Cello History

Cello chiridzwa, boka retambo, kureva kuti kuchiridza, chinhu chakakosha chinoitisa tambo chinodiwa - uta. Kazhinji wand iyi inogadzirwa kubva pamatanda uye mvere dzemabhiza. Panewo nzira yekutamba neminwe, umo tambo "dzinodzurwa". Inonzi pizzicato. Cello chiridzwa chine tambo ina dzehukobvu hwakasiyana. Tambo imwe neimwe ine chinyorwa chayo. Pakutanga, tambo dzacho dzaigadzirwa kubva pamvere dzemakwai, uye ipapo, zvechokwadi, dzakava simbi.

Yekutanga kutaurwa nezve cello inogona kuonekwa mune fresco naGaudenzio Ferrari kubva 1535-1536. Iro iro zita rekuti "cello" rakataurwa muunganidzwa wemasonnet naJ.Ch. Arrest muna 1665.

Kana tikatendeukira kuChirungu, ipapo zita rechiridzwa rinonzwika seizvi - cello kana violoncello. Kubva pane izvi zviri pachena kuti cello inobva pashoko rechiItaly rokuti "violoncello", rinoreva zviduku kaviri.

Nhanho nedanho cello nhoroondo

Kutsvaga nhoroondo yekuumbwa kweiyi tambo yakakotama chiridzwa, matanho anotevera mukuumbwa kwayo anosiyaniswa:

1) Masero ekutanga anotaurwa makore akapoteredza 1560, muItaly. Musiki wavo aiva Andrea Mati. Zvadaro chiridzwa chacho chaishandiswa sechiridzwa chebhesi, nziyo dzakaitwa pasi payo kana chimwe chiridzwa chakaridzwa.

2) Uyezve, Paolo Magini naGasparo da Salo (XVI-XVII mazana emakore) vakaita basa rinokosha. Wechipiri wavo akakwanisa kuunza chiridzwa pedyo neicho chiripo munguva yedu.

3) Asi zvikanganiso zvose zvakabviswa natenzi mukuru wezviridzwa zvine tambo, Antonio Stradivari. Muna 1711, akasika Duport cello, iyo pari zvino inoonekwa sechiridzwa chinodhura kwazvo chemimhanzi munyika.

4) Giovanni Gabrieli (mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 17) akatanga kugadzira solo sonatas uye ricercars ye cello. Munguva yeBaroque, Antonio Vivaldi naLuigi Boccherini vakanyora masutu echiridzwa ichi chemimhanzi.

5) Pakati pezana ramakore re18th yakava iyo yepamusoro-soro yekuzivikanwa kwechiridzwa chetambo chakakotama, chichiita sechiridzwa chekonzati. Iyo cello inobatanidza symphonic uye chamber ensembles. Makonzati akasiyana akanyorerwa iye nen'anga dzehunyanzvi hwavo - Jonas Brahms naAntonin Dvorak.

6) Hazvibviri kusataura nezveBeethoven, uyo akasikawo mabasa kune cello. Munguva yerwendo rwake muna 1796, munyori mukuru akatamba pamberi paFriedrich Wilhelm II, Mambo wePrussia uye cellist. Ludwig van Beethoven akagadzira sonata mbiri dze cello nepiyano, Op. 5, mukukudza mambo uyu. Beethoven's cello solo suites, iyo yakapikisa muedzo wenguva, yakasiyaniswa nehutsva hwavo. Kekutanga, muimbi mukuru anoisa cello nepiyano zvakaenzana.

7) Kubata kwekupedzisira mukuzivikanwa kwe cello kwakaitwa naPablo Casals muzana ramakore rechi20, akagadzira chikoro chehunyanzvi. Uyu mutambi wenhare aifarira zviridzwa zvake. Saka, maererano neimwe nyaya, akaisa safiri mune imwe yeuta, chipo kubva kuna Queen of Spain. Sergei Prokofiev naDmitri Shostakovich vakasarudza cello mubasa ravo.

Tinogona kutaura zvakachengeteka kuti kufarirwa kwe cello kwakakunda nekuda kwehupamhi hwemhando. Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti manzwi echirume kubva kubhasi kuenda kune tenor anopindirana mumhando nechiridzwa chemimhanzi. Irwo ruzha rweiyi tambo-bow magnifice iyo yakafanana nezwi re "pasi" remunhu, uye inzwi rinotora kubva pamashoko ekutanga chaiwo nekunyorova kwayo uye kujekesa.

Cello nhasi

Zvakanaka kuziva kuti panguva ino vanyori vese vanokoshesa zvikuru cello - kudziya kwayo, kutendeseka uye kudzika kwenzwi, uye maitiro ayo ekuita zvakatora nguva refu mwoyo yevaimbi pachavo nevateereri vavo vanofarira. Mushure meviolin nepiyano, cello ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa chiridzwa icho vanyori vakatendeudzira maziso avo, vachipa mabasa avo kwairi, akaitirwa kuita mumakonzati ane orchestra kana piyano inoperekedza. Tchaikovsky akashandisa zvakanyanya cello mumabasa ake, Variations on a Rococo Theme, kwaakapa cello nekodzero dzakadaro zvekuti akaita basa iri diki rekushongedza kwake kwakakodzera kwezvirongwa zvese zvekonzati, achida kukwana kwechokwadi mukukwanisa kugona chiridzwa chemunhu kubva. kuita.

Concerto yeSaint-Saëns, uye, zvinosuruvarisa, Beethoven asinganyanyi kuita katatu concerto yepiyano, violin uye cello, anofarira kubudirira kukuru nevateereri. Pakati pezvaunofarira, asi zvakare zvisingawanzo kuitwa, ndeye Cello Concertos yeSchumann uye Dvořák. Zvino kuti zvachose. Kuti upedze kuumbwa kwese kwezviridzwa zvakakotama zvino zvakagamuchirwa mune symphony orchestra, zvinosara "kutaura" chete mazwi mashoma pamusoro pemabhesi maviri.

Yekutanga "bass" kana "contrabass viola" yaive netambo nhanhatu uye, sekureva kwaMichel Corratt, munyori weiyo inozivikanwa "School for Double Bass", yakabudiswa naye muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 18, yainzi "violone." ” nemaItaly. Ipapo mabhesi maviri aive achiri mashoma zvekuti kunyangwe muna 1750 Paris Opera yaive nechiridzwa chimwe chete. Ko yemazuva ano orchestral double bass inokwanisa kuitei? Mukutaura kwehunyanzvi, inguva yekuziva iyo kaviri bass sechiridzwa chakakwana. Mabhesi maviri akachengeteswa zvizere virtuoso zvikamu, zvinoitwa navo nehunyanzvi hwechokwadi uye hunyanzvi.

Beethoven mune yake symphony yehufundisi, neruzha rwemabhesi maviri, akabudirira kwazvo kutevedzera kuungudza kwemhepo, kutinhira kwemabhanan'ana, uye kazhinji anogadzira kunzwa kuzere kwezvinhu zvinopisa panguva yekutinhira. Mumhanzi wekamuri, mabasa emabass maviri anowanzo kugumira pakutsigira bass line. Aya ndiwo, kazhinji, unyanzvi uye unyanzvi hwekuita hwenhengo dze "string group". Asi muchiridzwa chemazuva ano chesymphony, “bow quintet” chinowanzoshandiswa se“ochestra mune imwe orchestra.”