Nikolai Pavlovich Diletsky (Nikolai Diletsky) |
Nikolai Diletsky
Kune Musikia, kunyangwe neizwi rayo rinofadza moyo yevanhu, ovo kusvika kumufaro, ovo kushungu kana kuvhiringidzika ... N. Diletsky
Zita raN. Diletsky rakabatana nekuvandudzwa kwakadzama kwemumhanzi wemumba muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, apo iyo yakadzika znamenny chant yakatsiviwa neruzha rwepamoyo rwakajeka rwekwaya polyphony. Iyo tsika yemazana emakore yekuimba monophonic yakapa nzira kune chido chekuenderana kunowirirana kwekwaya. Kupatsanurwa kwemanzwi mumapato kwakapa zita kumaitiro matsva - mativi ekuimba. Munhu wekutanga mukuru pakati pevatenzi vezvikamu zvekunyora ndiNikolai Diletsky, munyori wenziyo, musayendisiti, mudzidzisi wemimhanzi, mutungamiriri wekwaya (conductor). Mune ramangwana rake, hukama huripo pakati petsika dzeRussia, dzeUkraine nePolish dzakazadzikiswa, izvo zvakasimbisa kukura kwemaitiro emapartes.
Diletsky akaberekerwa kuKyiv, akadzidza paVilna Jesuit Academy (yava kunzi Vilnius). Sezviri pachena, ikoko akapedza kudzidza mudhipatimendi rinobetsera vanhu pamberi pa1675, sezvo akanyora nezvake amene, kuti: “Sayenzi yomudzidzi akasununguka.” Zvadaro, Diletsky akashanda kwenguva refu muRussia - muMoscow, Smolensk (1677-78), uye zvakare muMoscow. Maererano nemimwe mishumo, muimbi akashanda semutungamiriri wekwaya ye "vanhu vane mukurumbira" veStroganovs, avo vaive nemukurumbira nekwaya yavo ye "vaimbi vezwi." Murume ane maonero anofambira mberi, Diletsky aive wedenderedzwa revanhu vane mukurumbira wetsika yeRussia yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Pakati pevanhu vake vane pfungwa dzakafanana munyori wenyaya "Pakuimba Kumwari Maererano neChirongwa cheMumhanzi Concords" I. Korenev, uyo akasimbisa aesthetics yevaduku vechikamu maitiro, munyori V. Titov, muumbi wekupenya uye mweya. choral canvases, vanyori Simeon Polotsky uye S. Medvedev.
Kunyangwe paine ruzivo rushoma nezve hupenyu hwaDiletsky, nziyo dzake dzemimhanzi uye mabasa esainzi anodzoreredza chitarisiko chatenzi. Chitendero chake ndechekusimbisa pfungwa yehunyanzvi hwepamusoro, kuziva basa remuimbi: "Kune vazhinji vanyori vakadai vanonyora vasingazive mitemo, vachishandisa mirangariro iri nyore, asi izvi hazvigone kuve zvakakwana, sekunge munhu akadzidza rhetoric kana tsika anonyora nhetembo ... uye munyori anogadzira asina kudzidza mitemo yemimhanzi. Uyo anofamba munzira, asingazivi nzira, apo nzira mbiri dzinosangana, anokahadzika kana iyi ndiyo nzira yake kana imwe, zvakafanana nemunyori asina kudzidza mitemo.
Kekutanga munhoroondo yemimhanzi yeRussia, tenzi wezvikamu zvekunyora haavimbe netsika yenyika chete, asiwo neruzivo rwevaimbi vekuWestern Europe, uye vanotsigira kuwedzera hunyanzvi hwavo: "Ikozvino ndave kutanga girama ... zvichibva pabasa revanyanzvi vakawanda vane hunyanzvi, vagadziri vekuimba Chechi yeOrthodox neRoman, uye mabhuku mazhinji echiLatin emimhanzi. Nokudaro, Diletsky anotsvaga kuisa muzvizvarwa zvitsva zvevaimbi pfungwa yekuve yenzira yakajairika yekusimudzira mimhanzi yeEurope. Achishandisa zvakawanda zvakabudirira zvetsika dzekuMadokero kweEurope, munyori anoramba akatendeka kutsika yeRussia yekududzira kwaya: zvese zvinyorwa zvake zvakanyorerwa kwaya cappella, izvo zvaive zvakajairika mumhanzi wenyanzvi weRussia wenguva iyoyo. Nhamba yemazwi mumabasa eDiletsky iduku: kubva kune mana kusvika masere. Kuumbwa kwakafanana kunoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakawanda zvekuimba, kunobva pakukamurwa kwemanzwi muzvikamu zvina: treble, alto, tenor uye bass, uye chete manzwi echirume nevana anotora chikamu mukwaya. Pasinei nezvinogumira zvakadaro, ruzha rwemumhanzi wezvikamu zvine mavara akasiyana-siyana uye huzere, kunyanya mumakonti ekwaya. Mhedzisiro yekunakidzwa inowanikwa mavari nekuda kwekusiyana - kupikisa kwesimba replicas yekwaya yese uye pachena ensemble episodhi, chord uye polyphonic mharidzo, kunyangwe uye hukuru husinganzwisisike, shanduko ye tonal uye modal mavara. Diletsky neunyanzvi akashandisa arsenal iyi kugadzira mabasa makuru, anoratidzwa nekufunga kwemimhanzi dramaturgy uye kubatana kwemukati.
Pakati pemabasa emunyori, iyo monumental uye panguva imwechete inoshamisa inopindirana "Kumuka" canon inomira pachena. Iri basa rezvikamu zvakawanda rakazadzwa nemutambo, kutendeseka kwenziyo, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo - kufara kunopararira. Mimhanzi yakazadzwa nerwiyo rwemelodic, kanta uye folk-instrumental turns. Nerubatsiro rweakawanda modal, timbre uye melodic echoes pakati pezvikamu, Diletsky akawana kutendeseka kunoshamisa kwekwaya hombe canvas. Pakati pemamwe mabasa emuimbi, maitiro akawanda emasevhisi (liturgy) anozivikanwa nhasi, makonzati epartesny "Wakapinda muchechi", "Semufananidzo wako", "Uyai vanhu", vhesi yechirairo "Gamuchira Muviri waKristu" , "Kerubim", rwiyo rwenyambo "Zita rangu riripo kufema. Zvichida tsvakurudzo yezvinyorwa zvichawedzera kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwebasa raDiletsky, asi zvatova pachena nhasi kuti iye mukuru wemimhanzi uye wevanhu vose uye tenzi mukuru wenziyo dzekwaya, mubasa rake iro chikamu chemaitiro chasvika pakukura.
Kuvavarira remangwana kwaDiletsky kunonzwika kwete chete mukutsvaga kwemimhanzi, asiwo mumabasa ake edzidzo. Mhedzisiro yaro yakakosha yaive kusikwa kweiyo basa rinokosha "Musician Idea Grammar" ("Music Grammar"), iyo tenzi akashanda pazvinyorwa zvakasiyana muhafu yechipiri ye1670s. Kudzidza kwakasiyana-siyana kwemuimbi, ruzivo rwemitauro yakati wandei, kujairana neakasiyana siyana emumba uye Western European emimhanzi samples akabvumira Diletsky kugadzira chibvumirano chisina analogues mune yepamba mimhanzi sainzi yenguva iyoyo. Kwenguva yakareba basa iri raive muunganidzwa unokosha weruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana rwedzidziso uye kurudziro inoshanda yezvizvarwa zvakawanda zvevanyori veRussia. Kubva pamapeji echinyorwa chekare, munyori waro anoita seari kutarisa kwatiri mumazana emakore, uyo munyori wekare akatanhamara V. Metalov akanyora zvinopinda: rudo rwake rwechokwadi nebasa rake uye rudo rwababa urwo munyori anoita kuti muverengi aongorore. zvakadzika mukati mehunyoro hwenyaya yacho uye nokutendeseka, zvinoyera pfuuridzira ichi chiito chakanaka.
N. Zabolotnaya
