Violin History

Nhasi, violin inobatanidzwa nemimhanzi yekare. Kutarisa kwakanyanyisa, kwakaoma kwechiridzwa ichi kunogadzira kunzwa kwe bohemian. Asi violin yagara yakadaro here? Nhoroondo yeviolin ichataura pamusoro peizvi - nzira yaro kubva kune chiri nyore chevanhu kune chigadzirwa cheunyanzvi. Kugadzirwa kweviolin kwaichengetwa kwakavanzika uye kugamuchidzwa kubva kuna tenzi kuenda kumudzidzi. Chiridzwa chine nziyo, violin, chinoita basa rinotungamira muorchestra nhasi kwete netsaona.

Violin prototype

Violin, sechiridzwa chetambo chakakotamiswa, chinonzi "mambokadzi weorchestra" nechikonzero. Uye kwete chete chokwadi chekuti kune vanopfuura zana vaimbi muorchestra huru uye chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chavo vari veviolin chinosimbisa izvi. Matauriro, kudziya uye kupfava kwetimbre yake, kunakirwa kweruzha rwake, pamwe nehukuru hwake hwekuita zvinomupa chinzvimbo chekutungamira, zvese mune symphony orchestra uye mukuita ega.

Zvechokwadi, isu tose tinofungidzira kutaridzika kwemazuva ano kweviolin, iyo yakapiwa kune vakakurumbira veItaly masters, asi mavambo ayo haasati anyatsojeka.
Nyaya iyi ichiri kuzeyiwa nanhasi. Kune dzakawanda shanduro dzenhoroondo yechishandiso ichi. Maererano nemimwe mishumo, India inoonekwa senzvimbo yekuzvarwa yezviridzwa zvakakotamiswa. Mumwe munhu anoratidza kuti China nePersia. Shanduro dzakawanda dzinobva pane izvo zvinonzi "zvisina chokwadi" kubva mumabhuku, kupenda, kuvezwa, kana pamagwaro ekutanga anosimbisa kwakabva violin mugore rakadaro uye rakadaro, muguta rakadaro uye rakadaro. Kubva kune mamwe magwaro, zvinotevera kuti mazana emakore kusati kwaonekwa violin yakadaro, rinenge dzinza rega rega redzinza rakange ratova nezviridzwa zvakakotama zvakafanana, uye saka hazvikurudzirwe kutsvaga midzi yekwakabva violin mune dzimwe nzvimbo. nyika.

Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanofunga nezvekugadzirwa kwezviridzwa zvakadai serebec, fiddle-like gitare uye mbira yakakotamiswa, iyo yakamuka muEurope kutenderera 13th-15th century, semhando yemhando yeviolin.

Rebec chiridzwa chine tambo nhatu chakakotamiswa chine muviri wakaita sepeya unopinda muhuro zvakanaka. Iine bhodhi rekurira rine maburi e resonator muchimiro chemabhuraketi uye yechishanu system.

Iyo fidel yakaita gitare ine, serebec, yakaita sepear, asi isina mutsipa, ine tambo imwe kusvika kushanu.

Mutengeramwa wakakotamiswa iri padyo muchimiro chekunze kune violin, uye inopindirana munguva yekuonekwa (inenge 16th century). Nhoroondo yeLear violin ine muviri wakaita seviolin, iyo makona anoonekwa nekufamba kwenguva. Gare gare, pasi pe convex uye maburi e resonator muchimiro che efs (f) anoumbwa. Asi mbira, kusiyana neviolin, yakanga ine tambo dzakawanda.

Mubvunzo wenhoroondo yekwakabva violin munyika dzeSlavic - Russia, Ukraine nePoland inofungidzirwawo. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nemifananidzo yekupenda, matongo ekuchera matongo. Saka, matatu-tambo gensle uye huts zvinonzi zvakaitwa nePolish akakotama zviridzwa, uye smyki kune veRussia. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi15, chiridzwa chakaonekwa muPoland, pedyo nezvino violin - violin, muRussia ine zita rakafanana. - skripel.

Mumabviro ayo, violin yakanga ichiri chiridzwa chevanhu. Munyika dzakawanda, violin ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya munziyo dzechinyakare. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mumifananidzo yaD. Teniers ("Flemish Holiday"), HVE Dietrich ("Wandering Musicians") nevamwe vakawanda. Violin yairidzwawo nevaimbi vaidzungaira vaifamba muguta neguta, vakapinda muzororo, mitambo yevanhu, yaiitwa mumataveni nematavern.

Kwenguva yakareba, violin yakaramba iri kumashure, vanhu vanokudzwa vaiibata nekuzvidza, vachiiona sechinhu chakajairika.

Kutanga kwenhoroondo yeviolin yemazuva ano

Muzana remakore rechi16, marudzi maviri makuru ezviridzwa zvakakotamiswa zvakabuda zvakajeka: viola uye violin.

Pasina kupokana, isu tese tinoziva kuti violin yakawana kutaridzika kwayo kwemazuva ano mumaoko evatenzi vekuItaly, uye kugadzira violin kwakatanga kusimukira muItari kutenderera zana ramakore rechi16. Iyi nguva inogona kuonekwa sekutanga kwenhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweiyo violin yemazuva ano.

Vagadziri veviolin vekutanga vekuItaly vaive Gasparo Bertolotti (kana kuti “da Salo” (1542-1609) uye Giovanni Paolo Magini (1580-1632), vose kubva kuBrescia, kuchamhembe kweItaly. Asi nokukurumidza Cremona yakava nzvimbo yepasi rose yekugadzirwa kweviolin. Uye, chokwadi, nhengo dze Mhuri yeAmati (Andrea Mudiwa - muvambi wechikoro cheCremonese) uye Antonio Stradivari (mudzidzi waNicolò Amati, uyo akakwenenzvera kutaridzika uye kurira kweviolin) vanoonekwa seakanyanya uye asingaenzaniswi masters eviolin. vemhuri; maviolin ake akanaka kupfuura aya eStradivari mukudziya kwavo uye sonority of tone) anopedzisa iyi triumvirate huru.

Kwenguva yakareba, violin yaionekwa sechiridzwa chinoperekedza (somuenzaniso, muFrance yaingova yakakodzera kutamba). Muzana ramakore rechi 18 bedzi, apo nziyo dzakavamba kurira muhoro dzemakonzati, violin, nokurira kwayo kusingaenzaniswi, yakava chiridzwa choga.

Pakaonekwa violin

Kududzwa kwekutanga kweviolin kunotangira pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 16, muItaly. Kunyange zvazvo pasina kana mudziyo mumwe chete wemakore iwayo wakachengetedzwa, nyanzvi dzinosarudza zvichibva pamifananidzo uye zvinyorwa zvepanguva iyoyo. Zviripachena, violin yakashanduka kubva kune zvimwe zviridzwa zvakakotamiswa. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoti yairatidzika sezviridzwa zvakadai sembira dzechiGiriki, Spanish fidel, Arabic rebab, British crotta, uye kunyange Russian tambo ina dzakakotamiswa jig. Gare gare, pakati pezana remakore rechi16, mufananidzo wekupedzisira weviolin wakaumbwa, uripo nanhasi.

Nyika yekwakabva violin iItaly. Apa ndipo paakawana chitarisiko chake chinoyevedza uye ruzha rwakapfava. Mugadziri ane mukurumbira weviolin, Gasparo de Salo, akatora hunyanzvi hwekugadzira violin kusvika padanho repamusoro. Ndiye akapa violin chimiro chatinoziva iye zvino. Zvigadzirwa zvemusangano wake zvaikosheswa zvikuru pakati pevakuru uye zvaidiwa zvikuru kumatare emimhanzi.

Uyewo, muzana rose remakore rechi16, mhuri yose yevaAmati yaiita basa rekugadzira violin. Andrea Amati akatanga chikoro cheCremonese chevagadziri veviolin uye akavandudza chiridzwa chechiridzwa cheviolin, achichipa mafomu akanaka.

Gasparo naAmati vanoonekwa sevatangi vekugadzira violin. Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zveava masters vane mukurumbira zvakasara kusvika nhasi.

Nhoroondo yekusikwa kweviolin

Pakutanga, violin yaionekwa sechiridzwa chevanhu - yairidzwa nevaimbi vanofamba-famba mumatavern uye mumataveni emumugwagwa. Iyo violin yaive vhezheni yerudzi rweiyo yakanakisa viol, iyo yakagadzirwa kubva kune yakanakisa zvinhu uye yaidhura mari yakawanda. Pane imwe nguva, vakuru vakafarira chiridzwa ichi chevanhu, uye chakave chakapararira pakati petsika dzechivanhu.

Saka, muna 1560 mambo weFrance Charles IX akarayira maviolin makumi maviri nemana kubva kuvatenzi veko. Nenzira, chimwe chezviridzwa makumi maviri nemana zvakasara nhasi, uye inoonekwa seimwe yekare kwazvo pasi pano.

Vagadziri veviolin vane mukurumbira vanoyeukwa nhasi ndiStradivari uye Guarneri.

Antonio Stradivari akanga ari mudzidzi weAmati nokuti akaberekwa uye aigara muCremona. Pakutanga akaomerera kumaitiro eAmati, asi gare gare, avhura musangano wake, akatanga kuedza. Kunyatsodzidza mienzaniso yeGasparo de Salo uye kuitora sechikonzero chekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvake, Stradivari muna 1691 akabudisa rudzi rwake rweviolin, iyo inonzi yakareba - "Long Strad". Tenzi akapedza makore gumi anotevera ehupenyu hwake achinatsiridza iyi yakanakisa modhi. Pazera remakore makumi matanhatu, muna 10, Antonio Stradivari akapa nyika yose shanduro yekupedzisira yeviolin, iyo isina munhu akambokwanisa kudarika. Nhasi, zvinenge 60 zviridzwa zvetenzi ane mukurumbira zvakachengetwa.

Andrea Guarneri aivewo mudzidzi weAmati, uye akaunzawo zvinyorwa zvake pakugadzira violin. Akavamba dzinza rose revagadziri veviolin mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi18. Guarneri akagadzira zvemhando yepamusoro, asi zvisingadhure violin, yaaive nemukurumbira. Muzukuru wake, Bartolomeo Guarneri (Giuseppe), tenzi weItaly wepakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 18, akagadzira zviridzwa zvine hunyanzvi zvairidzwa nevanoridza violin vakatanhamara - Nicolo Paganini nevamwe. Zviridzwa zve250 zvemhuri yeGuarneri zvakasara kusvika nhasi.

Kana tichienzanisa maviolin eGuarneri neStradivari, zvinoonekwa kuti kurira kwezviridzwa zveGuarneri kuri pedyo netimbre kune mezzo-soprano, uye Stradivari kune soprano.

Violin yezviridzwa zvemimhanzi

Ruzha rweviolin rune melodic uye mweya. Ongororo yenhoroondo yeviolin inotiratidza kuti yakashanduka sei kubva pachiridzwa chaiperekedza ichi kuita yega. Violin chiridzwa chine tambo dzepamusoro-soro. Inzwi reviolin rinowanzofananidzwa nezwi remunhu, rine simba rakadaro remanzwiro kune vateereri.

Basa rekutanga solo violin "Romanescaperviolinosolo e basso" rakanyorwa naBiagio Marina muna 1620. Nenguva ino, violin yakatanga kukura - yakagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwepasi rose, yakava imwe yezviridzwa zvikuru mu orchestras. Arcangelo Corelli anoonekwa semuvambi wekuridza violin.