Frederic Chopin |
Frederic Chopin
Zvisinganzwisisike, dhiabhorosi, zvechikadzi, ushingi, zvisinganzwisisiki, munhu wose anonzwisisa Chopin inosuruvarisa. S. Richter
Maererano naA. Rubinstein, “Chopin ibhadhi, rhapsodist, mweya, mweya wepiyano.” Chinhu chakasarudzika mumhanzi waChopin chakabatana nepiyano: kudedera kwayo, kunatsiridza, "kuimba" kwese magadzirirwo uye kuwirirana, kufukidza rwiyo nemhepo inopenya "haze". Zvose zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaonero enyika yerudo, zvose zvaiwanzoda nziyo dzepamusoro (symphonies kana opera) kuti ionekwe, yakaratidzwa nemuimbi mukuru wePoland uye piano mumhanzi wepiyano (Chopin ane mabasa mashoma kwazvo nekutora chikamu chezvimwe zviridzwa, inzwi remunhu. kana orchestra). Misiyano uye kunyange kupokana kwepolar kwerudo muChopin kwakashanduka kuita kuwirirana kwepamusoro: manyawi emoto, kuwedzera manzwiro "tembiricha" - uye kurongeka kwakasimba kwekusimudzira, kuvanzika kwepedyo kwemazwi - uye pfungwa yezvikero zvesymphonic, hunyanzvi, zvakaunzwa kuhunyanzvi hwepamusoro, uye zvinotevera. kwairi - kuchena kwekutanga kwe "mifananidzo yevanhu." Kazhinji, mavambo engano dzechiPolish (mamodhi ayo, nziyo, mutinhimira) zvakapinda mumhanzi wose weChopin, uyo akazova mumhanzi wekare wePoland.
Chopin akaberekerwa pedyo neWarsaw, muZhelyazova Wola, uko baba vake, vekuFrance, vakashanda semudzidzisi wepamba mumhuri yekuverenga. Nguva pfupi mushure mekuzvarwa kwaFryderyk, mhuri yeChopin yakatamira kuWarsaw. Penomenal tarenda yemimhanzi inozviratidza kare muhuduku, pazera remakore matanhatu mukomana anonyora basa rake rokutanga (polonaise), uye pa6 anoita sepiyano kekutanga. Chopin anogamuchira dzidzo yakawanda paLyceum, anotorawo zvidzidzo zvepiyano kubva kuV. Zhivny. Kuumbwa kwemuimbi ane hunyanzvi kunopedzwa paWarsaw Conservatory (7-1826) pasi pekutungamirwa naJ. Elsner. Tarenda yaChopin yakaratidzwa kwete mumhanzi chete: kubva paudiki akanyora nhetembo, airidza mumitambo yepamba, uye akadhirowa zvinoshamisa. Kwehupenyu hwake hwose, Chopin akachengetedza chipo che caricaturist: aigona kudhirowa kana kutoratidza mumwe munhu ane chiso chechimiro nenzira iyo munhu wose akaziva pachena munhu uyu.
Upenyu hweunyanzvi hweWarsaw hwakapa maonero akawanda kune muimbi wekutanga. Opera yenyika yeItaly nePolish, nzendo dzevanyori vakuru (N. Paganini, J. Hummel) akafuridzira Chopin, akazarura maonero matsva kwaari. Kazhinji panguva yezororo rezhizha, Fryderyk akashanyira nzvimbo dzenyika yeshamwari dzake, kwaasina kungoteerera kutamba kwevaimbi vomumusha, asi dzimwe nguva iye pachake airidza chiridzwa. Chopin's first compating experiments were deteticed danced of Polish life (polonaise, mazurka), waltzes, uye nocturnes - madiki emhando yelyric-contemplative. Iye zvakare anotendeukira kumhando dzakagadzira hwaro hweiyo repertoire yeazvino virtuoso pianists - kusiyanisa kwekonti, fantasies, rondos. Zvinyorwa zvemabasa akadaro zvaive, sekutonga, madingindira kubva kune akakurumbira operas kana folk nziyo dzePolish. Kusiyana kwedingindira reOpera yaWA Mozart “Don Giovanni” kwakasangana nemhinduro youshamwari kubva kuna R. Schumann, uyo akanyora chinyorwa chinofadza nezvavo. Schumann anewo mazwi anotevera: “… 2 concertos (kunyanya muE minor) ndiyo yakabudirira zvikuru yebasa rekutanga raChopin, richiratidza zvikamu zvose zvenyika yeunyanzvi yemunyori wemakore makumi maviri. Mazwi eregiac, akafanana nerudo rwechiRussia rwemakore iwayo, anotangwa nekupenya kwehunhu uye madingindira echitubu anopenya. Mafomu akakwana eMozart akazadzwa nemweya werudo.
Panguva yekushanyira Vienna nemaguta eGermany, Chopin akabatwa nemashoko ekukundwa kwekumukira kwePoland (1830-31). Dambudziko rePoland rakava dambudziko rakasimba kwazvo remunhu, rakasanganiswa nekusakwanisa kudzokera kunyika yavo (Chopin aive shamwari yevamwe vatori vechikamu mubato rerusununguko). Sezvakataurwa naB. Asafiev, “kudhumhana kwaimunetsa kwakananga pamatanho akasiyana-siyana okushaya tariro uye kuputika kukuru kwekupererwa nezano maererano nerufu rwenyika yababa. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, mutambo wechokwadi unopinda mumimhanzi yake (Ballad muG minor, Scherzo muB minor, Etude muC minor, anowanzonzi "Revolutionary"). Schumann anonyora kuti "... Chopin akaunza mweya waBeethoven muhoro yemakonti." Iyo ballad uye scherzo mhando nyowani dzemumhanzi wepiyano. Mabharadhi ainzi rudo rwakadzama rwerondedzero-inoshamisa; nokuda kweChopin, aya mabasa makuru emhando yenhetembo (yakanyorwa pasi pekufungidzira kwema ballads aA. Mickiewicz nePolish dumas). Iyo scherzo (kazhinji chikamu chekutenderera) iri kudzokororwa zvakare - iko zvino yatanga kuvapo semhando yakazvimirira (kwete zvachose, asi kazhinji - zvechidhimoni zvemukati).
Upenyu hunotevera hwaChopin hwakabatana neParis, kwaanoguma muna 1831. Mukati ino inopisa yehupenyu hwekugadzira, Chopin anosangana nevanyori vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope: vanyori G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, N. Paganini, V. Bellini, J. Meyerbeer , pianist F. Kalkbrenner, vanyori G. Heine, A. Mickiewicz, George Sand, muimbi E. Delacroix, uyo akapenda mufananidzo wemunyori. Paris mune 30s XIX yezana - imwe yenzvimbo dzeiyo nyowani, yerudo art, yakazvisimbisa mukurwisa academism. Sekureva kwaLiszt, "Chopin akabatana pachena nemapoka eRomantics, zvisinei anyora zita raMozart pamureza wake." Zvechokwadi, zvisinei kuti Chopin akaenda kure zvakadini muutsva hwake (kunyange Schumann naLiszt havana kumunzwisisa nguva dzose!), Basa rake raiva mumhando yekugadzirwa kwehupenyu hwetsika, iyo, sekunge, kushanduka kwemashiripiti. Zvidhori zvePolish zverudo zvaive Mozart uye, kunyanya, JS Bach. Chopin aiwanzoramba mimhanzi yemazuva ano. Zvichida, kuravira kwake kwechinyakare, kwakanatswa, uko kwaisatendera chero hutsinye, hutsinye uye kunyanyisa kutaura, zvakakanganiswa pano. Nehushamwari hwese hwepanyika uye hushamwari, akadzorwa uye aisada kuvhura nyika yake yemukati. Saka, nezvemumhanzi, nezve zviri mumabasa ake, akataura kashoma uye zvishoma, kazhinji akavanzika seimwe mhando yekuseka.
Mune etudes yakagadzirwa mumakore ekutanga ehupenyu hweParis, Chopin anopa kunzwisisa kwake kwekunaka (kusiyana neunyanzvi hwevapiyano vane mafashoni) senzira inoshandiswa kuratidza zvinyorwa zveunyanzvi uye hazviparadzanisiki nayo. Chopin pachake, zvisinei, haawanzoita mumakonzati, achisarudza kamuri, nzvimbo yakasununguka ye salon yenyika kune horo huru. Mari kubva kumakonzati uye mimhanzi zvinyorwa zvaive zvisipo, uye Chopin akamanikidzwa kupa zvidzidzo zvepiyano. Pakupera kwema30s. Chopin anopedzisa kutenderera kwe preludes, iyo yave encyclopedia chaiyo yerudo, ichiratidza kudhumhana kukuru kwerudo rwenyika. Mumatanho ekutanga, zvidimbu zvidiki, "density" yakakosha, kusangana kwekutaura, kunowanikwa. Uye zvakare tinoona muenzaniso wemafungiro matsva kune rudzi. Mumimhanzi yekare, nhanganyaya yagara iri sumo yerimwe basa. NaChopin, ichi chidimbu chakakosha pachezvacho, panguva imwechete ichichengeta kumwe kuderera kweiyo aphorism uye "improvisational" rusununguko, iro rinoenderana nerudo rwenyika. Kutenderera kwe preludes kwakaguma pachitsuwa cheMallorca, uko Chopin akatora rwendo pamwe chete naGeorge Sand (1838) kuti avandudze hutano hwake. Mukuwedzera, Chopin akafamba kubva kuParis kuenda kuGermany (1834-1836), kwaakasangana naMendelssohn naSchumann, uye akaona vabereki vake muCarlsbad, uye kuEngland (1837).
Muna 1840, Chopin akanyora Yechipiri Sonata muB flat minor, rimwe remabasa ake anosuruvarisa. Chikamu chayo chechitatu - "The Funeral March" - chakaramba chiri chiratidzo chekuchema kusvika nhasi. Mamwe mabasa makuru anosanganisira ballads (3), scherzos (4), Fantasia muF minor, Barcarolle, Cello uye Piano Sonata. Asi zvisinganyanyi kukosha kune Chopin aive emhando dzerudo diki; kune itsva nocturnes (dzinenge 4), polonaises (20), waltzes (16), impromptu (17). Muimbi rudo runokosha rwaiva mazurka. Chopin's 4 mazurkas, achidetemba manzwi ekutamba kwePoland (mazur, kujawiak, oberek), yakava kureurura kwerwiyo, "dhayari" yemunyori, kuratidzwa kwepedyo. Hazvina tsanga kuti basa rekupedzisira re "piano mudetembi" raive rekuchema F-minor mazurka op. 52, Nhamba 68 - mufananidzo wenyika iri kure, isingasvikike.
Mhedzisiro yebasa rose raChopin yaive yeTatu Sonata muB madiki (1844), umo, semamwe mabasa akazotevera, kupenya uye ruvara rwekurira kunowedzerwa. Muimbi anorwara zvisingaite anogadzira mimhanzi izere nechiedza, inonakidza inobatanidza nemasikirwo.
Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Chopin akaita rwendo rukuru rweEngland neScotland (1848), iyo, sekuputika kwehukama neGeorge Sand iyo yakatangira, pakupedzisira yakaderedza hutano hwake. Mimhanzi yaChopin yakasiyana zvachose, nepo yakapesvedzera vanyori vakawanda vezvizvarwa zvakatevera: kubva F. Liszt kusvika K. Debussy uye K. Szymanowski. Vaimbi vokuRussia A. Rubinshtein, A. Lyadov, A. Skryabin, S. Rachmaninov vaiva nemanzwiro anokosha, e“hama” kwaari. Hunyanzvi hwaChopin hwava kwatiri chinhu chakasarudzika, chinopindirana chechimiro cherudo uye ushingi, uzere nekurwa, uchivavarira.
K. Zenkin
Muma30s uye 40s ezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, mimhanzi yepasirese yakapfumiswa nezvitatu zvikuru zvehunyanzvi zviitiko zvakabva kumabvazuva kweEurope. Nehunyanzvi hweChopin, Glinka, Liszt, peji nyowani yakavhurwa munhoroondo yehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi.
Nezvese mavambo avo ehunyanzvi, nemusiyano unooneka mune ramangwana reunyanzvi hwavo, vanyori vatatu ava vanobatanidzwa neyakafanana mishoni yenhoroondo. Ndivo vaive vatangi vekufamba uku kwekugadzirwa kwezvikoro zvenyika, izvo zvinoumba chikamu chakakosha chepan-European mimhanzi tsika yehafu yechipiri ye30th (uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX). Mukati memazana maviri nehafu akatevera Renaissance, kusikwa kwemumhanzi wepasi rose kwakakura zvakangotenderedza nzvimbo nhatu dzenyika. Zvese zvakakosha zvehunyanzvi zvinoyerera zvakayerera mumhanzi wepan-European zvakabva kuItari, France uye Austro-German hukuru. Kusvika pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, hegemony mukuvandudza mimhanzi yenyika yaive yavo isina kupatsanurwa. Uye kamwe-kamwe, kutanga kubva kumaXNUMX, pa "periphery" yeCentral Europe, chimwe mushure mechimwe, zvikoro zvakakura zvehunyanzvi zvakaonekwa, zvetsika dzerudzi idzo kusvika parizvino hadzina kupinda "mumugwagwa wepamusoro" wekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi pa. zvose, kana kuti akazvisiya kare. uye akagara mumumvuri kwenguva refu.
Izvi zvikoro zvitsva zvenyika - kutanga kwezvose zveRussia (izvo zvakakurumidza kutora kana zvisiri zvekutanga, zvino imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi yenyika), Polish, Czech, Hungarian, ipapo Norwegian, Spanish, Finnish, Chirungu nevamwe - vakadanwa. kudira rukova rutsva mutsika dzekare dzemimhanzi yeEurope. Vakamuvhurira maitiro matsva ehunyanzvi, vakamutsidzira uye vakapfumisa zvakanyanya zviwanikwa zvake zvekutaura. Mufananidzo wemumhanzi wepan-European muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX haugoneke pasina zvitsva, zviri kukurumidza kubudirira zvikoro zvenyika.
Vavambi vesangano iri vaive vanyori vatatu vataurwa pamusoro avo vakapinda munyika panguva imwe chete. Vachitsanangura nzira nyowani mupan-European nyanzvi yehunyanzvi, maartist aya akashanda sevamiriri vetsika dzenyika yavo, vachiratidza kusvika zvino hukuru husingazivikanwe hwakaunganidzwa nevanhu vavo. Art pachiyero chakadai sebasa raChopin, Glinka kana Liszt inogona kuumba chete pavhu rakagadzirirwa renyika, rakura sechibereko chetsika yekare uye yakagadziridzwa yemweya, tsika dzayo dzehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, iyo isina kuzvinetesa, uye inoramba ichizvarwa. folklore. Mukupesana nemamiriro ezvinhu akatekeshera enziyo dzenyanzvi muWestern Europe, mavambo akajeka engano “dzisati dzabatwa” dzenyika dzeEastern Europe pachadzo dzakaita mukurumbira mukurusa wounyanzvi. Asi kubatana kweChopin, Glinka, Liszt netsika yenyika yavo, hongu, hazvina kuguma ipapo. Zvinangwa, zvishuvo uye kutambura kwevanhu vavo, maitiro avo epfungwa, maitiro akavepo ekare ehupenyu hwavo hwehunyanzvi uye mararamiro - zvese izvi, kwete zvishoma pane kuvimba nengano dzemumhanzi, zvakatemerwa zvimiro zvemaitiro ekugadzira eava maartist. Mimhanzi yaFryderyk Chopin yakanga iri mufananidzo wemweya wevanhu vePoland. Pasinei nokuti munyori akapedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake hwekusika kunze kwenyika yake, zvisinei, ndiye akanga akafanirwa kutamba basa remukuru, anowanzozivikanwa mumiririri wetsika yenyika yake mumaziso enyika yose kusvika isu. nguva. Muimbi uyu, ane mimhanzi yakapinda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemunhu wese ane tsika, anoonekwa zvakanyanya semwanakomana wevanhu vePoland.
Mimhanzi yaChopin yakabva yagamuchirwa pasi rose. Vanotungamira vanyori verudo, vachitungamira kurwisa kwehunyanzvi hutsva, vakanzwa maari munhu ane pfungwa dzakafanana. Basa rake raingove rakabatanidzwa muchimiro chehunyanzvi hwekutsvagisa kwechizvarwa chake. (Ngatiyeukei kwete zvinyorwa zvinotsoropodza zvaSchumann chete, asiwo "Carnival" yake, apo Chopin inoratidzika seimwe ye "Davidsbündlers".) Mutsva wenziyo wenyaya yeunyanzvi hwake, hunhu hwake iye zvino hwerudo-kurota, ikozvino kuputika kunoshamisa kuramba, zvichirova hushingi hwemutauro wemimhanzi (uye kunyanya harmonic), hutsva mumunda wemhando uye mafomu - izvi zvose zvakatsigira kutsvaga kweSchumann, Berlioz, Liszt, Mendelssohn. Uye panguva imwecheteyo, hunyanzvi hwaChopin hwairatidzwa nehunhu hunofadza hwakamusiyanisa kubva kune vese venguva yake. Zvechokwadi, mavambo aChopin akabva kunyika-yePolish mavambo ebasa rake, iro vanhu venguva yake vakanzwa pakarepo. Asi zvisinei kuti rakakura sei basa retsika dzechiSlavic mukuumbwa kwechimiro cheChopin, hazvisi izvo chete izvo ane chikwereti kune mavambo ake anoshamisa, Chopin, senge pasina mumwe munyori, akakwanisa kusanganisa uye kusanganisa pamwe chete zviitiko zvehunyanzvi izvo pakutanga kuona. zvinoita sekunge zvakangofanana. Mumwe anogona kutaura pamusoro pekupokana kwekusika kwaChopin kana isina kutengeswa pamwe chete nenzira inoshamisa yakabatana, yega, inogutsa zvakanyanya, yakavakirwa pane zvakasiyana-siyana, dzimwe nguva kunyange yakanyanyisa mafungu.
Saka, hongu, iyo inonyanya hunhu hwebasa raChopin hukuru hwayo, nekukasira kuwanikwa. Zviri nyore here kuwana mumwe munyori ane mimhanzi inogona kukwikwidzana naChopin musimba rayo repakarepo uye rakadzama rekuita? Mamirioni avanhu akauya kumumhanzi wenyanzvi “kuburikidza neChopin”, vamwe vazhinji vasingakendengi kusimba remumhanzi zvakazara, zvisinei vanoona “izwi” raChopin nemoyo wakadzama. Mumwe chete anoshanda nevamwe vanyori - semuenzaniso, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony kana Pathétique Sonata, Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony kana Schubert's "Unfinished" - inogona kuenzanisa nerunako rwakakura rweiyo Chopin bar yega yega. Kunyangwe munguva yehupenyu hwemunyori, mimhanzi yake yaisafanira kurwisa nzira yayo kune vateereri, kukunda kuramba kwepfungwa kwemuteereri anoteerera - mugumo uyo vese vakashinga vakagadzira pakati pezana gumi nemapfumbamwe vanyori veWestern Europe vakagovana. Nenzira iyi, Chopin iri pedyo nevanyori vezvikoro zvitsva zvenyika-democratic (yakasimbiswa zvikuru muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore) kupfuura kune vemazuva ano vekuWestern Europe romantics.
Zvichakadaro, basa rake panguva imwecheteyo ririkurova mukuzvimiririra kubva kutsika dzakagadzirwa muzvikoro zvedemocracy zvezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Ndizvo chaizvo dziya dzemhando dzakatamba basa guru uye rinotsigira kune vamwe vese vamiriri vezvikoro zvenyika-yedemokrasi - opera, rudo rwemazuva ese uye chirongwa chemumhanzi wesymphonic - zvinogona kunge zvisipo zvachose kubva kunhaka yaChopin kana kutora nzvimbo yechipiri mairi.
Kurota kwekugadzira opera yenyika, iyo yakafuridzira vamwe vanyori vePoland - vatungamiri veChopin uye vemazuva ano - havana kuitika muunyanzvi hwake. Chopin aisafarira zvemitambo yemitambo. Symphonic mimhanzi kazhinji, uye mimhanzi yepurogiramu kunyanya, haina kupinda mairi zvachose. zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvido zvake zveunyanzvi. Nziyo dzakagadzirwa naChopin ndedzekufarira, asi dzinotora nzvimbo yechipiri kana ichienzaniswa nemabasa ake ese. Mimhanzi yake ndeyemutorwa kune "chinangwa" chiri nyore, "ethnographic" kupenya kwechimiro, chimiro cheunyanzvi hwezvikoro zvenyika-democracy. Kunyangwe mu mazurkas, Chopin anomira akaparadzana naMoniuszko, Smetana, Dvorak, Glinka nevamwe vanyori vakashandawo mumhando yefolk kana yemazuva ese kutamba. Uye mumazurkas, mimhanzi yake yakazara nehunyanzvi hwekutya, iko kunatswa kwemweya kunosiyanisa pfungwa dzese dzaanotaura.
Mimhanzi yaChopin ndiyo quintessence yekunatsiridza mune yakanakisa pfungwa yezwi, kunaka, yakakwenenzverwa runako. Asi zvingarambirwe here kuti unyanzvi uhwu, uhwo nechokunze ndehwe saloni yevakuru, hunokunda manzwiro evazhinji vezviuru zvakawanda uye hunovatakura pamwe chete nesimba risiri shoma pane rinopiwa kumutauriri mukuru kana mukuru mukuru?
Iyo "salonness" yemumhanzi waChopin nderimwe divi rayo, rinoratidzika kunge rinopesana zvakanyanya neyakajairwa yekugadzira mufananidzo wemunyori. Kubatana kwaChopin nesalon hakugoneki uye kuri pachena. Hazvisi zvetsaona kuti muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX iro dudziro yakatetepa yemumhanzi waChopin yakazvarwa, iyo, muchimiro chevapukunyuki vepurovhinzi, yakachengetedzwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo kuMadokero kunyangwe muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Semutambi, Chopin aisada uye aitya danho rekonzati, muhupenyu aifamba zvakanyanya munzvimbo ine hunyanzvi, uye mhepo yakanatswa yesalon yenyika yaimukurudzira nekumukurudzira. Ndekupi, kana kusiri mu saloni yenyika, munhu anofanirwa kutarisa mavambo ekunatsa kusingaenzaniswi kwemaitiro aChopin? Kubwinya uye "umbozha" runako rwekunaka kwemumhanzi wake, mukushayikwa zvachose kwemaitiro anopenya, zvakabva kwete mukamuri yekumisikidza, asi munzvimbo yakasarudzwa yevakuru.
Asi panguva imwecheteyo, basa raChopin ndiro antipode yakakwana ye salonism. Kunyanya manzwiro, enhema, kwete echokwadi kunaka, kusimudzira, kusimbisa pakunaka kwechimiro pamutengo wekudzika uye zvemukati - izvi zvinosungirwa hunhu hwesalonism yenyika hazvizivikanwe zvachose kuna Chopin. Pasinei nekunaka uye nekunatsiridza kwemaitiro ekutaura, zvirevo zvaChopin zvinogara zvakazadzwa nekukosha kwakadaro, zvakazadzwa nesimba rakakura rekufunga uye kunzwa zvekuti hazvingofadzi, asi zvinowanzovhundutsa muteereri. Mhedzisiro yepfungwa uye yemanzwiro emimhanzi yake yakakura zvokuti kuMadokero akatofananidzwa nevanyori veRussia - Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Tolstoy, vachitenda kuti pamwe chete navo akazarura zvakadzika zve "Slavic soul".
Ngationei imwezve inoita seinopokana hunhu hweChopin. Imwe nyanzvi ine tarenda renyanzvi, yakasiya mucherechedzo wakadzama pakukudziridzwa kwemimhanzi yenyika, ichiratidzira mubasa rake zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa itsva, yakaona zvichiita kuti azvitaurire zvakakwana achishandisa mabhuku epiano ari oga. Hapana mumwe muimbi, angave wevakatangira Chopin kana vateveri, akazviganhurira zvachose, saiye, kune chimiro chemimhanzi yepiyano (mabasa akagadzirwa naChopin kwete epiyano anotora nzvimbo isingakoshi munhaka yake yekusika zvekuti haashandure mufananidzo se. zvachose).
Hazvina mhosva kuti rakakura sei basa repiyano mumhanzi weWestern Europe wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvisinei kuti mutero wakabhadharwa sei kwairi nevanyori vese vekuWestern Europe kutanga naBeethoven, hapana kana mumwe wavo, kusanganisira kunyange muimbi mukuru wepiyano yake. Muzana remakore, Franz Liszt, akanga asina kugutsikana zvachose nezvaaigona kutaura. Pakutanga kuona, kuzvipira kwaChopin chete kumimhanzi yepiyano kunogona kupa pfungwa yekuva nepfungwa dzakatetepa. Asi chaizvoizvo, kwakanga kusiri urombo hwepfungwa hwakamubvumira kugutsikana nekwaniso dzechiridzwa chimwe. Sezvo akanyatsonzwisisa zvese zvinoratidzira zviwanikwa zvepiyano, Chopin akakwanisa kuwedzera nekusingaperi miganhu yehunyanzvi yechiridzwa ichi uye kuchipa kukosha kwakazara kusati kwamboonekwa.
Zvakawanikwa naChopin mumunda wemabhuku epiyano zvaive zvisiri zvakaderera kune zvakawanikwa nevaairarama navo mumunda we symphonic kana operatic music. Kana tsika dze virtuoso dzepiyano yepop dzakadzivirira Weber kubva pakuwana chimiro chitsva chekugadzira, chaakawana chete mumitambo yemimhanzi; kana piano yaBeethoven sonatas, pakukosha kwehunyanzvi hwadzo hwese, dzaive nzira dzekusvika kureba dzekugadzira dzemuimbi wesymphonist anopenya; kana Liszt, asvika pakukura kwekugadzira, akapotsa asiya kuumba piyano, akazvipira kunyanya kune symphonic basa; kunyange kana Schumann, uyo akazviratidza zvizere semuimbi wepiyano, akapa mutero kune ichi chiridzwa kwemakore gumi chete, ipapo nokuda kweChopin, mimhanzi yepiyano yaiva zvose. Yakanga iri zvose murabhoritari yokusika yomunyori uye nzvimbo umo budiriro yake huru zvikuru yakaratidzwa. Yakanga iri yese nzira yekusimbisa nzira itsva ye virtuoso uye sphere yekutaura kwekudzika kwehukama hwepedyo. Pano, nekuzara kunoshamisa uye fungidziro yekugadzira inoshamisa, zvese "zvenyama" zvine mavara uye mavara eruzha rwemanzwi uye logic yemhando huru yemimhanzi yakazadzikiswa nechiyero chakaenzana chekukwana. Zvakare, mamwe ematambudziko akaunzwa nekosi yese yekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi yeEurope muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, Chopin akagadzirisa mumabasa ake epiyano ane hunyanzvi hwekunyengetedza, pamwero wepamusoro pane wakawanikwa nevamwe vanyori mundima yesymphonic genres.
Iyo inoratidzika kunge isingaenderane inogonawo kuonekwa pakukurukura "musoro wenyaya" webasa raChopin.
Ndiani akanga ari Chopin - muimbi wenyika uye wevanhu, achikudza nhoroondo, hupenyu, unyanzvi hwenyika yake uye vanhu vake, kana rudo, akanyura muzviitiko zvepedyo uye achiona nyika yose mumutauro wenziyo? Uye aya maviri mativi akanyanyisa emumhanzi aesthetics yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX akasanganiswa naye muchiyero chinowirirana.
Ehe, iyo huru yekusika dingindira reChopin raive dingindira renyika yake. Mufananidzo wePoland - mifananidzo yezvakaitika kare, mifananidzo yezvinyorwa zvenyika, hupenyu hwechiPolish hwemazuva ano, ruzha rwemitambo yevanhu uye nziyo - zvose izvi zvinopfuura nebasa raChopin mumutsara usingagumi, zvichigadzira zvinyorwa zvayo zvikuru. Nefungidziro isingaperi, Chopin aigona kusiyanisa iyi dingindira, pasina iro basa rake raizorasikirwa nekuzvimiririra, hupfumi uye simba rehunyanzvi. Mune imwe pfungwa, aigona kutonzi muimbi we "monothematic" warehouse. Hazvishamisi kuti Schumann, semuimbi ane hanya, akabva atenda shanduko yekuda nyika yebasa raChopin, achidana mabasa ake "pfuti dzakavigwa mumaruva."
"... Kana mambo ane simba anozvitonga ikoko, kuchamhembe, aiziva kuti muvengi ane ngozi anorara sei kwaari mumabasa eChopin, mumitambo yakapfava yemazurkas ake, angadai akarambidza mimhanzi ..." - munyori weGermany akanyora.
Uye, zvisinei, mukuonekwa kwese kweiyi "muimbi wevanhu", nenzira yaakaimba nayo pamusoro pehukuru hwenyika yake, pane chimwe chinhu chakada kufanana neaesthetics yemazuva ano eWestern Romantic lyricists. Pfungwa nemafungiro aChopin pamusoro pePoland zvakapfekedzwa muchimiro che "chiroto chisingawanikwe cherudo". Iyo yakaoma (uye mumaziso aChopin nevenguva yake inenge isina tariro) kuguma kwePoland kwakapa manzwiro ake nokuda kwenyika yake zvose hunhu hwekushuva kunorwadza kwechido chisingawanikwe uye mumvuri wekuyemura kwakanyanyisa kuwedzeredza nekuda kwekunaka kwayo kwakapfuura. Kune veWestern European romantics, kuratidzira kunopesana nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwegrey, kurwisana nenyika chaiyo ye "philistines nevatengesi" yakaratidzwa mukushuva nyika isipo yekufungidzira kwakanaka (kune "ruva rebhuruu" remudetembi wechiGermany Novalis, nokuti. "Chiedza chisingaoneki, chisingaonekwi nemunhu ari panyika kana pagungwa" neChirungu cherudo Wordsworth, maererano nenzvimbo yemashiripiti yeOberon muWeber neMendelssohn, maererano nemweya unoshamisa wemudiwa asingasviki muBerlioz, nezvimwewo). Kuna Chopin, "kurota kwakanaka" muupenyu hwake hwose kwaiva kurota kwePoland yakasununguka. Mubasa rake hamuna enchanting, otherworldly, fairy-tale-fantastic motifs, saka hunhu hweWestern Europe romantics kazhinji. Kunyangwe mifananidzo yemabharadhi ake, yakafemerwa nemabharadhi erudo aMickiewicz, haina chero inonzwisisika inonzwisisika ngano.
Mifananidzo yaChopin yekushuva nyika isingagumi yerunako yakazviratidza kwete muchimiro chekukwezva kune nyika yezviroto yezviroto, asi muchimiro chekusuwa kusingagoneki kumusha.
Ichokwadi chokuti kubva pazera remakore makumi maviri Chopin akamanikidzwa kugara kune imwe nyika, kuti kwemakore anenge makumi maviri akatevera rutsoka rwake haruna kumbotsika pavhu rePoland, zvisingadzivisiki zvakasimbisa mafungiro ake erudo uye kurota kune zvose zvakabatana nenyika. Mukuona kwake, Poland yakawedzera kuita seyakanaka, isina hutsinye hwechokwadi uye inonzwisiswa kuburikidza neprism yezviitiko zvenziyo. Kunyangwe iyo "mhando yemifananidzo" inowanikwa mumazurkas ake, kana inenge yakarongwa mifananidzo yemaforamu ehunyanzvi mumapolonaises, kana machira anoshamisa emitambo yake, akafuridzirwa nenhetembo dzeEpic dzaMickiewicz - dzese, kusvika pamwero wakafanana. Psychological sketches, inodudzirwa naChopin kunze kwechinangwa "kubatika". Idzi ndidzo ndangariro dzakanangana kana zviroto zvekubvuta, uku kusuwa kukuru kana kuratidzira kwekuda, izvi zviratidzo zvenguva pfupi kana kutenda kwakapenya. Ndicho chikonzero Chopin, pasinei nekubatana kuri pachena kwebasa rake nemhando, zuva rega rega, mimhanzi yevanhu vekuPoland, nemabhuku enyika uye nhoroondo, zvisinei, zvisinganzwisisike semunyori wemhando yechinangwa, epic kana yemitambo-inoshamisa, asi. semuimbi uye muroti. Ndicho chikonzero iyo yekuda nyika uye yekuchinja motifs inoumba iyo huru yemukati yebasa rake haina kuisirwa mumhando ye opera, yakabatana nechinangwa chechokwadi cheiyo theatre, kana murwiyo, zvichibva patsika dzemumba dzevhu. Yakanga iri mimhanzi chaiyo yepiyano yainyatsoenderana neimba yekuchengetera pfungwa yekufunga kwaChopin, umo iye pachake akawana uye akagadzira mikana mikuru yekutaura mifananidzo yezviroto uye mazwi enziyo.
Hapana mumwe muimbi, kusvika kunguva yedu, akadarika runako rwenhetembo rwemimhanzi yaChopin. Nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvinyamusi - kubva pakunyangadza kwe "mwedzi wechiedza" kusvika kumutambo unoputika wezvishuvo kana chivalrous heroics - zvakataurwa naChopin zvinogara zvichizadzwa nenhetembo dzepamusoro. Zvichida ndiko kusanganiswa kunoshamisa kwenheyo dzevanhu dzemimhanzi yaChopin, ivhu rayo renyika uye mafungiro echimurenga ane kurudziro yenhetembo isingaenzaniswi uye runako rwakanaka runotsanangura mukurumbira wayo mukuru. Kusvikira nhasi uno, anoonekwa semufananidzo wemweya wenhetembo mumimhanzi.
* * *
Pesvedzero yaChopin pane inotevera mimhanzi yekugadzira yakakura uye inogoneka. Izvo zvinokanganisa kwete chete nzvimbo yepiyano, asiwo mundima yemutauro wemimhanzi (tsika yekusunungura kuwirirana kubva kumitemo ye diatonicity), uye mundima yemhando yemimhanzi (Chopin, muchidimbu, yaive yekutanga mumhanzi wezviridzwa. gadzira chimiro chemahara cherudo), uye pakupedzisira - mune aesthetics. Kusanganiswa kwemusimboti wenyika-ivhu wakaitwa naye nehupamhi hwepamusoro hwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hunogona kushanda semucherechedzo wevanyori vezvikoro zvedemocracy yenyika.
Kuswedera pedyo kwaChopin kumakwara akagadzirwa nevanyori veRussia vezana remakore re1894 kwakaratidzwa mukukoshesa kukuru kwebasa rake, iro rakaratidzwa nevamiririri vakatanhamara vepfungwa yemimhanzi yeRussia (Glinka, Serov, Stasov, Balakirev). Balakirev akatora danho rekuvhura chivakwa cheChopin muZhelyazova Vola muna XNUMX. Mumwe muturikiri akatanhamara wemimhanzi yaChopin aive Anton Rubinstein.
V. Konen
Zvinyorwa:
yepiyano uye orchestra:
Concerts - Kwete 1 e-moll op. 11 (1830) uye kwete. 2 f-moll op. 21 (1829), misiyano padingindira kubva kuMozart's opera Don Giovanni op. 2 ("Ndipe ruoko rwako, runako" - "La ci darem la mano", 1827), rondo-krakowiak F-dur op. 14, Fantasy paPolish Themes A-dur op. 13 (1829), Andante spinanato uye polonaise Es-dur op. 22 (1830-32);
Chamber instrumental ensembles:
sonata yepiyano uye cello g-moll op. 65 (1846), misiyano yenyere nepiyano pane dingindira kubva kuRossini's Cinderella (1830?), sumo uye polonaise yepiyano uye cello C-dur op. 3 (1829), Large concert duet for piyano and cello on a theme from Meyerbeer's Robert the Devil, with O. Franchomme (1832?), piano trio g-moll op. 8 (1828);
zvepiyano:
sonatas c diki op. 4 (1828), b-moll op. 35 (1839), b-moll op. 58 (1844), konzati Allegro A-dur op. 46 (1840-41), fungidziro mune f minor op. 49 (1841), 4 mabhora - G minor op. 23 (1831-35), F huru op. 38 (1839), Mhedzisiro huru. 47 (1841), muF minor op. 52 (1842), 4 scherzo - B madiki op. 20 (1832), B madiki op. 31 (1837), C inopinza diki op. 39 (1839), E huru op. 54 (1842), 4 impromptu - As-dur op. 29 (1837), Fis-dur op. 36 (1839), Ges-dur op. 51 (1842), fantasy-impromptu cis-moll op. 66 (1834), 21 manheru (1827-46) - 3 op. 9 (B minor, E flat major, B chikuru), 3 op. 15 (F huru, F huru, G mudiki), 2 op. 27 (C inopinza mudiki, D huru), 2 op. 32 (H huru, A flat major), 2 op. 37 (G minor, G huru), 2 op. 48 (C mudiki, F anopinza mudiki), 2 op. 55 (F minor, E flat major), 2 op.62 (H chikuru, E chikuru), op. 72 muE minor (1827), C diki isina op. (1827), C anopinza mudiki (1837), 4 rondo - C madiki op. 1 (1825), F chikuru (mazurki style) Kana. 5 (1826), E flat guru op. 16 (1832), C huru op. tsamba 73 (1840), 27 zvidzidzo - 12 op. 10 (1828-33), 12 op. 25 (1834-37), 3 “itsva” (F minor, A major, D chikuru, 1839); foreplay - 24 op. 28 (1839), C inopinza diki op. 45 (1841); waltzes (1827-47) - A flat major, E flat major (1827), E flat major op. 18, 3 op. 34 (A flat major, A minor, F major), A flat major op. 42, 3 op. 64 (D huru, C inopinza mudiki, A flat major), 2 op. 69 (A flat major, B minor), 3 op. 70 (G guru, F duku, D guru), E guru (approx. 1829), A duku (con. 1820-х г.), E duku (1830); Mazurkas - 4 op. 6 (F inopinza mudiki, C inopinza mudiki, E huru, E flat minor), 5 op. 7 (B huru, A mudiki, F diki, A huru, C huru), 4 op. 17 (B huru, E minor, A huru, A mudiki), 4 op. 24 (G mudiki, C huru, A huru, B mudiki), 4 op. 30 (C diki, B diki, D huru, C inopinza mudiki), 4 op. 33 (G mudiki, D huru, C huru, B mudiki), 4 op. 41 (C inopinza mudiki, E minor, B huru, A flat major), 3 op. 50 (G huru, A flat major, C anopinza mudiki), 3 op. 56 (B huru, C huru, C mudiki), 3 op. 59 (Mudiki, Mukuru, F anopinza mudiki), 3 op. 63 (B huru, F diki, C inopinza mudiki), 4 op. 67 (G chikuru uye C chikuru, 1835; G mudiki, 1845; Mudiki, 1846), 4 op. 68 (C mukuru, A mudiki, F mukuru, F mudiki), polonaises (1817-1846) - g-major, B-major, As-major, gis-minor, Ges-major, b-minor, 2 op. 26 (cis-diki, es-diki), 2 op. 40 (A-major, c-diki), yechishanu-diki op. 44, As-dur op. 53, As-dur (pure-muscular) op. 61, 3 op. 71 (d-mudiki, B-mukuru, f-mudiki), nyere As-major op. 43 (1841), 2 matambiro epacounter (B-dur, Ges-dur, 1827), 3 ecossaises (D chikuru, G chikuru uye Des chikuru, 1830), Bolero C huru op. 19 (1833); yepiyano 4 maoko - misiyano muD-dur (pane dingindira raMoore, isina kuchengetedzwa), F-dur (maviri maviri e1826); zvepiyano mbiri - Rondo muC huru op. 73 (1828); 19 nziyo dzezwi uye piano – op. 74 (1827-47, kusvika kundima naS. Witvitsky, A. Mickiewicz, Yu. B. Zalesky, Z. Krasiński nevamwe), kusiyana (1822-37) - pamusoro pedingindira rerwiyo rweGerman E-dur (1827), Reminiscence yePaganini (pamusoro wenziyo yeNeapolitan "Carnival in Venice", A-dur, 1829), padingindira kubva kuopera yaHerold. "Louis" (B-dur op. 12, 1833), padingindira reKurume vevaPuritan kubva kuBellini's opera Le Puritani, Es-dur (1837), barcarolle Fis-dur op. 60 (1846), Cantabile B-dur (1834), Album Leaf (E-dur, 1843), lullaby Des-dur op. 57 (1843), Largo Es-dur (1832?), Funeral March (c-moll op. 72, 1829).
