Olivier Messiaen (Olivier Messiaen) |
Olivier Messiaen
…sakaramende, Maranzi echiedza muusiku Kuratidzwa kwomufaro Shiri dzeKunyarara… O. Mesiya
Muimbi wechiFrench O. Messiaen ane kodzero anotora imwe yenzvimbo dzerukudzo munhoroondo yetsika dzemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi 11. Akazvarwa mumhuri ine njere. Baba vake inyanzvi yemitauro yeFlemish, uye amai vake mudetembi ane mukurumbira wekuSouth French Cecile Sauvage. Pazera ra1930, Messiaen akasiya guta raakaberekerwa ndokuenda kunodzidza paParis Conservatory - achiridza ogani (M. Dupre), achigadzira (P. Dukas), nhoroondo yemimhanzi (M. Emmanuel). Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory (1936), Messiaen akatora nzvimbo yeoganisi yeChechi yeParisian yeUtatu Hutsvene. Muna 39-1942. akadzidzisa paEcole Normale de Musique, ipapo paSchola cantorum, kubvira 1966 anga achidzidzisa kuParis Conservatory (kuwirirana, kuongorora mumhanzi, mumhanzi aesthetics, mumhanzi psychology, kubvira 1936 purofesa wezvekuumbwa). Muna 1940, Messiaen, pamwe chete naI. Baudrier, A. Jolivet naD. Lesure, vakaumba boka reYoung France, iro rairwira kusimudzirwa kwetsika dzenyika, nokuda kwemanzwiro akananga uye kuzara kwemimhanzi. "Young France" yakaramba nzira dzeneoclassicism, dodecaphony, uye folklorism. Nekutanga kwehondo, Messiaen akaenda kumberi semurwi, muna 41-1941. aiva mumusasa wePOW weGermany muSilesia; ikoko "Quartet for the End of Time" yakagadzirirwa violin, cello, clarinet uye piano (XNUMX) uye kuita kwayo kwekutanga kwakaitika ipapo.
Munguva yapashure pehondo, Messiaen anowana kuzivikanwa pasi rese semuimbi, anoita semuimbi uye semuimbi wepiyano (kazhinji pamwe chete nemuimbi wepiyano Yvonne Loriot, mudzidzi wake uye shamwari yehupenyu), anonyora akati wandei emabasa padzidziso yemimhanzi. Pakati pevadzidzi vaMesiaen ndiP. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, J. Xenakis.
Messiaen's aesthetics inovandudza musimboti wekutanga weboka re "Young France", iro rakadaidzira kudzoka kumumhanzi wekukurumidza kutaura manzwiro. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvebasa rake, munyori pachake mazita, kuwedzera kune vatenzi veFrance (C. Debussy), rwiyo rweGregorian, nziyo dzeRussia, mimhanzi yetsika yekumabvazuva (kunyanya, India), rwiyo rweshiri. Nziyo dzaMesiya dzakazadzwa nechiedza, kupenya kusinganzwisisike, dzinopenya nokupenya kwemavara akajeka eruzha, misiyano yerwiyo rwemataurirwo enzwi rwakapfava asi rwakanatswa uye mukurumbira we“cosmic” unopenya, kuputika kwesimba rinopisa, manzwi akanyarara eshiri, kunyange makwaya eshiri. uye kunyarara kunofadza kwemweya. Munyika yaMesiya hakuna nzvimbo yemazuva ose prosaism, makakatanwa uye kurwisana kwemitambo yevanhu; kwete kunyange mifananidzo yakaoma, inotyisa yehondo hurusa yakambotorwa mumhanzi weEnd Time Quartet. Kuramba iyo yakaderera, yemazuva ese yechokwadi, Messiaen anoda kusimbisa tsika dzechinyakare dzekunaka uye kuwirirana, yakakwirira yemweya tsika inopesana nazvo, uye kwete ne "kuvadzoreredza" kuburikidza nerumwe rudzi rwekushongedza, asi nerupo vachishandisa izwi remazuva ano uye rakakodzera. nzira dzemutauro wemimhanzi. Messiaen anofunga mumifananidzo "yekusingaperi" yedzidziso yeCatholic uye necosmologism ine mavara emarudzi. Achipokana nezvechinangwa chisinganzwisisike chemimhanzi se "chiito chekutenda", Messiaen anopa nziyo dzake mazita echitendero: "The Vision of Amen" yemapiyano maviri (1943), "Tree Little Liturgys to the Divine Presence" (1944), "Twenty Views. yeMucheche Jesu” yepiyano (1944), “Misa paPendekosti” (1950), oratorio “Kushanduka Chitarisiko kwaShe Wedu Jesu Kristu” (1969), “Tii Yokumuka Kwevakafa” (1964, pamusi wegore negore wechi20 pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II). Kunyange shiri nekuimba kwadzo - izwi rezvisikwa - rinodudzirwa naMesiasi nenzira isinganzwisisike, ivo "varanda vezvisiri zvenyama"; ndizvo zvinorehwa nerwiyo rweshiri munziyo dzinoti “Kumuka kweShiri” dzepiyano neokestra (1953); "Shiri dzinoshamisa" dzepiyano, percussion uye chamber orchestra (1956); "Catalogue yeShiri" yepiyano (1956-58), "Blackbird" yenyere uye piano (1951). Rhythmically sophisticated "shiri" style inowanikwawo mune dzimwe nziyo.
Messiaen zvakare kazhinji ane zvikamu zvechiratidzo chenhamba. Saka, "utatu" inopinda mu "Matatu madiki liturgy" - 3 zvikamu zvekutenderera, imwe neimwe-zvikamu zvitatu, zvitatu zvetimbre-instrumental units katatu, iyo Unison Women's Choir dzimwe nguva inoparadzaniswa kuita zvikamu zvitatu.
Nekudaro, chimiro chemufananidzo wemumhanzi waMesiaen, hunhu hwechiFrench hwemumhanzi wake, kazhinji "wakapinza, kupisa" kutaura, kuverenga kwakadzama kwehunyanzvi hwemuimbi wemazuva ano anogadza chimiro chemimhanzi chebasa rake - zvese izvi zvinopinda mukupokana. neothodoxy yemazita ezvinyorwa. Uyezve, nhau dzorudzidziso dzinowanwa bedzi mumamwe amabasa aMesia (iye amene anozviwana maari amene tsinhano yenziyo “dzakachena, dzenyika nedzorudzidziso”). Zvimwe zvinhu zvenyika yake yekufananidzira zvakatorwa munziyo dzakadai senziyo “Turangalila” yepiyano nemasaisai naMartenot uye orchestra (“Rwiyo rweRudo, Hymn to the Joy of Time, Movement, Rhythm, Life and Death”, 1946-48. ); "Chronochromia" nokuda orchestra (1960); "Kubva kuGorge kuenda kune Nyeredzi" yepiyano, nyanga uye orchestra (1974); "Haiku nomwe" yepiyano uye orchestra (1962); Four Rhythmic Etudes (1949) uye Eight Preludes (1929) yepiyano; Dingindira uye Kusiyana kweViolin nePiano (1932); kutenderera kwezwi "Yaravi" (1945, muPeruvia folklore, yaravi rwiyo rworudo runoguma chete nerufu rwevanoda); "Mutambo weMvura Yakanaka" (1937) uye "Two monodies in quartertones" (1938) yeMartenot mafungu; "Makwaya maviri pamusoro paJoan weArc" (1941); Kanteyojaya, rhythmic kudzidza piyano (1948); “Timbres-duration” (nziyo dzekongiri, 1952), opera “Musande Francis weAssisi” (1984).
Sezvo muimbi wemimhanzi, Messiaen aivimba zvikuru nebasa rake pachake, asiwo pane basa revamwe vanyori (kusanganisira vokuRussia, kunyanya, I. Stravinsky), paGregorian chant, Russian folklore, uye pamusoro pemaonero eIndia theorist ye 1944th century. Sharngadevs. Mubhuku rinonzi "The Technique of My Musical Language" (XNUMX), akatsanangura dzidziso yemodal modes yekushandurwa kushoma uye yakaomesesa sisitimu yemitambo, yakakosha kumimhanzi yemazuva ano. Mimhanzi yaMesiaen inotakura zvese zviri zviviri kubatana kwenguva (kusvika kuMiddle Ages) uye kubatanidzwa kwetsika dzekuMadokero nekuMabvazuva.
Y. Kholopov
Zvinyorwa:
zvekwaya -Matatu madiki maturgy ekuvapo kwaMwari (Trois petites liturgy de la presence divine, yevakadzi unison choir, solo piano, mafungu eMartenot, tambo, orc., uye percussion, 1944), mashanu reshans (Cinq rechants, 1949), Trinity Misa yeZuva (La Messe de la Pentecote, 1950), oratorio Kushanduka kwaShe Wedu (La transfiguration du Notre Seigneur, yekwaya, orchestra nezviridzwa zvega, 1969); yeorchestra – Mipiro yakakanganwa (Les offrandes oubliees, 1930), Anthem (1932), Ascension (L'Ascension, 4 symphonic plays, 1934), Chronochromia (1960); zvezviridzwa neokestra - Turangalila Symphony (fp., Waves of Martenot, 1948), Awakening of the Shirds (La reveil des oiseaux, fp., 1953), Exotic Birds (Les oiseaux exotiques, fp., percussion and chamber orchestra, 1956), Seven Haiku ( Sept Hap-kap, fp., 1963); zvendarira uye zvinoridzwa - Ndine tii yekumuka kwevakafa (Et expecto riseem mortuorum, 1965, yakagadzwa nehurumende yeFrance pamusi we20 wekupera kweHondo Yenyika II); chamber instrumental ensembles - Dingindira rine misiyano (ye skr. uye fp., 1932), Quartet yekupera kwenguva (Quatuor pour la fin du temps, ye skr., clarinet, vlch., fp., 1941), Blackbird (Le merle noir, nokuda kwenyere i fp., 1950); zvepiyano - kutenderera kweMakumi maviri maonero emwana Jesu (Vingt anoremekedza sur l'enfant Jesus, 19444), zvidzidzo zverhythmic (Quatre etudes de rythme, 1949-50), Catalogue yeshiri (Catalogue d'oiseaux, 7 notebook, 1956-59 ); ye2 piano – Visions of Amen (Visions de l'Amen, 1943); kunhengo - Chirairo cheKudenga (Le banquet celeste, 1928), organ suites, incl. Zuva reKisimusi (La nativite du Seigneur, 1935), Organ Album (Livre d'Orgue, 1951); yezwi nepiyano - Nziyo dzepasi nedenga (Chants de terre et de ciel, 1938), Haravi (1945), nezvimwe.
Zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa: 20 zvidzidzo musolfeges yemazuva ano, P., 1933; Zvidzidzo Makumi maviri muHarmony, P., 1939; Maitiro emutauro wangu wemimhanzi, c. 1-2, P., 1944; Treatise on Rhythm, ndima. 1-2, P., 1948.
Literary works: Musangano weBrussels, P., 1960.
