Giovanni Battista Pergolesi |
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
Pergoles. "Maid-Maid". A Serpina penserete (M. Bonifaccio)
Muimbi wekuItaly opera J. Pergolesi akapinda munhoroondo yemimhanzi semumwe wevasiki vemhando yebuffa opera. Mumabviro ayo, akabatana netsika dzechinyakare komedhi yemasiki (dell'arte), opera buffa yakabatsira mukugadzwa kwenheyo dzenyika, dzedemocracy mumitambo yemitambo yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX; akapfumisa arsenal ye opera dramaturgy nemanzwi matsva, mafomu, maitiro echikuva. Maitiro erudzi rutsva rwakanga rwakagadzirwa mubasa raPergolesi rwakaratidza kuchinjika, kugona kuvandudzwa uye kuita shanduko dzakasiyana. Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kweonepa-buffa inotungamira kubva kumienzaniso yekutanga yePergolesi ("Muranda-Mistress") - kuenda kuWA Mozart ("Muchato weFigaro") naG. Rossini ("The Barber of Seville") uye mberi. kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX ("Falstaff" naJ. Verdi, "Mavra" naI. Stravinsky, munyori akashandisa madingindira ePergolesi muballet "Pulcinella", "Rudo rweMatatu Oranges" naS. Prokofiev).
Hupenyu hwese hwaPergolesi hwakapedzerwa muNaples, yakakurumbira nekuda kwechikoro chayo cheOpera chakakurumbira. Ikoko akapedza kudzidza kubva mukuchengetedza (pakati pevadzidzisi vake vaiva vanyori veOpera vakakurumbira - F. Durante, G. Greco, F. Feo). MuNeapolitan theatre yeSan Bartolomeo, Pergolesi yekutanga opera, Salustia (1731), yakaitwa, uye gore rakatevera, nhoroondo yekutanga yeopera The Proud Prisoner yakaitika munhandare imwe cheteyo. Nekudaro, kwaisava kuita kukuru kwakakwezva kutarisisa kweveruzhinji, asi maviri ecomedy interludes, ayo Pergolesi, achitevera tsika yaive yakagadzirwa mumitambo yeItaly, akaisa pakati pezviitiko zveopera seria. Nenguva isipi, achikurudzirwa nekubudirira, munyori akaunganidza kubva kune izvi zvinopindirana yakazvimirira opera - "The Servant-Mistress". Zvese zvaive zvitsva mukuita uku - chirongwa chakareruka chemazuva ese (muranda akangwara uye ane njere Serpina anoroora tenzi wake Uberto uye anove tenzikadzi pachake), hungwaru hwemumhanzi humiro hwevatambi, zvinonakidza, zvinobudirira ensembles, rwiyo uye imba yekuchengetera yekutamba. Kukurumidza kwechiito chechikuva kwaida unyanzvi hukuru hwekuita kubva kuvatambi.
Imwe yekutanga buffa operas, iyo yakawana mukurumbira mukuru muItari, The Maid-Madame akabatsira mukubudirira kwecomic opera mune dzimwe nyika. Kubudirira kwekukunda kwakaperekedza zvaakagadzira muParis muzhizha ra1752. Rwendo rwechikwata cheItaly "Buffons" rwakava chiitiko chekurukurirano yakapinza kwazvo (iyo inonzi "Hondo yeBuffons"), umo vatsigiri ve rudzi rutsva rwakapesana (pakati pavo maive encyclopedist - Diderot, Rousseau, Grimm nevamwe) uye mafeni eFrench court opera (lyrical tragedy). Kunyange zvazvo, nemurairo wamambo, "buffons" vakakurumidza kudzingwa kubva kuParis, zvido hazvina kupera kwenguva refu. Mumhepo yekukakavadzana pamusoro penzira dzekuvandudza mimhanzi yemitambo, rudzi rweFrench comic opera rwakamuka. Imwe yekutanga - "The Village Sorcerer" nemunyori ane mukurumbira wechiFrench uye muzivi Rousseau - akaita makwikwi akakodzera ku "The Maid-Mistress".
Pergolesi, uyo akararama makore 26 chete, akasiya akapfuma, anoshamisa mukukosha kwayo kusika nhaka. Munyori ane mukurumbira webuffa operas (kunze kweMuranda-Mistress - The Monk muRudo, Flaminio, nezvimwewo), akabudirira kushanda mune mamwe marudzi: akanyora seria operas, mimhanzi yekwaya inoera (misa, cantatas, oratorios) , chiridzwa. mabasa (trio sonatas, overtures, concertos). Nguva pfupi asati afa, cantata "Stabat Mater" yakasikwa - rimwe remabasa akafemerwa emunyori, akanyorerwa kamuri diki ensemble (soprano, alto, tambo quartet uye organ), yakazadzwa neyakagwinya, yechokwadi uye inopinda murwiyo. kunzwa.
Mabasa aPergolesi, akasikwa angangoita mazana matatu emakore apfuura, anotakura kunzwa kunoshamisa kwehudiki, kuvhurika kwenziyo, hunhu hunoyemurika, husingaparadzaniswe nepfungwa yehunhu hwenyika, iwo mweya chaiwo wehunyanzvi hweItaly. “Mumhanzi wake,” B. Asafiev akanyora nezvePergolesi, “pamwe chete nokupfava kworudo kunokwezva uye kudhakwa kwenziyo, kune mapeji akazadzwa nemafungiro ane utano, akasimba ehupenyu uye muto wepasi, uye pedyo nawo pane zvikamu. umo kushingairira, kunyengedza, kuseka uye kusingadzivisiki kufara kwemahara kunotonga zviri nyore uye zvakasununguka, sepamazuva emitambo.
I. Okhalova
Zvinyorwa:
opareta - anopfuura gumi opera akateedzana, kusanganisira The Proud Captive (Il prigionier superbo, ine interludes The Maid-Mistress, La serva padrona, 10, San Bartolomeo Theatre, Naples), Olympiad (L'Olimpiade, 1733, "Theatre Tordinona, Rome), buffa operas, kusanganisira The Monk muRudo (Lo frate 'nnamorato, 1735, Fiorentini Theatre, Naples), Flaminio (Il Flaminio, 1732, ibid.); oratories, cantatas, masasi uye mamwe mabasa matsvene, anosanganisira Stabat Mater, concertos, trio sonatas, arias, duets.
