Stepan Ivanovich Davidov |

Stepan Davidov

Zviitwa zvemuimbi wekuRussia ane tarenda S. Davydov zvakaenderera mberi pakuchinja kwehunyanzvi hweRussia, mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX. Yakanga iri nguva yakaoma yekutyora tsika dzechinyakare dzechinyakare uye kubuda kwemaitiro matsva emanzwiro uye rudo. Akarerwa pamisimboti ye classicism, pamimhanzi yaB. Galuppi naG. Sarti, Davydov, semuimbi ane hanya, aisakwanisa kupfuura nemaitiro matsva enguva yake. Basa rake rakazara nekutsvaga kunonakidza, kufanoona kwakajeka kweramangwana, uye uku ndiko kunetseka kwake kukuru kune art.

Davydov akabva kune vadiki venzvimbo yeChernigov vanokudzwa. Pakati pevaimbi vakasarudzwa muUkraine, iye, mukomana ane chipo chemimhanzi, akasvika muSt. Petersburg pakupera kwa1786 ndokuva mudzidzi weSinging Chapel. Mune iyi chete "musical Academy" muguta guru, Davydov akagamuchira dzidzo yeunyanzvi. Kubva pazera remakore 15 akagadzira nziyo dzinoyera.

Mapoka ake ekutanga pamagwaro emweya akaitwa mumakonti eKaghella, kazhinji pamberi pehumambo. Maererano nemimwe mishumo, Catherine II aida kutumira Davydov kuItaly kuti avandudze unyanzvi hwake hwokunyora. Asi panguva iyoyo muRussia akasvika munyori akakurumbira wokuItaly Giuseppe Sarti, uye Davydov akapiwa basa rake somudyandigere. Makirasi ane Sarti akaenderera kusvika 1802 kusvika pakubva kweItaly maestro kunyika yake.

Mumakore ekuonana pedyo nemudzidzisi, Davydov akapinda mudenderedzwa reSt. Petersburg artic intelligentsia. Akashanyira imba yaN. Lvov, uko vadetembi nevaimbi vakaungana, vakava shamwari naD. Bortnyansky, uyo Davydova akabatana naye ne "rudo rwechokwadi uye nguva dzose uye kuremekedzana." Munguva iyi yekutanga "yekudzidzira" nguva, munyori akashanda mumhando yekonsaiti yemweya, achiratidza kugona kwakanaka kwechimiro uye hunyanzvi hwekunyora kwaya.

Asi tarenda raDavydov raipenya zvakanyanya mumimhanzi yemitambo. Muna 1800, akapinda mubasa reDhipatimendi reImperial Theaters, achitsiva mushakabvu E. Fomin. Nekuraira kwedare, Davydov akanyora 2 ballets - "Crowned Goodness" (1801) uye "Chibayiro cheKuonga" (1802), iyo yakaitwa nekubudirira kunoshamisa. Uye mubasa rinotevera - opera yakakurumbira "Mermaid" - akave akakurumbira semumwe wevasiki vemhando itsva yerudo rwe "magic", fairy-tale opera. Iri basa, rakanakisisa mubasa remunyori, rinenge riri guru remitambo yemitambo, inoumbwa nemitambo mina. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive singspiel yemunyori weAustria F. Cauer kune chinyorwa chaK. Gensler "Danube Mermaid" (1795).

Munyori uye mushanduri N. Krasnopolsky akaita yake, shanduro yeRussia yeGensler's libretto, akatamisa chiito kubva kuDanube kuenda kuDnieper uye akapa magamba mazita ekare echiSlavic. Muchimiro ichi, chikamu chokutanga cheopera yaCauer chine musoro unoti “The Dnieper Mermaid” chakaitirwa muSt. Davydov akashanda pano semupepeti wezvibodzwa uye munyori wenhamba dzekuisa, achivandudza chimiro chenyika yeRussia mukuridza nemimhanzi yake. Opera yakabudirira zvikuru, izvo zvakamanikidza musununguri kuti aenderere mberi nebasa rake. Kunyatsopera gore rimwe chete gare gare, chikamu chechipiri cheKauer's singspiel chakaonekwa panzvimbo yacho, yakagadziridzwa zvakare neKrasnopolsky imwechete. Davydov haana kutora chikamu mukugadzirwa uku, nokuti muna April 1804 akadzingwa basa munhandare. Nzvimbo yake yakatorwa naK. Cavos, uyo akanyora interpolated arias ye opera. Zvisinei, Davydov haana kusiya pfungwa opera, uye muna 1805 akanyora yose mimhanzi chikamu chechitatu tetralogy kuna Krasnopolsky's libretto. Iyi opera, yakasununguka zvachose mukuumbwa uye yakapiwa zita idzva Lesta, Dnieper Mermaid, ndiyo yaiva yepamusoro yebasa remunyori. Mumhanzi wakanakisa, mutambo unoyevedza, mitambo yeballet yakarongedzwa zvakanaka naA. Auguste, mumhanzi waDavydov unopenya, unoyevedza zvose zvakabatsira mukubudirira kukuru kwaLesta. Mariri, Davydov akawana mitsva yemimhanzi uye inoshamisa mhinduro uye nzira itsva dzeunyanzvi, kubatanidza 2 zvirongwa zvekuita - chaiyo uye inonakidza. Nesimba rinonakidza akaendesa dhirama yemusikana ari murombo Lesta, akazova tenzikadzi we mermaids, uye mudiwa wake, Prince Vidostan. Akabudirirawo kuratidza gamba renyambo - muranda weTarabar. Kubata kwakasiyana siyana kwekunzwa kwemunhu uyu - kubva pakutya kutya kusvika kune mufaro usingadzoreki, Davydov akanyatso tarisira mufananidzo waGlinka's Farlaf. Mumativi ose enzwi, munyori anoshandisa akasununguka mashoko emumhanzi epanguva yake, achipfumisa mutauro unoridza nemataurirwo enziyo dzechiRussia uye mutinhimira wekutamba. Zvikamu zveorchestral zvakare zvinonakidza - mifananidzo inoyevedza yemasikirwo (mambakwedza, mabhanan'ana), yakajeka coloristic inowanikwa mukufambiswa kwe "magic" layer. Ese aya maficha matsva akaita kuti Lesti Davydov ave yakanakisa ngano opera yenguva iyoyo. Kubudirira kwe opera kwakabatsira kudzoka kwaDavydov kuzoshanda muDhipatimendi reTheatre. Muna 1807, akanyora mimhanzi yekupedzisira, chikamu chechina che "Mermaid" kune yakazvimirira chinyorwa naA. Shakhovsky. Zvisinei, mimhanzi yake haisati yasvika kwatiri zvachose. Ndiro raive basa rekupedzisira remunyori mumhando yeoperatic.

Kutanga kwenguva yaityisa yeHondo dzeNapoleonic kwaida dingindira rakasiyana, rekuda nyika mune zveunyanzvi, richiratidza kusimuka kukuru kwebato rakakurumbira. Asi iyi dingindira rehugamba panguva iyoyo rakanga risati rawana chimiro chayo mu opera. Yakazviratidza zvakajeka mune mamwe marudzi - mu "nhamo pamimhanzi" uye mukusiyana kwevanhu. Davydov akatendeukirawo ku "nhamo mumimhanzi", achigadzira kwaya uye nguva dzenguva dzenjodzi "Sumbeka, kana Kuwa kweUmambo hweKazan" naS. Glinka (1807), "Herodhi naMariamne" naG. Derzhavin (1808), " Electra uye Orestes” naA. Gruzintsev (1809). Mumumhanzi embodiment yemifananidzo yemagamba, Davydov aivimba nemaitiro eKV Gluck, akasara pazvinzvimbo zvechinyakare. Muna 1810, kudzingwa kwekupedzisira kwemuimbi kubva mubasa kwakatevera, uye kubvira ipapo zita rake rakanyangarika kubva pamapepa emitambo kwemakore akawanda. Muna 1814 chete Davydov akaonekwa zvakare semunyori wemhanzi yedariro, asi mumhando itsva yekusiyanisa. Iri basa rakazaruka muMoscow, kwaakatamira mumatsutso 1814. Pashure pezviitiko zvinosuruvarisa zve1812, upenyu hwounyanzvi hwakatanga kumutsidzira zvishoma nezvishoma muguta guru rekare. Davydov akapiwa basa neHofisi yeMoscow Imperial Theatre semudzidzisi wemimhanzi. Akaunza vanyori vakakurumbira vakaita mbiri yeMoscow opera troupe - N. Repina, P. Bulakhov, A. Bantyshev.

Davydov akagadzira mimhanzi kune akati wandei panguva yakakurumbira divertissements: "Semik, kana Kufamba muMaryina Grove" (1815), "Kufamba paSparrow Hills" (1815), "May Day, kana Kufamba muSokolniki" (1816), "Mutambo weSparrow". Colonist" (1823) nevamwe. Yakanyanya kunaka yaive mutambo "Semik, kana Kufamba muMaryina Grove". Yakabatana nezviitiko zvePatriotic War, yakatsigirwa zvachose mumweya wevanhu.

Kubva pane divertissement "Kutanga kwaMay, kana Kufamba muSokolniki", nziyo mbiri dzakanyanya kufarirwa: "Kana mangwana uye mamiriro okunze akaipa" uye "Pakati pemupata wakatsetseka", iyo yakapinda muguta hupenyu senziyo dzevanhu. Davydov akasiya mucherechedzo wakadzika pakuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuimba hweRussia hweiyo pre-Glinka nguva. Muimbi akadzidza, muimbi ane tarenda, uyo basa rake rakatsigirwa nenyika yeRussia, akagadzirira nzira yezvinyorwa zveRussia, mune zvakawanda zvakatarisira chimiro chekufananidzira chemitambo naM. Glinka naA. Dargomyzhsky.

A. Sokolova