Lyubomir Pipkov |

Lyubomir Pipkov

L. Pipkov "munyori anogadzira maitiro" (D. Shostakovich), mutungamiri wechikoro cheBulgarian chevanyori, iyo yakasvika pamwero wehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hweEurope uye yakagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwenyika dzese. Pipkov akakurira pakati pedemocratic progressive intelligentsia, mumhuri yemuimbi. Baba vake Panayot Pipkov ndomumwe wemapiyona emumhanzi weBulgarian nyanzvi, munyori wenziyo aive akaparadzirwa zvakanyanya mumakwikwi ekuchinja. Kubva kuna baba vake, muimbi weramangwana akagara nhaka yechipo chake uye mafungiro ehurumende - pazera remakore makumi maviri akapinda mubato rekuchinja, akapinda mumabasa ebato repasi pevhu reCommunist Party, achiisa pangozi rusununguko rwake, uye dzimwe nguva hupenyu hwake.

Pakati pe20s. Pipkov mudzidzi weState Musical Academy muSofia. Anoita semupiyano, uye ake ekutanga kunyora zviyedzo zvakare ari mumunda wekugadzira piyano. Murume wechidiki ane chipo chakatanhamara anogamuchira bhezari yekudzidza muParis - muno muna 1926-32. anodzidza paEcole Normale nemunyori ane mukurumbira Paul Duc uye nemudzidzisi Nadia Boulanger. Pipkov anokurumidza kukura kuita muimbi akakomba, sezvinoratidzwa neake ekutanga maopuses: Concerto for Winds, Percussion and Piano (1931), String Quartet (1928, yaiwanzova yekutanga Bulgarian quartet), gadziriro dzenziyo dzevanhu. Asi kubudirira kukuru kwemakore aya ndeye opera The Nine Brothers of Yana, yakatanga muna 1929 uye yakapera mushure mokunge adzokera kunyika yake muna 1932. Pipkov akasika yekutanga classical opera yeBulgarian, inozivikanwa nevanyori venhoroondo dzemimhanzi sebasa rakatanhamara, iro rakaratidza kutendeuka. pfungwa munhoroondo yeBulgarian musical theatre. Mumazuva iwayo, munyori aikwanisa kuisa pfungwa yemazuva ano yemagariro evanhu chete nenzira yekufananidzira, pahwaro hwengano dzevanhu, achitaura nezvechiitiko kumakore ekure XIV. Pahwaro hwechinyorwa uye nhetembo, dingindira rekurwira pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa rinoratidzwa, rinosanganisirwa mukukonana pakati pehama mbiri - shanje yakaipa Georgy Groznik uye muimbi ane tarenda Angel, uyo akaparadzwa naye, akajeka. mweya. Mutambo wega wega unokura kuita dambudziko renyika, nekuti rinoitika mukati memhomho yevanhu, vachitambura nevadzvinyiriri vekunze, kubva padenda rawira nyika ... funga nezvenhamo yezuva rake. Iyo opera yakagadzirwa mumakwara matsva ekumukira kwaSeptember anti-fascist kwa1923 kwakazunguza nyika yese uye yakadzvinyirirwa zvine hutsinye nevakuru - ndiyo nguva yakafa vazhinji vevanhu vakanaka munyika, apo muBulgaria akauraya muBulgaria. Nyaya yaro yakanzwisiswa pakarepo mushure mekutanga muna 1937 - vatsoropodzi vakapomera Pipkov nezve "propaganda yemakomunisti", vakanyora kuti opera iyi yakaonekwa sekuratidzira "kupokana nemagariro anhasi", kureva, kupokana nehutongi hwehumambo hwefascist. Makore akawanda gare gare, munyori wacho akabvuma kuti izvi zvakanga zvakadaro, kuti akatsvaka mu opera “kuzivisa chokwadi choupenyu hwakazara nouchenjeri, ruzivo rwokuzviwanira uye kutenda mune ramangwana, kutenda kunodiwa kurwisa fascism.” "Yana's Nine Brothers" mutambo wemumhanzi wesymphonic une mutauro unonyatso ratidza, uzere neakapfuma misiyano, ine dynamics yemhomho yevanhu umo maitiro ezviratidziro zveM. Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov" anogona kuteverwa. Mimhanzi ye opera, pamwe chete nezvisikwa zvose zvePipkov, zvinosiyaniswa nemhando yakajeka yenyika.

Pakati pemabasa akaitwa naPipkov kune hugamba uye njodzi yekumukira kwaSeptember anti-fascist ndeye cantata Muchato (1935), iyo yaakadaidza kuti revolutionary symphony yekwaya uye orchestra, uye inoridza ballad The Horsemen (1929). Ose ari maviri akanyorwa paArt. mudetembi mukuru N. Furnadzhiev.

Kudzoka kubva kuParis, Pipkov anosanganisirwa muhupenyu hwemimhanzi uye hwemagariro emunyika yake. Muna 1932, pamwe chete nevamwe vaaishanda navo uye vezera P. Vladigerov, P. Staynov, V. Stoyanov nevamwe, akava mumwe wevambi veModern Music Society, iyo yakabatanidza zvose zvinofambira mberi muchikoro chevanyori veRussia, icho chakanga chiri kutanga. kukwira kwepamusoro. Pipkov anoitawo semutsoropodzi wemimhanzi uye mushambadziri. Muchinyorwa chechirongwa "Pamusoro peBulgarian Musical Style", anoti hunyanzvi hwemunyori hunofanirwa kukura maererano nehunyanzvi hwekuita zvemagariro uye kuti hwaro hwayo kuvimbika kune pfungwa dzevanhu. Hunhu hwemagariro hune hunhu hweazhinji emabasa makuru atenzi. Muna 1940, akagadzira Yekutanga Symphony - iyi ndiyo yekutanga yenyika muBulgaria, inosanganisirwa mumhando dzemhando dzepasirese, huru conceptual symphony. Inoratidza mamiriro emweya enguva yeSpanish Civil War uye kutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Pfungwa yesymphony ishanduro yenyika yepakutanga yepfungwa inozivikanwa "kuburikidza nekurwira kukunda" - inomisikidzwa pahwaro hwechiBulgarian mifananidzo uye maitiro, zvichibva pamaitiro engano.

Pipkov yechipiri opera "Momchil" (zita regamba renyika, mutungamiri wehaiduks) rakasikwa muna 1939-43, rakapedzwa muna 1948. Yakaratidza mafungiro ekuda nyika uye kusimudzirwa kwedemokrasi munharaunda yeBulgaria panguva ye40s. Uyu ndiwo mutambo wemumhanzi wevanhu, une mufananidzo wakanyorwa zvakajeka, wakasiyana-siyana wevanhu. Nzvimbo yakakosha inogarwa neheroic figurative sphere, mutauro wemhando dzemhando dzakawanda unoshandiswa, kunyanya rwiyo rwechimurenga rwekufora - pano runosanganiswa neiyo yepakutanga ngano dzevarimi. Kubata kwemutambi-symphonist uye ivhu rakadzika renyika rechimiro, chimiro chePipkov, chakachengetedzwa. Iyo opera, yakatanga kuratidzwa muna 1948 paSofia Theatre, yakava chiratidzo chekutanga chedanho idzva mukuvandudzwa kwechiBulgarian mimhanzi tsika, nhanho yakauya mushure mekumukira kwaGunyana 9, 1944 uye kupinda kwenyika munzira yekusimudzira magariro. .

Muiti wedemocrat, mukomunisiti, ane hunhu hukuru hwekugarisana, Pipkov anoshandisa basa rakasimba. Ndiye mutungamiriri wekutanga weakamutswa Sofia Opera (1944-48), munyori wekutanga weUnion of Bulgarian Composers yakavambwa muna 1947 (194757). Kubva 1948 anga ari purofesa paBulgarian State Conservatory. Munguva iyi, dingindira remazuva ano rinosimbiswa nesimba rakawanda mubasa raPipkov. Inonyanya kuratidzwa zvakajeka neopera Antigone-43 (1963), iyo ichiri nanhasi iyo yakanakisa opera yeBulgaria uye imwe yeanonyanya kukosha opera pachinhu chemazuva ano mumimhanzi yeEurope, uye oratorio On Our Time (1959). Mutambi ane hanya akasimudza izwi rake pano achipesana nehondo - kwete iyo yapfuura, asi iyo inotyisidzira vanhu zvakare. Kupfuma kwehutano hwepfungwa ye oratorio inosarudza hushingi uye kupinza kwekusiyanisa, simba rekuchinja - kubva pamashoko epedyo etsamba kubva kumurwi kuenda kune waanoda kune mufananidzo wehutsinye wekuparadza zvachose semugumisiro weatomu. mufananidzo unosuruvarisa wevana vakafa, shiri dzine ropa. Dzimwe nguva oratorio inowana theatre simba rekuita.

Iyo heroine yechidiki ye opera "Antigone-43" - musikana wechikoro Anna, saAntigone kamwe, anopinda mune heroic duel nevakuru. Anna-Antigone anobuda mukurwisana kusina kuenzana semukundi, kunyange zvazvo achiwana kukunda kwetsika uku nemutengo weupenyu hwake. Mimhanzi ye opera inocherechedzwa nekuda kwesimba rayo rakadzikama, mavambo, hunyengeri hwekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa kwezvikamu zvezwi, umo maitiro e-ariose-declamatory anotonga. Iyo dramaturgy inopokana zvakanyanya, kusimba kwemasimba emitambo ye duel hunhu hwemutambo wemimhanzi uye pfupi, sechitubu, kupindirana kweorchestral, inopikiswa ne epic choral interludes - iri, sekunge, izwi revanhu, neayo. fungidziro dzehuzivi uye kuongororwa kwetsika kwezviri kuitika.

Mukupera kwema60 - kutanga kwe70s. Danho idzva rinotsanangurwa mubasa raPipkov: kubva kuhugamba uye pfungwa dzinosuruvarisa dzeruzha rwevanhu, pane kutendeuka kukuru kunyaya dzenziyo-dzepfungwa, dzehuzivi uye dzetsika, iyo yakakosha yehungwaru kurongeka kwemazwi. Mabasa akanyanya kukosha emakore aya Nziyo shanu paArt. vadetembi vekune dzimwe nyika (1964) yebass, soprano uye chamber orchestra, Concerto ye clarinet ine chamber orchestra uye Third Quartet ine timpani (1966), rwiyo-kufungisisa-mbiri-chikamu Symphony Yechina yetambo orchestra (1970), choral chamber cycle past. M. Tsvetaeva "Muffled Songs" (1972), kutenderera kwezvidimbu zvepiyano. Mune maitiro ePipkov akazoshanda, pane kuvandudzwa kunoonekwa kwekugona kwake kutaura, kuchipfumisa neazvino nzira. Muimbi akabva kure. Pakutendeuka kwega kwega kwekusika kwake kushanduka, aigadzirisa mabasa matsva uye akakodzera echikoro chese chenyika, achigadzirira nzira yenguva yemberi.

R. Leites

Zvinyorwa:

opareta – The Nine Brothers of Yana (Yaninite the mhandara mukoma, 1937, Sofia folk opera), Momchil (1948, ibid.), Antigone-43 (1963, ibid.); zvevaimbi voga, kwaya nekwaya - Oratorio nezvenguva yedu (Oratorio yenguva yedu, 1959), 3 cantatas; yeorchestra - 4 symphonies (1942, yakatsaurirwa kuhondo yevagari muSpain; 1954; yetambo., 2 fp., hwamanda uye percussion; 1969, yetambo), misiyano yetambo. orc. padingindira rerwiyo rweAlbania (1953); makonzati neorchestra - zvefp. (1956), Skr. (1951), kirasi. (1969), clarinet uye chamber orchestra. with percussion (1967), conc. symphony ye vlc. pamwe orc. (1960); concerto yemhepo, percussion uye piano. (1931); chamber-instrumental ensembles - sonata ye Skr. uye fp. (1929), 3 tambo. quartet (1928, 1948, 1966); zvepiyano – Dambarefu revana (Dambarefu revana, 1936), Pastoral (1944) nemimwe mitambo, mitsetse (miunganidzwa); kwaya, kusanganisira kutenderera kwenziyo 4 (dzekwaya yevakadzi, 1972); misa uye nziyo dzoga, kusanganisira dzevana; mimhanzi yemafirimu.