Robert Schumann |

Robert Schuman

Kuvhenekera mukati memukati memoyo wemunhu - ibasa remunyori. R. Schumann

P. Tchaikovsky akatenda kuti zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvaizodaidza zana rechiXNUMX. Schumann's nguva munhoroondo yemimhanzi. Uye zvechokwadi, mimhanzi yaSchumann yakabata chinhu chikuru muunyanzvi hwenguva yake - zvirimo zvaive "zvisinganzwisisike zvakadzika maitiro ehupenyu hwemweya" yemunhu, chinangwa chayo - kupinda mu "zvakadzama zvemoyo wemunhu."

R. Schumann akaberekerwa mutaundi reruwa reSaxon reZwickau, mumhuri yomuparidzi nomutengesi wemabhuku August Schumann, uyo akafa mangwanani-ngwanani (1826), asi akakwanisa kupfuudzira kumwanakomana wake maonero okuremekedza kune unyanzvi uye akamukurudzira kudzidza mimhanzi. nemuimbi wepanzvimbo iyi I. Kuntsch. Kubva achiri mudiki, Schumann aifarira kuvandudza piyano, aine makore gumi nematatu akanyora Pisarema rekwaya uye orchestra, asi zvisingasviki mumhanzi wakamukwezva kumabhuku, mukudzidza kwaakaita nhanho huru mumakore ake. imba yekurovedza muviri. Murume wechidiki aifarira zverudo akanga asingatombofariri zvekutonga, izvo zvaakadzidza kumayunivhesiti eLeipzig neHeidelberg (13-1828).

Makirasi nemudzidzisi wepiyano ane mukurumbira F. Wieck, achipinda makonzati muLeipzig, kuzivana nemabasa aF. Schubert akabatsira kuchisarudzo chokuzvipira kumimhanzi. Nekuomerwa nekukunda kushorwa kwehama dzake, Schumann akatanga zvidzidzo zvepiyano zvakanyanya, asi chirwere muruoko rwake rwerudyi (nekuda kwemuchina kudzidziswa kweminwe) yakavhara basa rake semupiyano kwaari. Nechido chikuru, Schumann akazvipira kuumba mimhanzi, anotora zvidzidzo zvekunyora kubva kuna G. Dorn, anodzidza basa raJS Bach naL. Beethoven. Iko kare piyano yakadhindwa inoshanda (Kusiyanisa pane dingindira raAbegg, "Butterflies", 1830-31) yakaratidza kuzvimiririra kwemunyori wechidiki.

Kubva 1834, Schumann akava mupepeti uye akazova muparidzi weNew Musical Journal, iyo yakananga kurwisana nemabasa epamusoro evanyori ve virtuoso avo vakazadza nhandare yekonzati panguva iyoyo, nekutevedzera kwemaoko ezvinyorwa zvekare, kune unyanzvi hutsva, hwakadzama. , kuvhenekerwa nekufuridzirwa kwenhetembo . Muzvinyorwa zvake, zvakanyorwa muchimiro cheunyanzvi chepakutanga - kazhinji muchimiro chezviratidziro, nhaurirano, aphorisms, zvichingodaro. - Schumann anopa muverengi pfungwa yeunyanzvi hwechokwadi, hwaanoona mumabasa aF. Schubert naF. Mendelssohn , F. Chopin naG Berlioz, mumimhanzi yeViennese classics, mumutambo waN. Paganini uye wechidiki pianist Clara Wieck, mwanasikana wemudzidzisi wake. Schumann akakwanisa kumuunganira vanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana vakaonekwa pamapeji emagazini saDavidsbündlers - nhengo dze "David Brotherhood" ("Davidsbund"), rudzi rwekubatana pamweya kwevaimbi vechokwadi. Schumann pachake kazhinji akasaina wongororo yake nemazita ekunyepedzera Davidsbündlers Florestan naEusebius. Florestan anowanzoita zvechisimba kukwira nekudzika kwekufungidzira, kune zvinokatyamadza, mitongo yaEusebius anorota yakapfava. Muchikamu chemitambo yemitambo "Carnival" (1834-35), Schumann anogadzira mifananidzo yemimhanzi yeDavidsbündlers - Chopin, Paganini, Clara (pasi pezita raChiarina), Eusebius, Florestan.

Kunyanya kusimba kwesimba remweya uye kukwirisa kwepamusoro kwehunyanzvi hwekusika ("Fantastic Pieces", "Dances of the Davidsbündlers", Fantasia muC mukuru, "Kreisleriana", "Novelettes", "Humoresque", "Viennese Carnival") yakaunza Schumann. chikamu chechipiri che30s. , iyo yakapfuura pasi pechiratidzo chekurwisana kwekodzero yekubatana naClara Wieck (F. Wieck munzira dzose dzinobvira dzakadzivisa iyi muchato). Mukuedza kutsvaga nhandare yakakura yezviitwa zvake zvemumhanzi uye zvenhau, Schumann anoshandisa mwaka wa1838-39. muVienna, asi hutungamiri hweMetternich uye censorship hwakatadzisa bhuku racho kubudiswa ikoko. MuVienna, Schumann akawana chinyorwa cheSchubert's "guru" Symphony muC chikuru, chimwe chepamusoro-soro cherudo symphonism.

1840 - gore remubatanidzwa wakamirirwa kwenguva refu naClara - rakava reSchumann gore renziyo. Kunzwa kunoshamisa kwenhetembo, ruzivo rwakadzama rwebasa revakararama panguva imwe chete navo zvakabatsira mukuzadzikiswa mumitambo yakawanda yenziyo uye nziyo dzega dzega dzekubatana kwechokwadi nenhetembo, chimiro chaicho mumhanzi weimwe nhetembo yemazwi aG. Heine ("Circle of Nziyo” op. 24, “Rudo rwaNyanduri”), I. Eichendorff (“Denderedzwa reNziyo”, op. 39), A. Chamisso (“Rudo noHupenyu hwoMukadzi”), R. Burns, F. Rückert, J. Byron, GX Andersen nevamwe. Uye shure kwaizvozvo, munda wekugadzira mazwi wakaramba uchikura mabasa anoshamisa ("Nhetembo Nhanhatu naN. Lenau" uye Requiem - 1850, "Nziyo kubva "Wilhelm Meister" naIV Goethe" - 1849, nezvimwewo).

Hupenyu uye basa reSchumann mu40-50s. yakayerera mukuchinjana kwekukwira nekudzika, kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekuputika kwechirwere chepfungwa, zviratidzo zvekutanga zvakaonekwa kare muna 1833. guta guru reSaxony muna 40-1845. ), ichienderana nezviitiko zvekuchinja muEurope, uye kutanga kwehupenyu muDüsseldorf (50). Schumann anonyora zvakawanda, anodzidzisa paLeipzig Conservatory, iyo yakavhurwa muna 1850, uye kubva mugore rimwe chete inotanga kuita semutungamiri. MuDresden neDüsseldorf, anotungamirirawo kwaya, akazvipira kubasa iri nechido. Pakati pemashando mashoma akaitwa naClara, iyo yakareba uye inoshamisa yaive rwendo rwekuenda kuRussia (1843). Kubva 1844-60s. Mimhanzi yaSchumann yakakurumidza kuva chikamu chinokosha chetsika yemimhanzi yeRussia. Aidiwa naM. Balakirev naM. Mussorgsky, A. Borodin uye kunyanya Tchaikovsky, avo vakafunga kuti Schumann ndiye munyori wemazuva ano akakurumbira. A. Rubinstein aiva mutambi ane hunyanzvi hwemabasa epiyano aSchumann.

Kusika kwe40-50s. inoratidzirwa nekuwedzera kwakakosha kwemhando dzemhando. Schumann anonyora symphonies (Chekutanga - "Spring", 1841, Chechipiri, 1845-46; Chechitatu - "Rhine", 1850; Yechina, 1841-1st edition, 1851 - 2nd edition), chamber ensembles (3 tambo 1842 trios quartet, 3 trios 2 - , piano quartet uye quintet, ensembles pamwe nekutora chikamu kwe clarinet - kusanganisira "Fabulous Narratives" ye clarinet, viola uye piano, 1841 sonatas ye violin uye piano, nezvimwewo); makonzati epiyano (45-1850), cello (1853), violin (1851); chirongwa chekonzati overtures ("Mwenga weMessina" maererano naSchiller, 1851; "Hermann naDorothea" maererano naGoethe uye "Julius Caesar" maererano naShakespeare - 1848), vachiratidza unyanzvi mukubata maitiro echinyakare. Iyo Piano Concerto uye Yechina Symphony inomira pachena nekuda kwehushingi hwavo mukuvandudza kwavo, iyo Quintet muE-flat huru yekusarudzika kuwirirana kwe embodiment uye kurudziro yemifungo yemimhanzi. Imwe yemagumo ebasa rose remunyori waive mumhanzi wenhetembo inoshamisa yaByron "Manfred" (1848) - chiitiko chakakosha mukukudziridzwa kwenziyo dzerudo munzira kubva kuBeethoven kuenda kuLiszt, Tchaikovsky, Brahms. Schumann haatengese piyano yake yaanoda (Forest Scenes, 49-1843 nezvimwe zvidimbu) - ruzha rwake runopa ensembles yekamuri yake uye mazwi ezwi ane hunyanzvi hwekutaura. Kutsvaga kwemuimbi mundima yemhanzi inonzwika uye inoshamisira hakuna kuneta (iyo oratorio "Paradise nePeri" naT. Moore - 1844; Zviratidziro kubva kuna Goethe's "Faust", 53-1847; mabhalla evanoimba solo, kwaya uye orchestra; mabasa yemhando dzinoyera, nezvimwewo) . Kuitwa muLeipzig yeSchumann's chete opera Genoveva (48-XNUMX) yakavakirwa pana F. Gobbel naL. Tieck, yakafanana mukuronga kune yeGerman yerudo "knightly" operas naKM Weber naR. Wagner, haina kumuunza kubudirira.

Chiitiko chikuru chemakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwaSchumann kwaive kusangana kwake nevaBrahms vane makore makumi maviri. Chinyorwa "Nzira Itsva", umo Schumann akafanotaura nezveramangwana rakakura kumugari wenhaka yake yemweya (aigara achibata vanyori vechidiki nekunzwa kunoshamisa), akapedza basa rake rekuzivisa. Muna February 1854, kurwiswa kwakanyanya kwechirwere kwakatungamirira kuedza kuzviuraya. Mushure mekupedza makore maviri muchipatara (Endenich, pedyo neBonn), Schumann akafa. Mazhinji ezvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvinochengetwa muImba yake-Museum muZwickau (Germany), uko makwikwi evanoridza piyano, vocalists uye ensembles yekamuri yakatumidzwa zita remunyori inogara ichiitwa.

Basa raSchumann rakaratidza danho rekukura rekudanana kwemumhanzi nekuwedzera kutarisisa kune kuratidzwa kwemaitiro akaomarara epfungwa dzehupenyu hwevanhu. Piyano yaSchumann uye kutenderera kwezwi, mazhinji ekamuri-zviridzwa, symphonic mabasa akavhura nyika itsva yehunyanzvi, maitiro matsva ekutaura kwemimhanzi. Mimhanzi yaSchumann inogona kufungidzirwa senhevedzano yenguva dzinoshamisa dzemimhanzi, inotora shanduko uye yakanyatsosiyanisa mamiriro epfungwa emunhu. Izvi zvinogona zvakare kuve zvidhori zvemumhanzi, zvinonyatso tora zvese zviri zviviri chimiro chekunze uye hunhu hwemukati hweiyo inoratidzwa.

Schumann akapa mazita echirongwa kune akawanda emabasa ake, ayo akagadzirirwa kufadza fungidziro yemuteereri nemuiti. Basa rake rakanyatsobatana nemabhuku - nebasa raJean Paul (JP Richter), TA Hoffmann, G. Heine nevamwe. Zvidiki zvaSchumann zvinogona kufananidzwa nenhetembo dzenziyo, mitambo yakadzama - nenhetembo, nyaya dzerudo, apo nyaya dzakasiyana dzimwe nguva dzinopindirana zvisinganzwisisike, chaiyo inoshanduka kuita inoshamisa, kupatsanura kwenziyo kunomuka, nezvimwe zvisikwa. Mukutenderera uku kwepiyano zvimedu zvekufungidzira, pamwe nekutenderera kwemazwi panhetembo dzaHeine "Rudo rweNyanduri", mufananidzo wemuimbi werudo unomuka, mudetembi wechokwadi, anokwanisa kunzwa kupinza zvisingaite, "akasimba, ane moto uye munyoro. ”, dzimwe nguva anomanikidzwa kuvanza hunhu hwake hwechokwadi pasi pemasiki kunyomba uye buffoonery, kuti gare gare azviratidze zvakanyanya uye zvine hushamwari kana kunyura mukufunga kwakadzama ... kupandukira mafungiro, mumufananidzo wake kunewo huzivi uye hunosuruvarisa zvinhu. Mifananidzo ine mimhanzi yezvakasikwa, zviroto zvinoshamisa, ngano dzechinyakare uye ngano, mifananidzo yehudiki ("Children's Scenes" - 1838; piano (1848) nevocal (1849) "Albums for Youth") inopindirana nenyika yehunyanzvi yemuimbi mukuru, " mudetembi akanyanya kunaka”, seizvo V. Stasov akakudana.

E. Tsareva

• Hupenyu uye basa raSchumann →
• Piano yaSchumann inoshanda →
• Chamber-instrumental mabasa eSchumann →
• Basa rezwi raSchumann →
• Schumann's inzwi uye zvinoshamisa mabasa →
• Symphonic mabasa eSchumann →
• Rondedzero yemabasa naSchumann →

Mazwi aSchuman okuti “kuvhenekera zvakadzika zvemoyo wemunhu – ichi ndicho chinangwa chemunyori” – nzira yakananga kuruzivo rweunyanzvi hwake. Vanhu vashomanana vanogona kuenzanisa naSchumann mukupinda kwaanoita neakanakisa nuances yehupenyu hwemweya wemunhu nemanzwi. Nyika yemanzwiro itsime risingaperi remifananidzo yake yemimhanzi uye nhetembo.

Chisingashamisi ndechimwe chirevo chakaitwa naSchumann: "Munhu haafanire kunyura mauri, nepo zviri nyore kurasikirwa nekunyatsotarisa nyika yakapoteredza." Uye Schumann akatevera zano rake. Pazera remakore makumi maviri akatora kurwisana ne inertia uye philistinism. (Philistine ishoko reGerman rakaungana rinofananidzira mutengesi, munhu ane kumashure maPhiristine maonero ehupenyu, zvematongerwo enyika, hunyanzvi) mune art. Mweya wekurwa, wekupandukira uye wekuda, wakazadza mabasa ake enziyo uye zvinyorwa zvake zveushingi, zveushingi, izvo zvakagadzira nzira yezvitsva zvinofambira mberi zveunyanzvi.

Irreconcilability kune routinism, vulgarity Schumann akatakura nehupenyu hwake hwese. Asi chirwere ichi, chakawedzera kusimba gore rega rega, chakawedzera kutya uye kunzwisiswa kwerudo kwehunhu hwake, kazhinji chaitadzisa kushingaira uye simba raakazvipira kumimhanzi uye kushamwaridzana. Kuoma kweiyo ideological socio-political mamiriro muGermany panguva iyoyo kwakavewo nemhedzisiro. Zvakangodaro, mumamiriro eiyo semi-feudal reactionary state mamiriro, Schumann akakwanisa kuchengetedza kuchena kwehunhu, achigara achichengeta mukati make uye kumutsa kupisa kwekusika mune vamwe.

“Hapana chinhu chaicho chinosikwa muunyanzvi pasina kushingairira,” aya mashoko anoshamisa emunyori anozivisa musimboti wezvishuvo zvake zvokusika. Muimbi ane hanya uye anofunga zvakadzama, aikwanisa kuita kunze kwekudaidzira kudanwa kwenguva, kukundwa nepesvedzero yenguva yekumukira uye hondo dzerusununguko dzenyika dzakazunza Europe muhafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Kusajairika kwerudo kwemifananidzo yemimhanzi nenziyo, kuda kwakaunzwa naSchumann kumabasa ake ese, kwakakanganisa rugare rwehope rwemaPhilisine eGerman. Hazvisi zvengozi kuti basa raSchumann rakanyaradzwa nevepepanhau uye harina kuwana kuzivikanwa munyika yake kwenguva refu. Nzira yehupenyu yaSchumann yakanga yakaoma. Kubva pakutanga, kurwisana kwekodzero yekuva muimbi kwakagadzirisa mamiriro ehupenyu hwake uye dzimwe nguva kutya. Kuputsika kwezviroto dzimwe nguva kwakatsiviwa nekuzadzikiswa kwekamwe kamwe kwetariro, nguva dzemufaro wakakomba - kuora mwoyo kwakadzama. Zvese izvi zvakadhindwa mumapeji anodedera emimhanzi yaSchumann.

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Kune vakararama panguva yaSchumann, basa rake raiita serisinganzwisisike uye risingasvikiki. Mutauro wemumhanzi wakasarudzika, mifananidzo mitsva, mafomu matsva - zvese izvi zvaida kuterera kwakadzama uye kushushikana, zvisina kujairika kune vateereri vehoro dzemakonzati.

Zvakaitika kuna Liszt, uyo akaedza kusimudzira mimhanzi yaSchumann, zvakaguma zvinosuruvarisa. Mutsamba yaakanyorera munyori woupenyu hwaSchumann, Liszt akanyora, kuti: “Kazhinji ndaikundikana zvakadaro nemitambo yaSchumann mudzimba dzavanhu uye mumakonzati avose zvokuti ndakarasikirwa noushingi hwokuiisa pamapepa angu.”

Asi kunyange pakati pevaimbi, unyanzvi hwaSchumann hwakaita nzira yekunzwisisa nekuoma. Tisingarevi Mendelssohn, uyo mweya wekupandukira waSchumann wakanga uri mutorwa zvikuru, Liszt mumwe chete - mumwe wevanyori vane njere uye vane hanya - akagamuchira Schumann zvishoma, achizvibvumira rusununguko rwakadai sekuita "Carnival" nekucheka.

Chete kubva kuma50s, mimhanzi yaSchumann yakatanga kudzika midzi muhupenyu hwemimhanzi uye konzati, kuwana denderedzwa rakawanda revateveri uye vanoyemura. Pakati pevanhu vekutanga vakaona kukosha kwayo kwechokwadi vaiva vaimbi veRussia vaitungamirira. Anton Grigoryevich Rubinshtein akaridza Schumann zvakanyanya uye achida, uye zvaive chaizvo nekuita kwe "Carnival" uye "Symphonic Etudes" iyo yakaita fungidziro huru kune vateereri.

Kuda kwaSchumann kwakapupurirwa kakawanda naTchaikovsky uye vatungamiri veMighty Handful. Tchaikovsky akataura zvakanyanya nepakati pamusoro peSchumann, achicherechedza zvemazuva ano zvinonakidza zvebasa raSchumann, hutsva hwezviri mukati, hutsva hwemafungiro emumhanzi pachake. “Mimhanzi yaSchumann,” akanyora kudaro Tchaikovsky, “yakabatana nebasa raBeethoven uye panguva imwe cheteyo ichinyatsoparadzana nayo, inotizarurira nyika yose yemhando itsva dzenziyo, inobata tambo idzo vakuru vake vakamutangira vasati vabata. Mariri tinowana maungira ezvisinganzwisisike zvemweya maitiro ehupenyu hwedu hwemweya, kupokana ikoko, kupererwa uye manzwiro akananga kune chakanakira chinokurisa moyo wemunhu wanhasi.

Schumann ndewechizvarwa chechipiri chevaimbi verudo vakatsiva Weber, Schubert. Schumann mune zvakawanda akatanga kubva mukupedzisira Schubert, kubva mumutsara webasa rake, umo lyrical-zvinoshamisa uye zvepfungwa zvinhu zvakaita basa guru.

Nyaya huru yekusika yeSchumann ndiyo nyika yemukati memunhu, hupenyu hwake hwepfungwa. Pane zvimiro mukuonekwa kwegamba raSchumann iro rakafanana naSchubert's, kune zvakare zvakawanda zviri zvitsva, zvemukati munyanzvi yechizvarwa chakasiyana, ine yakaoma uye inopesana system yemafungiro nemanzwiro. Mifananidzo yeunyanzvi uye yenhetembo yaSchumann, isina kusimba uye yakanatswa, yakazvarwa mupfungwa, ichinyatsoona kupesana kunoramba kuchiwedzera kwenguva. Yakanga iri iyi yakawedzera kusimba kwekuita kune zviitiko zvehupenyu izvo zvakagadzira kushushikana kunoshamisa uye simba re "kukanganisa kwekunzwa kwaSchumann" (Asafiev). Hapana wevaSchumann vekuWestern Europe vakararama panguva imwe chete, kunze kweChopin, ane chido chakadaro uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa.

Muchimiro chekutya chinogamuchira cheSchumann, manzwiro emukaha pakati pekufunga, manzwiro akadzika hunhu uye mamiriro chaiwo echokwadi chakapoteredza, anowanikwa nevanotungamira maartist enguva, anowedzera kusvika pakunyanyisa. Anotsvaka kuzadza kusakwana kwekuvapo nekufungidzira kwake, kupikisa hupenyu husingatarisirwi nenyika yakanaka, nzvimbo yezviroto uye nhema dzenhetembo. Pakupedzisira, izvi zvakatungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti kuwanda kwezviitiko zvehupenyu zvakatanga kuderera kusvika kumiganhu yenzvimbo yemunhu, hupenyu hwemukati. Kudzika-dzika, kuisa pfungwa pamanzwiro emunhu, zvakaitika kune imwe yakasimbisa kukura kwenheyo yepfungwa mubasa raSchumann.

Zvisikwa, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, nyika yose ine chinangwa, sokunge zvakadaro, zvinoenderana nemamiriro akapihwa emuimbi, ane mavara mumatoni ehunhu hwake. Zvisikwa mubasa raSchumann hazvipo kunze kwezviitiko zvake; rinogara richiratidza manzwiro ake, rinotora ruvara rinoenderana navo. Zvakafanana zvinogona kutaurwa nezve iyo inoshamisa-yakanakisa mifananidzo. Mubasa raSchumann, kana tichienzanisa nebasa raWeber kana Mendelssohn, kubatana nekunaka kunogadzirwa nemafungiro evanhu kuri kupera simba. Schumann's fantasy inongova fungidziro yezviono zvake, dzimwe nguva zvinoshamisa uye zvisingafadzi, zvichikonzerwa nekutamba kwekufungidzira kwehunyanzvi.

Kusimbiswa kwekuzviisa pasi uye pfungwa dzepfungwa, iyo inowanzo autobiographical hunhu hwekusika, haibvisi kubva kune yakasarudzika kukosha kwemimhanzi yaSchumann, nekuti izvi zviitiko zvakadzama zvakajairwa munguva yaSchumann. Belinsky akataura zvinoshamisa pamusoro pekukosha kweiyo subjective musimboti mune art: "Mune tarenda rakakura, kuwanda kwemukati, subjective chinhu chiratidzo chehunhu. Usatya nzira iyi: haizokunyengedzi, haizokurayisi iwe. Nyanduri mukuru, achitaura nezvake, zvake я, inotaura pamusoro pezvizhinji - zvevanhu, nokuti muzvisikwa zvake zvinorara zvose izvo vanhu vanorarama nazvo. Uye naizvozvo, mukusuruvara kwake, mumweya wake, munhu wose anoziva zvake uye anoona maari kwete chete mudetembiasi vanhuhama yake muvanhu. Achimuziva semunhu akakwirira zvisingaenzaniswi kupfuura iye, munhu wese panguva imwe chete anoziva hukama hwake naye.

Pamwe chete nekudzika mukati menyika yemukati mubasa raSchumann, imwe nzira yakakosha yakaenzana inoitika: chiyero chezvinyorwa zvakakosha zvemimhanzi zviri kuwedzera. Upenyu pachahwo, kudyisa basa remunyori nezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinounza zvinhu zvekushambadza, hunhu hwakapinza uye kongiri mairi. Kekutanga mumhanzi wezviridzwa, mapikicha, zvikeche, zvimiro zvakanyatsorongeka muhunhu hwavo zvinoonekwa. Nokudaro, kurarama kwechokwadi dzimwe nguva kwakashinga uye kusina kujairika kunopinda mumapeji enziyo emimhanzi yaSchumann. Schumann pachake anobvuma kuti "anofarira zvose zvinoitika munyika - zvematongerwo enyika, mabhuku, vanhu; Ndinofunga pamusoro peizvi zvose nenzira yangu, uye zvino zvose zvinokumbira kubuda, kutsvaga kutaura mumimhanzi.

Kudyidzana kusingaperi kwekunze nemukati kunozadza mimhanzi yaSchumann nekusiyanisa kwakasimba. Asi gamba rake pachake rinopokana. Mushure mezvose, Schumann akapa hunhu hwake nemhando dzakasiyana dzeFlorestan naEusebius.

Chimurenga, kukakavadzana kwekutsvaga, kusagutsikana nehupenyu zvinokonzeresa kushanduka kwekukurumidza kwezvimiro zvendangariro - kubva pakupererwa nedutu kuenda kufemero uye kushingairira - kana zvinotsiviwa nekufunga kwakanyarara, kurota masikati machena.

Nomuzvarirwo, nyika ino yakarukwa kubva mukupokanidzana uye misiyano yaida nzira dzakakosha uye mafomu ekushandiswa kwayo. Schumann akazvizivisa zvakanyanya organically uye zvakananga mupiyano yake uye mabasa ezwi. Ikoko akawana mafomu aimubvumira kuti azvipinze zvakasununguka mumutambo wekufungidzira wekufungidzira, asingamanikidzwi nezvirongwa zvakapiwa zvemafomu akatosimbiswa. Asi mumabasa akaumbwa nevakawanda, mumasymphonies, semuenzaniso, kuvandudzwa kwenziyo dzimwe nguva kwaipokana nepfungwa chaiyo yerudzi rwesymphony nechido chayo chemukati chekusimudzira uye kunoenderana kusimudzira pfungwa. Kune rimwe divi, mukufamba-famba kwaManfred, kuswedera pedyo kwezvimwe zvinhu zvegamba raByron kunyika yemukati memunyori kwakamukurudzira kuti aumbe basa rakadzikama remunhu oga, rine shungu. Academician Asafiev anorondedzera Schumann's "Manfred" se "anoshungurudza monologue yeakaora mwoyo, akarasika munharaunda" hunhu hwekudada.

Mapeji mazhinji emumhanzi werunako rusingataurike ane nziyo dzaSchumann dzekamuri. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nezvepiyano quintet ine shungu dzekusimba kwekufamba kwayo kwekutanga, mifananidzo inosiririsa yepiri uye mafambiro ekupedzisira anoyevedza.

Hutsva hwekufunga kwaSchumann hwakaratidzwa mumutauro wemimhanzi - wekutanga uye wekutanga. Melody, kuwirirana, rhythm inoita seinoteerera kufamba kudiki kwemifananidzo inoshamisa, kusiyanisa kwemaitiro. Iyo rhythm inova isingawanzo kuchinjika uye elastic, ichipa mumhanzi jira remabasa neakasarudzika akapinza hunhu. "Kuteerera" kwakadzama ku "maitiro asinganzwisisike ehupenyu hwemweya" kunopa kutarisisa zvakanyanya kune kuwirirana. Hakusati kuri pasina kuti imwe yenziyo dzaDavidsbündler inoti: “Munziyo, somumutambo wechess, mambokadzi (murwiyo) ndowoukoshi hukuru, asi mambo (tsinhirano) anosarudza nhau yacho.”

Zvese hunhu, "Schumannian" chete, aive akazara nekupenya kukuru mumhanzi wake wepiyano. Iyo itsva yemutauro wemimhanzi yaSchumann inowana kuenderera kwayo uye kukura mumazwi ake ezwi.

V. Galatskaya

Basa raSchumann nderimwe remakona epasi rose mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Iwo epamusoro aesthetic maitiro echiGerman tsika yenguva ye20s uye 40s yakawana kuratidzwa kwakajeka mumimhanzi yake. Kupokana kunowanikwa mubasa raSchumann kwakaratidza kupesana kwakaoma kwehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu munguva yake.

Hunyanzvi hwaSchumann hwakazadzwa nemweya iwoyo wekusagadzikana, wekupandukira unomuita hukama naByron, Heine, Hugo, Berlioz, Wagner uye mamwe maartist akatanhamara.

Haa regai ndibude ropa Asi ndipeiwo nzvimbo nekukasika. Ndinotya kushaya mweya pano Munyika yakashurikidzwa yevatengesi… Kwete, huipi huri nani Kupamba, mhirizhonga, ugororo, Kupfuura tsika dzekuchengetedza mabhuku Uye kunaka kwezviso zvakadyiswa. Hei gore, ndibvise Tora naro parwendo rurefu Kuenda kuLapland, kana kuAfrica, Kana kuti kuStettin - kumwe kunhu! - (Yakaturikirwa naV. Levik)

Heine akanyora nezvedambudziko remunhu aifunga panguva iyoyo. Pasi pendima idzi Schumann aigona kunyoresa. Mumumhanzi wake unofadza, wakashatirwa, kupikisa kweunhu husingagutsikani uye husingazorori hunonzwika nguva dzose. Basa raSchumann rakanga riri dambudziko kune "nyika yevatengesi" inovengwa, upenzi hwayo hwekuchengetedza uye kuzvigutsa-pfungwa dzakatetepa. Achikurudzirwa nemweya wekuratidzira, mhanzi yaSchumann yakaratidza zvine mutsindo zvinoshuvira uye zvishuwo zvevanhu.

Munhu anofunga ane maonero ezvematongerwo enyika epamusoro, anonzwira tsitsi masangano echimurenga, munhu mukuru paruzhinji, mutsigiri ane hasha wechinangwa chetsika cheunyanzvi, Schumann nehasha akashora kusava nematuro pamweya, hunhu hudiki-hubhomba hwehupenyu hwemazuva ano hwehunyanzvi. Tsitsi dzake dzemumhanzi dzaive kudivi raBeethoven, Schubert, Bach, ane hunyanzvi hwakamushandira seyepamusoro-soro chiyero. Mubasa rake, akatsvaga kuvimba netsika dzevanhu-yenyika, pamhando dzedemocracy dzinowanikwa muhupenyu hweGerman.

Nekuda kwake kwemukati, Schumann akadana kuvandudzwa kwehunhu hwemimhanzi, chimiro chayo chekufananidzira-manzwiro.

Asi dingindira rekupandukira rakagamuchira kubva kwaari rudzi rwekududzirwa kwenziyo uye kwepfungwa. Kusiyana naHeine, Hugo, Berlioz uye mamwe maartist erudo, pathos yevagari yaisanyanya hunhu paari. Schumann akanaka neimwe nzira. Chikamu chakanakisisa chenhaka yake yakasiyana-siyana "kureurura kwemwanakomana wezera." Dingindira iri rakanetsa vazhinji vevakararama panguva yaSchumann uye rakaiswa muByron's Manfred, Müller-Schubert's The Winter Journey, uye Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony. Iyo yakapfuma yemukati menyika yemuimbi seratidziro yezvakaoma zviitiko zvehupenyu chaihwo ndiyo huru yemukati yeunyanzvi hwaSchumann. Pano munyori anozadzika hukuru hwepfungwa uye simba rekutaura. Schumann ndiye akatanga kuratidza mumhanzi zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvevezera rake, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemumvuri wavo, shanduko dzisinganzwisisiki dzepfungwa. Mutambo weiyo epoch, kuomarara kwayo uye kusawirirana kwakagamuchira kusarudzika mumifananidzo yepfungwa yemumhanzi waSchumann.

Panguva imwecheteyo, basa remunyori rinoputirwa kwete chete nechishuvo chekupandukira, asiwo nekurota kwenhetembo. Achigadzira mifananidzo yeautobiographical yaFlorestan naEusebius mumabhuku ake ekunyora uye emimhanzi, Schumann aisanganisira mavari maitiro maviri akanyanyisa ekuratidza kusawirirana kwerudo nezvokwadi. Munhetembo iri pamusoro naHeine, munhu anogona kuziva magamba eSchumann - anopopotera Florestan (anofarira kubira kwe "accounting tsika yezviso zvakadyiswa zvakanaka") uye muroti Eusebius (pamwe negore rakatakurwa kuenda kunyika dzisingazivikanwi). Dingindira rekurota kwerudo rinomhanya seshinda tsvuku kuburikidza nebasa rake rose. Pane chimwe chinhu chakakosha muchokwadi chekuti Schumann akabatanidza rimwe reake anodiwa uye akakosha mabasa nemufananidzo waHoffmann's Kapellmeister Kreisler. Mhedzisiro ine dutu kune runako rusingasvikiki inoita kuti Schumann aenderane nemuimbi uyu anomhanyirira, asina kudzikama.

Asi, kusiyana nemuenzaniso wake wekunyora, Schumann haa "kusimuka" pamusoro pechokwadi sezvaanodetemba. Aiziva kuona hunhu hwayo hwenhetembo pasi pegoko remazuva ese ehupenyu, aiziva nzira yekusarudza yakanaka kubva kune chaiyo yehupenyu zvinoonekwa. Schumann anounza mitsva, mhemberero, inopenya toni kumimhanzi, ichivapa akawanda ane mavara shades.

Panyaya yehutsva hwemadingindira ehunyanzvi nemifananidzo, maererano nehunyengeri hwayo hwepfungwa uye chokwadi, mimhanzi yaSchumann chiitiko chakawedzera zvakanyanya miganhu yehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Basa raSchumann, kunyanya mabasa epiyano uye mazwi ezwi, rakakanganisa zvikuru mumhanzi wehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Zvidimbu zvepiyano nemasymphonies eBrahms, akawanda ezwi uye ezviridzwa naGrieg, mabasa aWolf, Frank nevamwe vanyori vakawanda vanodzokera kumimhanzi yaSchumann. Vaimbi vokuRussia vakakoshesa zvikuru tarenda raSchumann. Simba rake rakaonekwa mubasa raBalakirev, Borodin, Cui, uye kunyanya Tchaikovsky, uyo asiri mukamuri chete, asiwo mune symphonic sphere, akagadzira uye akagadzirisa zvakawanda zvehutano hweSchumann's aesthetics.

"Zvinogona kutaurwa nechokwadi," akanyora PI Tchaikovsky, "kuti mimhanzi yehafu yechipiri yezana remakore razvino ichaita nguva munhoroondo yeramangwana yeunyanzvi, iyo zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvichadaidza Schumann's. Mimhanzi yaSchumann, yakatarisana nebasa raBeethoven uye panguva imwe chete ichiparadzana zvakanyanya kubva pairi, inovhura nyika yese yemhando dzemimhanzi mitsva, inobata tambo idzo vakuru vake vakamutangira vasati vabata. Mariri tinowana maungira eaya ... maitiro akadzama ehupenyu hwedu hwemweya, kupokana ikoko, kupererwa uye manzwiro ekuda kuhukukutu hunokurisa moyo wemunhu wanhasi.

V. Konen

• Hupenyu uye basa raSchumann →
• Piano yaSchumann inoshanda →
• Chamber-instrumental mabasa eSchumann →
• Basa rezwi raSchumann →
• Symphonic mabasa eSchumann →