Henry Purcell (Henry Purcell) |

Henry Purcell

Purcell. Prelude (Andres Segovia)

... Kubva mukukwezva kwake, kurarama kwenguva pfupi kudaro, kwaive nenziyo dzenziyo, nyowani, dzichibva pamoyo, chimwe chezvionioni zvakanakisa zvemweya weChirungu. R. Rollan

"British Orpheus" yakadana H. Purcell vemazuva ano. Zita rake munhoroondo yetsika dzechiRungu rinomira pedyo nemazita makuru aW. Shakespeare, J. Byron, C. Dickens. Basa raPurcell rakagadzirwa munguva yeKudzoreredza, mumhepo yekusimudzirwa kwemweya, apo tsika dzinoshamisa dzeRenaissance art dzakadzokera kuhupenyu (semuenzaniso, iyo heyday yemitambo yemitambo, iyo yakatambudzwa munguva yaCromwell); maitiro edemocracy ehupenyu hwemimhanzi akamuka - makonti anobhadharwa, masangano emakonti enyika, orchestra itsva, chapel, nezvimwe. Kukurira paivhu rakapfuma retsika dzechiRungu, tichitora tsika dzemumhanzi dzakanakisa dzeFrance neItari, hunyanzvi hwaPurcell hwakaramba huripo kwezvizvarwa zvakawanda zvevaaigara navo.

Purcell akaberekerwa mumhuri yemuimbi wedare. Zvidzidzo zvemumhanzi zvemuimbi weramangwana zvakatanga paRoyal Chapel, akagona kuridza violin, ogani uye harpsichord, akaimba mukwaya, akatora zvidzidzo zvekunyora kubva kuna P. Humphrey (prev.) naJ. Blow; zvinyorwa zvake zvehuduku zvinogara zvichibuda mukudhinda. Kubva 1673 kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, Purcell aive mubasa redare raCharles II. Kuita mabasa mazhinji (muimbi wemakumi maviri nemana eViolins of the King ensemble, akateedzerwa pane yakakurumbira orchestra yaLouis XIV, muimbi weWestminster Abbey uye Royal Chapel, muridzi weharpsichord wamambo), Purcell akanyora zvakawanda makore ese aya. Basa romunyori rakaramba riri basa rake guru. Basa rakanyanyisa, kurasikirwa kukuru (vanakomana vatatu vaPurcell vakafa muhucheche) vakaderedza simba remunyori - akafa pazera remakore makumi matatu nematanhatu.

Hunyanzvi hwekugadzira hwaPurcell, uyo akagadzira mabasa emhando yepamusoro-soro mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, akajekeswa zvakanyanya mumunda wemimhanzi yemitambo. Muimbi akanyora mimhanzi yemakumi mashanu emitambo yemitambo. Iyi nzvimbo inonakidza yebasa rake yakabatana zvisingaite netsika dzenhandare yenyika; kunyanya, nemhando yemasiki yakamuka padare reStuarts muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 50. (Masque mutambo wedariro umo zviitiko zvemitambo, nhaurirano dzinochinjana nenhamba dzemimhanzi). Kuonana nenyika yemitambo yemitambo, kushandira pamwe nevanyori vane tarenda, kukwezva kune akasiyana marongero nemhando dzakafuridzira fungidziro yemunyori, zvakamuita kuti atsvage mamwe embossed uye akawanda maratidziro. Saka, mutambo weThe Fairy Queen (kugadziriswa kwemahara kweShakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, munyori wezvinyorwa, pref. E. Setl) inosiyaniswa nehupfumi hunokosha hwemifananidzo yemimhanzi. Allegory uye extravaganza, fantasy uye mazwi epamusoro, episodhi-genre episodhi uye buffoonery - zvese zvinoratidzwa munhamba dzenziyo dzekuita kwemashiripiti uku. Kana mimhanzi yeThe Tempest (kudzokororwa kwemutambo waShakespeare) ikasangana nemutauro weItaly operatic, ipapo mimhanzi yaMambo Arthur inonyatsoratidza chimiro chechimiro chenyika (mumutambo waJ. Dryden, tsika dzakaipa dzevaSaxon. zvinosiyaniswa nehukuru uye kuomarara kweBritish).

Mabasa emitambo yaPurcell, zvichienderana nekusimukira uye huremu hwenhamba dzemimhanzi, anosvika kungave opera kana mitambo chaiyo yemitambo nemimhanzi. Purcell's chete opera mupfungwa izere, apo chinyorwa chese chemahara chakaiswa mumhanzi, ndiDido naAeneas (libretto naN. Tate zvichibva paVirgil's Aeneid - 1689). Hunhu hwakapinza hwemunhu hwemifananidzo yenziyo, nhetembo, isina kusimba, yakaomesesa yepfungwa, uye yakadzika ivhu hukama nengano yechirungu, mhando dzemazuva ese (chiitiko chekuungana kwevaroyi, kwaya nemadhanzi evafambisi vezvikepe) - musanganiswa uyu wakatara kutaridzika kwakasarudzika kwevafambisi vezvikepe. yekutanga yeChirungu yenyika opera, imwe yeakanakisa mabasa emunyori. Purcell aida kuti "Dido" iitwe kwete nevaimbi vane hunyanzvi, asi nevadzidzi vechikoro chebhodhingi. Izvi zvinonyanya kutsanangura imba yekuchengetera kamuri yebasa - mafomu madiki, kusavapo kweakaomesesa virtuoso zvikamu, iyo inotonga yakasimba, inokudzwa toni. Dido's dying aria, chiitiko chekupedzisira che opera, mhedziso yaro-inosuruvarisa, yakanga iri kuwanikwa kunoshamisa kwemunyori. Kuzviisa pasi pejambwa, munamato nekunyunyuta, kusuwa kwekuoneka mumhanzi wekureurura zvakadzama. “Chiitiko chokuonekana uye kufa kwaDido chete chinogona kuita kuti basa iri rirege kufa,” akanyora kudaro R. Rolland.

Zvichienderana netsika dzakapfuma dzekwaya yenyika polyphony, basa rezwi raPurcell rakaumbwa: nziyo dzakasanganisirwa muunganidzwa wakaburitswa mushure mekufa "British Orpheus", kwaya dzechivanhu, nziyo (Nyimbo dzemweya dzechiRungu kune zvinyorwa zvebhaibheri, izvo zvakagadzira kare oratorios yeGF Handel. ), odes yenyika, cantatas, catches (canons inowanikwa muhupenyu hweChirungu), etc. Ashanda kwemakore akawanda ne24 Violins of the King ensemble, Purcell akasiya mabasa anoshamisa etambo (15 fantasies, Violin Sonata, Chaconne naPavane ye4 zvikamu, 5 pawan, nezvimwewo). Pasi pesimba re trio sonatas nevanyori vekuItaly S. Rossi naG. Vitali, 22 trio sonatas yeviolin mbiri, bass uye harpsichord zvakanyorwa. Purcell's clavier work (8 masutu, anopfuura makumi mana akapatsanurwa zvidimbu, 40 kutenderera kwekusiyana, toccata) yakagadzira tsika dzechirungu mhandara (virginel rudzi rwechirungu rwe harpsichord).

Makore mazana maviri chete mushure mekufa kwaPurcell ndipo nguva yakasvika yekumutsiridza basa rake. Purcell Society, yakatangwa muna 2, yakagadza sechinangwa chayo chidzidzo chakakomba chenhaka yemunyori uye kugadzirira kuburitswa kwemuunganidzwa wakakwana wemabasa ake. Muzana remakore rechiXX. Vaimbi vechiRungu vakatsvaka kukwevera ngwariro kuvanhu kumabasa enyanzvi dzokutanga dzemumhanzi weRussia; Chakanyanya kukosha kuita, kutsvagisa, uye kugadzira chiitiko chaB. Britten, muimbi weChirungu ane mukurumbira akaita gadziriro dzenziyo dzaPurcell, chinyorwa chitsva chaDido, akagadzira Variations naFugue padingindira raPurcell - rwiyo rwakanaka kwazvo rweokestra, a. mhando yemutungamiri kune symphony orchestra.

I. Okhalova