murima rehudzvinyiriri kuenda pakakwirira dzidzo yeEurope. Chimiro chetsika iyi chaive chichiri chakatetepa, asi chakange chave chakafukidza nzvimbo dzese dzemagariro, zvematongerwo enyika, zvinyorwa uye zvemimhanzi.

Chetatu chekupedzisira chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX chinoratidzwa nekuonekwa kwemasaenzi epamba epamba, vanyori, vanyori, uye vaimbi. Pakati pavo ndiLomonosov, Derzhavin, muunganidzi ane mukurumbira wenziyo dzevanhu NA Lvov, vanyori Fomin naBortnyansky. Mune iyi galaxy inopenya, nzvimbo yakakurumbira ndeyeviolinist Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin.

MuRussia, kazhinji, vaibata matarenda avo nekuzvidza uye kusavimba. Uye pasinei nokuti akakurumbira uye aida sei Khandoshkin munguva yehupenyu hwake, hapana wenguva yake akazova munyori wehupenyu hwake. Ndangariro yake yakapotsa yapera achangofa. Wekutanga akatanga kuunganidza ruzivo nezve uyu anoshamisa muimbi weviolin aive asinganeti muongorori weRussia VF Odoevsky. Uye kubva pakutsvaga kwake, mapepa akapararira chete akasara, asi akazova zvinhu zvakakosha kune vakatevera vanyori vehupenyu. Odoevsky achiri kuwana vepanguva yemukuru weviolin vari vapenyu, kunyanya mudzimai wake Elizaveta. Achiziva kungwarira kwake semusayendisiti, zvinhu zvaakaunganidza zvinogona kuvimbwa nazvo zvisina magumo.

Nemoyo murefu, zvishoma nezvishoma, vatsvakurudzi veSoviet G. Fesechko, I. Yampolsky, naB. Volman vakadzorera Khandoshkin's biography. Paive neruzivo rwakawanda rusinganzwisisike uye rwakavhiringika nezve mutambi weviolin. Mazuva chaiwo ehupenyu nerufu aisazivikanwa; zvaitendwa kuti Khandoshkin yakabva kune serfs; maererano nezvimwe zvinyorwa, akadzidza naTartini, maererano nevamwe, haana kumbobva kuRussia uye haana kumbove mudzidzi weTartini, nezvimwewo. Uye kunyange ikozvino, kure nezvose zvakajekeswa.

Nekuoma kukuru, G. Fesechko akakwanisa kusimbisa mazuva ehupenyu nerufu rwaKhandoshkin kubva mumabhuku echechi ezvinyorwa zvekuvigwa zvemakuva eVolkov muSt. Zvaidavirwa kuti Khandoshkin akaberekwa muna 1765. Fesechko akawana chinyorwa chinotevera: "1804, musi waMarch 19, dare rakarega Mumshenok (kureva Mundshenk. - LR) Ivan Evstafiev Khandoshkin akafa nemakore 57 kubva pakuoma mitezo." Nhoroondo inopupurira kuti Khandoshkin akaberekwa kwete muna 1765, asi muna 1747 uye akavigwa pamakuva Volkovo.

Kubva pane zvinyorwa zveOdoevsky, tinodzidza kuti baba vaKhandoshkin vaiva mugadziri, uye kunze kweiyo, mutambi wetimpani mu orchestra yaPeter III. Mamwe mabhuku akadhindwa anoshuma kuti Evstafiy Khandoshkin akanga ari serf yePotemkin, asi hapana humbowo hunoratidza izvi.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mudzidzisi weviolin waKhandoshkin aiva muimbi wedare, mukuru weviolinist Tito Porto. Zvichida Porto ndiye aiva mudzidzisi wake wokutanga uye wokupedzisira; iyo vhezheni yerwendo rwekuItari kuenda kuTartini haina chokwadi. Zvadaro, Khandoshkin akakwikwidzana neveEurope vanozivikanwa vakauya kuSt. Petersburg - naLolly, Schzipem, Sirman-Lombardini, F. Tietz, Viotti, nevamwe. Zvingave here kuti apo Sirman-Lombardini akasangana naKhandoshkin, hazvina kucherechedzwa chero kupi zvako kuti vaive vadzidzi pamwe naTartini? Pasina mubvunzo, mudzidzi ane tarenda akadaro, uyo, uyezve, akabva kune imwe nyika yakasarudzika mumeso evaItaly seRussia, aisazoonekwa neTartini. Tsanangudzo dzeTartini dzinofurira munziyo dzake hadzitauri chinhu, sezvo sonatas yemuimbi uyu yaizivikanwa zvakanyanya muRussia.

Munzvimbo yake yeruzhinji, Khandoshkin akawana zvakawanda panguva yake. Muna 1762, ndiko kuti, pazera remakore 15, akabvumirwa kupinda mudare orchestra, kwaakashanda kusvikira 1785, akasvika panzvimbo yokutanga kamuri muimbi uye bhendi. Muna 1765, akanyorwa semudzidzisi mumakirasi edzidzo eAcademy of Arts. Mumakamuri, akavhurwa muna 1764, pamwe chete nekupenda, vadzidzi vaidzidziswa zvidzidzo kubva munzvimbo dzose dzeunyanzvi. Vakadzidzawo kuridza zviridzwa. Sezvo makirasi akavhurwa muna 1764, Khandoshkin anogona kunzi Academy wokutanga violin mudzidzisi. Mudzidzisi wechidiki (aive nemakore gumi nemanomwe panguva iyoyo) aive nevadzidzi gumi nevaviri, asi ndiani chaizvo asingazivikanwi.

Muna 1779, muzvinabhizimisi akachenjera uye aimbova muchengeti Karl Knipper akawana mvumo yekuzarura iyo inonzi "Free Theater" muSt. Maererano nechibvumirano, vaifanira kushanda kwemakore matatu pasina muhoro, uye mumakore matatu aitevera vaifanira kugamuchira 50-3 rubles pagore, asi "nemvumo yavo." Ongororo yakaitwa mushure memakore matatu yakaratidza mufananidzo unotyisa wehupenyu hwevatambi vechidiki. Nekuda kweizvozvo, bhodhi rematirasti rakamiswa pamusoro peiyo theatre, iyo yakamisa chibvumirano naKnipper. Mutambi weRussia ane tarenda I. Dmitrevsky akava mukuru weimba yemitambo. Akatungamira mwedzi 300 - kubva muna Ndira kusvika Chikunguru 400 - mushure meiyo theatre yakava yehurumende. Achisiya chigaro chemutungamiriri, Dmitrevsky akanyorera dare revatariri kuti: “… mukufunga kwevadzidzi vandakaronzeswa, regai nditaure ndisingarumbidze kuti ndakaita nhamburiko iri yose pamusoro pedzidzo yavo uye mufambiro wetsika, umo ndinotaura kwavari ivo vamene. . Vadzidzisi vavo vaiva VaKhandoshkin, Rosetti, Manstein, Serkov, Anjolinni, uye ini. Ndinozvisiira kuKanzuru inoremekedzwa zvikuru uye veruzhinji kuti vatonge kuti vana vana vapi vanojekerwa zvakanyanya: ingave ini ndine mwedzi minomwe kana neakanditangira mumakore matatu. Zvinokosha kuti zita reKhandoshkin riri pamberi pevamwe, uye izvi hazvigone kunzi netsaona.

Pane imwe peji yehupenyu hweKhandoshkin yakauya kwatiri - kugadzwa kwake kuYekaterinoslav Academy, yakarongwa muna 1785 naPrince Potemkin. Mutsamba yaakanyorera Catherine II, akabvunza kuti: “SekuYekaterinoslav University, uko kwete zvesayenzi chete, asiwo unyanzvi hunodzidziswa, panofanira kuva neConservatory yemimhanzi, ipapo ndinobvuma ushingi hwokukumbira nokuzvininipisa zvikuru kudzingwa kwedare. muimbi Khandoshkin ikoko nemubairo webasa rake remudyandigere wenguva refu uye nekupihwa chinzvimbo chemuromo wedare. Chikumbiro chaPotemkin chakagamuchirwa uye Khandoshkin akatumirwa kuYekaterinoslav Academy of Music.

Panzira inoenda kuYekaterinoslav, akagara kwenguva yakati muMoscow, sezvinopupurirwa nechiziviso muMoskovskie Vedomosti pamusoro pekubudiswa kwemabasa maviri echiPolish naKhandoshkin, "achigara muchikamu che12 chekota yekutanga paNo. Nekrasov.

Maererano naFesechko, Khandoshkin akabva kuMoscow muna March 1787 uye akaronga muKremenchug chimwe chinhu chakafanana nekuchengetedza, uko kwaiva nekwaya yechirume yevaimbi 46 uye orchestra yevanhu makumi maviri nevaviri.

Kana iri yemimhanzi academy, yakarongeka kuYekaterinoslav University, Sarti akazobvumirwa panzvimbo yaKhandoshkin semutungamiriri wayo.

Mamiriro emari evashandi veChikoro cheMimhanzi akanga akaoma zvikuru, kwemakore vakanga vasingabhadharwi mihoro, uye mushure mekufa kwaPotemkin muna 1791, kugoverwa kwakaguma zvachose, chikoro chakavharwa. Asi kunyange kare, Khandoshkin akaenda kuSt.

Upenyu hweakanakisa violinist hwakapfuura mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, pasinei nekuzivikanwa kwetarenda rake uye zvinzvimbo zvepamusoro. Muzana remakore rechi10, vokune dzimwe nyika vaitsigirwa, uye vaimbi vomumba vaizvidzwa. Mumitambo yehumambo, vatorwa vaive nekodzero yepenjeni mushure memakore makumi maviri ebasa, vatambi veRussia uye vaimbi - mushure me20; vokune dzimwe nyika vakagamuchira mihoro yakaisvonaka (somuenzaniso, Pierre Rode, uyo akasvika muSt. Petersburg muna 1803, akakokwa kuzobatira padare ramambo nomuhoro we5000 esirivha rubles pagore). Mihoro yevaRussia vakabata zvinzvimbo zvakafanana kubva pa450 kusvika ku600 rubles pagore mumabhengi. Mumwe wemazuva ano uye aikwikwidzana naKhandoshkin, mutambi weviolin wekuItaly Lolly, akagamuchira 4000 rubles pagore, uku Khandoshkin akagamuchira 1100. Uye uyu ndiwo waive muhoro wepamusoro waipihwa nemuimbi wekuRussia. Vaimbi veRussia vaisawanzobvumidzwa kupinda mu "yekutanga" dare orchestra, asi vaibvumidzwa kutamba mune yechipiri - "ballroom", kushumira mumuzinda mafaro. Khandoshkin akashanda kwemakore akawanda semuperekedzi uye kondakita wechipiri orchestra.

Kudiwa, matambudziko enyama akaperekedza mutambi weviolin muhupenyu hwake hwose. Muzvinyorwa zvehutungamiri hwemitambo yehumambo, zvikumbiro zvake zvekubudiswa kwe "huni" mari, kureva kuti, mari shoma yekutenga mafuta, kubhadhara iyo yakanonoka kwemakore, yakachengetedzwa.

VF Odoevsky anotsanangura chiitiko chinopupurira zvakajeka mararamiro emuimbi weviolin: "Khandoshkin akauya kumusika wakazara vanhu ... akaputika, uye akatengesa violin ne70 rubles. Mushambadzi akamuudza kuti aisazomupa chikwereti nekuti aisaziva kuti aive ani. Khandoshkin akazvitumidza. Mutengesi akati kwaari: “Ridza, ndichakupa violin mahara.” Shuvalov aive muboka revanhu; anzwa Khandoshkin, akamukoka kunzvimbo yake, asi Khandoshkin paakaona kuti akanga achiendeswa kumba kwaShuvalov, akati: "Ndinokuziva, iwe uri Shuvalov, handingaendi kwauri." Uye akabvuma mushure mokumunyengetedza zvikuru.

Muma80s, Khandoshkin aiwanzopa makonzati; akanga ari mutambi weviolin wokutanga wokuRussia kupa makonzati akazaruka. Musi wa10 Kurume 1780, konzati yake yakaziviswa muSt. mutambi weviolin.”

Talenda yekuita Khandoshkin yakanga yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana; akaridza zvakanyanyisa kwete chete pa violin, asiwo gitare uye balalaika, yakaitwa kwemakore akawanda uye inofanira kutaurwa pakati pevarairidzi vekutanga vekuRussia. Maererano nevemazuva ano, aive nezwi rakakura, risinganzwisisike uye rinodziya, pamwe nehunyanzvi hunoshamisa. Akanga ari mutambi wechirongwa chikuru chekonzati - akaita mudzimba dzemitambo, masangano ezvidzidzo, zvikwata.

Manzwiro ake uye kutendeseka kwake kwakashamisa uye kwakabata vateereri, kunyanya paaiimba nziyo dzeRussia: "Kuteerera kuAdagio yaKhandoshkin, hapana aikwanisa kuramba misodzi, uye nekusvetuka kusingatsananguriki uye ndima, izvo zvaakaita paviolin yake nehungwaru hwechokwadi hweRussia, vateereri. tsoka uye vateereri vakatanga kutamba.

Khandoshkin akafadzwa nehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza. Zvinyorwa zvaOdoevsky zvinoratidza kuti pane imwe yemanheru kuSS Yakovlev, akavandudza misiyano 16 nekunyanya kuoma kwe violin: munyu, si, re, munyu.

Akanga ari muimbi akakurumbira - akanyora sonatas, concertos, kusiyana kwenziyo dzeRussia. Pamusoro penziyo dze100 "dzakaiswa paviolin", asi zvishoma zvakadzika kwatiri. Madzitateguru edu akabata nhaka yake nekusava nehanya kukuru kwe "marudzi", uye pavakapotsa, zvakazoitika kuti zvimedu zvinosuruvarisa chete zvakachengetwa. Makonsati akarasika, kubva kune ese sonatas pane 4 chete, nehafu kana maviri maviri akasiyana enziyo dzeRussia, ndizvo zvese. Asi kunyange kubva kwavari munhu anogona kutonga Khandoshkin rupo rwemweya uye tarenda remimhanzi.

Kugadzira rwiyo rweRussia, Khandoshkin nerudo akapedza musiyano wega wega, achishongedza rwiyo nezvishongo zvakaoma, saPalekh master mubhokisi rake. Mashoko ezvakasiyana, akareruka, akafara, akafanana nenziyo, aiva nemavambo engano dzokumaruwa. Uye nenzira yakakurumbira, basa rake rakanga riri rekuvandudza.

Kana iri iyo sonatas, maitiro avo ekunyora akaoma kunzwisisa. Khandoshkin akashanda munguva yekukurumidza kuumbwa kweRussia nyanzvi mimhanzi, kuvandudza mafomu ayo enyika. Iyi nguva yaivewo yakakakavadzana kune hunyanzvi hweRussia maererano nekunetsekana kwemaitiro uye maitiro. Iwo ehunyanzvi maitiro eiyo inobuda yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX nehunhu hwayo hwemhando yepamusoro ichiri kurarama. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinhu zvekuuya kwekunzwa uye romanticism zvaive zvatowanda. Zvose izvi zvakabatana zvinoshamisa mumabasa eKhandoshkin. Mune yake yakakurumbira isina kuperekedzwa Violin Sonata muG madiki, kufamba I, kunoratidzwa neakadzikama pathos, inoita kunge yakasikwa munguva yeCorelli - Tartini, nepo exuberant dynamics yeallegro, yakanyorwa mu sonata fomu, muenzaniso wekunzwisa tsitsi. classicism. Mune zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekupedzisira, Khandoshkin inogona kunzi mutungamiriri wePaganini. Kushamwaridzana kwakawanda naye muKhandoshkin kunoonekwawo naI. Yampolsky mubhuku rinonzi "Russian Violin Art".

Muna 1950 Khandoshkin's Viola Concerto yakabudiswa. Zvisinei, hapana autograph yekonsati, uye maererano nemaitiro, zvakawanda mairi zvinoita kuti munhu asava nechokwadi kana Khandoshkin ndiye munyori wayo. Asi kana, zvisinei, Concerto ndeyake, saka munhu anogona kungoshamisika nekuswedera kwepakati pebasa iri kune elegiac style yeAlyabyev-Glinka. Khandoshkin mariri yaiita kunge yadarika makumi maviri emakore, ichivhura nzvimbo yemifananidzo yeelegiac, iyo yainyanya hunhu hwemimhanzi yeRussia muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Imwe nzira kana imwe, asi basa reKhandoshkin rinonyanya kufarira. Sezvinoita, inokanda bhiriji kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX kusvika rechiXNUMX, ichiratidza maitiro ehunyanzvi enguva yayo nekujeka kunoshamisa.

L. Raaben