Musicology |

Sayenzi inodzidza mimhanzi seyakakosha art fomu. budiriro yenyika mune yayo chaiyo yemagariro nenhoroondo. mamiriro, mafungiro kune mamwe marudzi eunyanzvi. mabasa uye tsika dzemweya munharaunda yese, uye maererano neiyo chaiyo. maficha uye zvemukati zvinogara zvichiitwa, to-rymi inosarudza chimiro chakasiyana chekuratidzwa kwechokwadi mairi. Muhurongwa hwese hwesainzi M.'s ruzivo runotora nzvimbo pakati pevanhu, kana sainzi yesocial sainzi, inofukidza zvese nzanga. kuva uye kuziva. M. yakakamurwa kuita akati wandei. munhu, kunyangwe akabatana, anoranga, zvinoenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi uye mabasa akakosha aanoita, kana chikamu chakasarudzwa chekufunga nezve muses. phenomena.

Kune marudzi akasiyana ezvirongwa zvemimhanzi nesainzi. Munyika dzekunze bourgeois M. Kurongwa kunoiswa mberi neAustrian kwakajairika. nemusayendisiti G. Adler muna 1884, uye akazokudziridzwa naye mubasa rake "The Method of the History of Music" ("Methode der Musikgeschichte", 1919). Inobva pakugovaniswa kwevese musicologists. inoranga mumatavi maviri: nhoroondo uye yakarongeka M. Adler inoreva kune yekutanga yavo nhoroondo yemimhanzi ne eras, nyika, zvikoro, uye zvakare muses. paleography, systematization yemimhanzi. mafomu muurongwa hwenhoroondo, chiridzwa; kusvika kune yechipiri - kudzidza uye kururamiswa kwe "mitemo yepamusoro" yemamusi. art-va, inoratidzwa mumunda wekuwirirana, rwiyo, rhythm, aesthetics uye psychology yemimhanzi, mimhanzi. pedagogy nengano. Iyo yakakosha drawback yechikamu ichi ndeye mechan. kupatsanurwa kwenhoroondo uye theoretical-systematizing nzira yekudzidza mimhanzi. phenomena. Kana iyo nhoroondo M., maererano naAdler, ikasangana nechikamu chevanhu (general nhoroondo, nhoroondo yezvinyorwa uye mamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi, mitauro, nezvimwewo), ipapo tsananguro dze "mitemo yepamusoro" yemimhanzi. akadzidza zvakarongeka. M., inofanira kutsvakwa, mumaonero ake, mumunda wemasvomhu, pfungwa, physiology. Nokudaro hunyambiri hupikisi hwezvakagadzirirwa, zvechigarire uye zvisingashanduki mune zvayo nheyo dzemimhanzi seunyanzvi uye mafomu ayo anotevedzana anoshanduka anomuka mukufamba kwenhoroondo. development.

Iyo kupatsanurwa kwakaiswa pamberi naAdler nezvimwe zvekuwedzera uye gadziriso inoburitswa mune akati wandei akazotevera mazarubs. mabasa akazvipira kune nzira yemimhanzi. sainzi. Munyori wenhoroondo wemumhanzi wechiGerman HH Dreger, achichengetedza chikuru. kupatsanurwa munhoroondo yemimhanzi uye yakarongeka. M., inosiyanisa seyakazvimirira. mapazi e "musical ethnology" ("Musikalische Völks - und Völkerkunde"), kureva mimhanzi. folkloristics uye kudzidza kwemimhanzi kunze kweEurope. vanhu, pamwe chete nenziyo. sociology uye "mimhanzi inoshandiswa", iyo inosanganisira pedagogy, kutsoropodza, uye "teknolojia yemimhanzi" (kuvaka kwezviridzwa zvemimhanzi). Nyanzvi yemimhanzi yeGermany V. Viora inokamura M. kuita matatu makuru. chikamu: zvakarongeka. M. ("kudzidza nheyo"), nhoroondo yemimhanzi, mimhanzi. ethnology uye folklore. Mukuwedzera, anosimbisa zvimwe zvakakosha. maindasitiri anoda kushandiswa kwezvose zvekare uye zvakarongeka. nzira yekudzidza, semuenzaniso. zvidzidzo zvezviridzwa, masisitimu ekurira, rhythmics, recitative, polyphony, nezvimwewo. Zvakanyanya kuchinjika uye zvakafara muhukuru kupfuura zvakapfuura, kupatsanurwa kwaViora panguva imwe chete eclectic uye kusaenderana. Division of musicologists. dzidziso yakavakirwa mairi muna Zvita. nheyo; mune imwe nyaya inzira yekuongorora zviitiko (nhoroondo kana yakarongeka), mune dzimwe ndiyo nyaya yekutsvakurudza (kusika kwevanhu, tsika dzisiri dzeEuropean musical). Pakati pe "maindasitiri ekutsvaga" (Forschungszweige) akanyorwa naViora, pane mamwe akazvimirira. dzidziso dzesainzi (sainzi yezviridzwa), uye matambudziko ekunyanya kukosha kana kushoma (semuenzaniso, ethos mumimhanzi). Kuna Viora, pamwe nevamwe vazhinji. zarub. masayendisiti, tsika yekupikisa mabasa esainzi inovavarira hunhu. kudzidza kwemimhanzi, kuongororwa kwehunyanzvi hwayo. unhu. Naizvozvo, haabatanidzi kudzidza kwaM. kubva kumunda pachawo. inoshanda muhunhu hwavo hwega, vachiisiya kune aesthetics. Panyaya iyi, anogovera nzvimbo yaAdler, uyo anoderedza basa renhoroondo yemimhanzi kusvika pakubudiswa kwemaitiro ekushanduka-shanduka, achitenda kuti "kuzivikanwa kweunyanzvi hwakanaka muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi" kunodarika miganhu yayo. Nenzira iyi, sainzi yemimhanzi inowana hunhu hwechinangwa, hwakabviswa kubva paunyanzvi hwehupenyu. kudzidzira, kubva mukurwisana kwemafungiro uye aesthetic. uye kugadzira. nzira, uye zvigadzirwa zvakananga. inova kwayo chete “mabviro” (F. Spitta), zvinhu zvokusimbisa dzidziso huru. uye zvivakwa zvekare.

Marxist-Leninist sainzi. Iyo nzira inopa hwaro hwekugadzira yakabatana, yakakwana, uye panguva imwechete yakanyatso kuchinjika kupatsanurwa kwevanyanzvi vemimhanzi. dzidziso, inobvumira kuvhara matavi ese esainzi yemimhanzi mune imwechete, yakazara kubatana uye kuona yakakosha. mabasa ega ega. Nheyo yakakosha yechikamu ichi chiyero chenhoroondo. uye zvine musoro. nzira dzekutsvagisa sezvimiro zvesainzi. ruzivo. Dzidziso yeMarxism-Leninism haipikisa nzira idzi kune mumwe nemumwe. Mutoo wacho une mufungo, maererano naF. Engels, “hapana chinhu kunze kweratidzirwo yomuitiro wenhau muchimiro chisingafungidziki uye chinotsinhirana somufungo; fungidziro yakagadziridzwa, asi yakagadziridzwa zvinoenderana nemirairo iyo iyo chaiyo nzira inopa, uye imwe neimwe nguva inogona kutariswa panguva iyoyo mukukura kwayo uko maitiro anosvika pakukura kuzere, chimiro chayo chekare ”(K. Marx naF. Engels, Soch ., 2nd ed., vol.13, p.497). Kusiyana nepfungwa. nzira inokubvumira kuti uise pfungwa pamigumisiro yegadziriro, kuvhiringidza kubva kune zvose zvisingatarisirwi uye zvechipiri, zvekare. nzira yekutsvakurudza inoda kutariswa kwemaitiro kwete chete mune chikuru, kutsanangura maficha, asi nezvose zvese uye kutsauka, mune iyo yega yakasarudzika fomu iyo inozviratidza mune yakatarwa nguva uye mune yakapihwa mamiriro. Saka, zvine musoro. iyo nzira ndeye "nzira imwe chete yezvakaitika kare, yakasunungurwa chete kubva muchimiro chayo chezvakaitika kare uye kubva pakuvhiringidza njodzi" (K. Marx naF. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 13, p. 497).

Maererano nzira mbiri idzi, zvesayenzi. tsvakurudzo mumazizi. sayenzi yemimhanzi yakagadzira kupatsanurwa munhoroondo. uye theoretical M. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chinosanganisira seti yezvirango zvakanyanya zvakavanzika, zvakakosha. hunhu. Saka, pamwe chete nenhoroondo yemimhanzi, iyo inofanirwa kuvhara mimhanzi yenyika dzose nevanhu venyika, nhoroondo yemunhu mumwe nomumwe. tsika kana mapoka avo, vakabatana pahwaro hwenzvimbo, dzinza kana tsika-nhoroondo. nharaunda (somuenzaniso, nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeWestern-European, mimhanzi yevanhu veAsia, Latin-Amer. Vanhu, nezvimwewo). Kukamukana kunobvira maererano nenhoroondo. nguva (mimhanzi yenyika yekare, Middle Ages, nezvimwewo), nemhando uye marudzi (nhoroondo yeopera, oratorio, symphony, chamber music, etc.). Kubva pane denderedzwa ripi rezviitiko kana chii istorich. nguva yenguva inosarudzwa sechidzidzo chekudzidza, kune imwe nhanho yekuona kwemuongorori, kusimbiswa kune chimwe kana chimwe chikamu chemaitiro, zvinoenderanawo. Kubatsira. dzidziso dzenhoroondo yemimhanzi ndedzemumusi. sosi kudzidza, kugadzira nzira dzakakosha. kuongorora uye kushandisa decomp. marudzi ezvinyorwa; mimhanzi paleography - sayenzi yekuvandudzwa kwemhando dzekunyora nziyo; music textology - yakakosha. kuongorora uye kudzidza nhoroondo yezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi. mabasa, nzira dzekudzorera kwavo.

Theoretical M. inopatsanurwa kuita akati wandei edzidziso, zvichiteerana, DOS. zvinhu zvemimhanzi: kuwirirana, polyphony, rhythm, metrics, rwiyo, chiridzwa. Iyo yakanyanya kusimukira, yakasimbiswa seyakazvimirira. dzidziso dzesainzi ndiwo maviri ekutanga uye chikamu chekupedzisira cheakanyorwa. Rhythm uye metrics zvakanyanya kushoma kugadzirwa. Yakarongeka dzidziso yerwiyo, sechikamu chakakosha cheiyo theoretical. M., yakatanga kuumbwa chete muma20s. Muzana remakore rechi20 (musayendisiti weSwiss E. Kurt muWest, BV Asafiev muUSSR). Iyo data yeaya ese akakosha dzidziso anoshandiswa mune yakajairika theoretical. chirango chinodzidza chimiro chemimhanzi. inoshanda seyese. Mune imwe nyika uye yeRussia prerevolutionary M. paiva nechirango chakakosha chinonzi dzidziso yemimhanzi. mafomu. Yakanga yakaganhurirwa kune typology yezvirongwa zvekuumbwa, izvo zvinongova chikamu chesainzi yechimiro chemuses. mabasa anogadzirwa nemazizi. theorists: "... mafomu ekunyora pachawo anofanirwa kudzidzwa kwete seabstract asiri enhoroondo zvirongwa, asi se "zvine chinangwa mafomu", ndiko kuti, akadzidzwa maererano nezvaanogona kutaura, maererano nezvinodiwa uye mabasa ehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi akatungamira crystallization uye kuwedzera nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwemafomu aya, maererano nekududzirwa kwavo kwakasiyana-siyana mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, nevanyori vakasiyana-siyana, nezvimwewo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, imwe yenzira dzekuongorora zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi inovhura - zvinokwanisika kuswedera kune zvinyorwa. yebasa kuburikidza nechikamu chemukati chefomu pachayo ”(Mazel L. , Mamiriro emabasa emimhanzi, 1960, pp. 4).

Theoretical M. inonakidzwa nehukuru. nzira yekutsvakurudza inonzwisisika. Kudzidza mamwe, masikirwo akagadzirwa kare (semuenzaniso, sisitimu yekuwirirana kwechinyakare), inovatora seyakagadzikana yakaoma yakaoma, ese zvikamu zvawo zviri mukubatana nguva dzose. Dep. zvinhu hazvina kuongororwa nhoroondo. kutevedzana kwekuitika kwavo, asi maererano nenzvimbo yavo uye kukosha kwekushanda mune yakapihwa system. Nhoroondo Panguva imwecheteyo, nzira yacho iripo, sezviri, mune "yakabviswa" fomu. Muongorori anofanira kugara achiyeuka kuti chero system yemuses. kufunga is a certain stage istorich. budiriro uye mitemo yayo haigone kuve nemhedzisiro uye isingachinjiki kukosha. Mukuwedzera, chero mararamiro ehupenyu haarambe akamira, asi anoramba achishanduka uye anozvivandudza pachayo, chimiro chayo chemukati uye reshiyo decomp. zvinhu zvinopinda dzimwe shanduko mukati mebudiriro. Saka, mitemo yekirasi. kuwirirana kunobva mukuongororwa kwemimhanzi yaBeethoven sekutaura kwavo kwepamusoro uye kwakazara kunoda zvimwe zvigadziriso uye kuwedzerwa kana zvichishandiswa kubasa revanyori verudo, kunyange zvazvo nheyo dzegadziriro inoramba yakafanana navo. Kukanganwa misimboti yenhoroondo inotungamira kune mhedziso yechokwadi yezvimwe zvakamuka mukufamba kwenhoroondo. kuvandudzwa kwemafomu uye maitiro ekugadzirisa. Mafungiro akadaro aigara maari. wezvesayenzi H. Riemann, uyo akaderedza basa redzidziso yokudhirowa kuti rijekese “mitemo yomusikirwo inodzora nokuziva kana kuti nokusaziva kugadzirwa kwounyanzvi.” Riemann akaramba budiriro muunyanzvi senzira yekugadziridzwa kwehunhu uye kuzvarwa kweimwe nyowani. “Chinangwa chechokwadi chenzvero yenhau,” anodaro, “ndechokubetsera kuzivo yemitemo yokutanga yakajairika nguva dzose, iyo zvinoitika zvose uye mafomu ounyanzvi anodzorwa kwairi” (kubva pamashoko okutanga kusvika kunganonyorwa inoti “Musikgeschichte in Beispielen” , Lpz., 1912).

Division of musicologists. dzidziso munhoroondo. uye nedzidziso, zvichibva mukunyanya kutonga kwenhoroondo mazviri. kana kuti zvine musoro. nzira, kusvika pamwero wakati conditionally. Aya maitiro haawanzo shandiswa mu "pure" fomu. Kuziva kwakadzama kwechinhu chero chipi zvacho kunoda musanganiswa wenzira mbiri - zvese nhoroondo uye zvine musoro - uye chete pane mamwe matanho ekutsvaga anogona kutungamira. Mumhanzi-theorist, anoisa sebasa rake kudzidza kubuda uye kukura kwezvinhu zvemumhanzi wekirasi. kuwirirana kana polyphonic mafomu. mabhii maererano nemafambiro akaita hurongwa uhu, kutaura zvazviri, dzinopfuura dzidziso chete. tsvakurudzo uye iri kusangana nemunda wenhoroondo. Nekune rimwe divi, munyori wenhoroondo dzemimhanzi anotsvaka kuona zvakajairwa, zvakanyanya hunhu hwemhando ipi neipi anomanikidzwa kushandisa matekiniki uye nzira dzekutsvagisa dzirimo mumhanzi wedzidziso. M. Higher generalizations muM., semusainzi yese inobata nekurarama, chokwadi chaicho chezvakasikwa uye nzanga. chokwadi, chinogona kuwanikwa chete pahwaro hwekubatanidzwa kwezvinonzwisisika. uye nzira dzenhoroondo. Kune akawanda mabasa asingagone kurongeka zvizere semaoresheni kana enhoroondo. M., nekuti vanosanganisa zvisingapatsanuke zvikamu zviviri zvechidzidzo. Aya haasi mabasa makuru ane dambudziko emhando yegeneralizing, asiwo mamwe mabasa ekuongorora. mabasa akazvipira kuongorora uye kudzidza kwedhipatimendi. anoshanda. Kana munyori asina kuganhurirwa pakugadzwa kweakajairwa zvimiro mapatani, maficha emamuse. mutauro unowanikwa mubasa rakaongororwa., asi rinokwezva ruzivo rine chekuita nenguva nemamiriro ekuitika kwaro, rinotsvaga kuona kubatana kwebasa nenguva uye kuona. ideological art. uye stylistic mirayiridzo, ipapo anosimuka, zvishoma zvishoma, pahwaro hwenhoroondo. research.

Nzvimbo yakakosha yevamwe nyanzvi dzemimhanzi. dzidziso dzakatemerwa kwete methodological. nheyo, asi nyaya yekutsvakurudza. Saka, kusarudzwa kwemuses. folkloristics pachavo. indasitiri yesainzi nekuda kweiyo chaiyo. mafomu ehupenyu hwekusika, akasiyana neaya mamiriro umo zvigadzirwa zvinomuka, zvinogara uye zvinopararira. zvakanyorwa Prof. mhanzi mhosva. Kudzidza kwaNar. mimhanzi inoda tsvakurudzo chaiyo. hunyanzvi nehunyanzvi hwekubata zvinhu (ona Musical Ethnography). Nekudaro, methodologically, sainzi yeNar. kusika hakupesani nenhoroondo. uye theoretical M., mukubatana nevose. Mune mazizi folkloristics, maitiro ekuenda kune zvakaitika kare ari kuramba achisimbiswa zvakasimba. kutariswa kwekusika kwakabatana nezviitiko zvakaoma zveunyanzvi. tsika yemunhu mumwe kana mumwe. Panguva imwecheteyo, ngano yemimhanzi inoshandisa nzira dzekuongorora system, kuongorora uye kurongedza zvimwe. mhando dzemibhedha mimhanzi inofunga sechinhu chakanyanya kana kudzikama chakazara mune yakasikwa inonzwisisika inonzwisisika. kubatana uye kupindirana kwezvinhu zvayo zvinoumba.

Izvo zvakananga zvezvinhu zvakadzidzwa zvinogadzirisawo kugoverwa kwebazi rinokosha reM. theory uye nhoroondo yekutamba kwemimhanzi. mhosva.

Mimhanzi ndeimwe yezvidzidzo zvesainzi zvishoma. sociology (ona Sociology yeMumhanzi). Hunhu hwechirango ichi uye hupamhi hwemabasa ayo haisati yanyatsotsanangurwa. Kuma20s. akasimbisa preim. hunhu hwayo hwedzidziso. AV Lunacharsky akanyora kuti: "... Kutaura zvazviri, nzira yemagariro evanhu munhoroondo yeunyanzvi inoreva kufunga nezveunyanzvi seimwe yezviratidziro zvehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu" ("Pamusoro penzira yezvemagariro evanhu mudzidziso uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi", muunganidzwa: "Zvisungo yeSociology yemimhanzi ", 1927). Mukunzwisisa uku, sociology yemimhanzi ndiyo dzidziso yekuratidzwa kwemitemo yenhoroondo. kuda zvinhu mukusimudzira mimhanzi sechimiro chenzanga. kuziva. Nyaya yekutsvagisa yemazuva ano yemagariro inova Ch. arr. marudzi chaiwo evanhu. kuvapo kwemimhanzi neimwe nzira. magariro evanhu. Iyi nhungamiro yakanangana nekuita kwemuses. hupenyu uye inobatsira kutsvaga nzira dzekugadzirisa nyaya dzayo dzinomanikidza pane zvine musoro zvesainzi. hwaro.

Kuwedzera kune akanyorwa pamusoro, mapazi eM., anogovera akati wandei e "muganhu" chirango, to-rye zvishoma chikamu cheM. kana chinobatana nacho. Uyu mumhanzi. acoustics (ona. Musical acoustics) uye mimhanzi. psychology, kudzidza kwete mimhanzi seyakadaro, asi yayo yemuviri. uye psychophysical. zvinodiwa, nzira dzekubereka uye kuona. Mimhanzi data. ma acoustics anofanirwa kuverengerwa mune zvimwe zvikamu zvemimhanzi dzidziso (semuenzaniso, dzidziso yemimhanzi masisitimu uye masisitimu), anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurekodha ruzha uye kutepfenyura, uye mukugadzirwa kwemimhanzi. zvishandiso, kuvaka conc. mahoro, etc. Maererano nemabasa emimhanzi. psychology inosanganisira kudzidza kwemakanika ekugadzira. maitiro, kugara zvakanaka kwemuiti pamusangano. nhanho, maitiro ekuona kwemimhanzi, kupatsanurwa kwemuses. mano. Asi, zvisinei nekuti mibvunzo yese iyi yakanangana nemamuses. sainzi, uye kumimhanzi. dzidziso, uye tsika yokuimba. hupenyu, mimhanzi psychology inofanirwa kutariswa sechikamu che general psychology, uye muses. acoustics inopihwa kumunda wefizikisi. Sayenzi, uye kwete kuna M.

Instrumentation ndeye "borderline" dzidziso, iri pamharadzano yeinjiniya yemagetsi nedzimwe nzvimbo dzesainzi kana tekinoroji. Icho chikamu chayo, icho chinoongorora mavambo nekuvandudzwa kwemamusi. zviridzwa, kukosha kwazvo mumimhanzi. Culture dec. nguva nevanhu, inosanganisirwa mukuoma kwemimhanzi uye nhoroondo. dzidziso. Dr. bazi rezviridzwa zvesainzi rinobata nekugadzirwa kwezviridzwa uye kupatsanurwa kwavo maererano nenzira yekugadzira ruzha uye ruzha sosi (organology), ndeyemunda wemimhanzi. tekinoroji, uye kwete chaizvo M.

Kunze kweiyo huru kupatsanurwa kune mamwe maitiro ekukosha anoshandiswa, semuenzaniso. nzira yekudzidzisa mutambo kune zvakasiyana. zviridzwa, kuimba, dzidziso yemimhanzi (ona Dzidzo yeMumhanzi), bhaibheri remhanzi (ona Mimhanzi Bibliography), uye notography.

Iyo yakawanda yesainzi yemimhanzi mimhanzi. aesthetics (ona. Musical aesthetics), zvichibva pane zvakawanikwa zvemapazi ese edzidziso. uye nhoroondo M. Kubva pane chikuru. gadziriro dzeaesthetics sechirango chehuzivi, inoongorora iyo chaiyo. nzira uye nzira dzekuratidzira chokwadi mumimhanzi, nzvimbo yayo muhurongwa hwekuora. art-in, chimiro chemimhanzi. chifananidzo uye nzira dzekusikwa kwayo, chiyero chepfungwa uye chinonzwisisika, chinoratidza uye chemifananidzo, nezvimwewo Mukunzwisisa kwakafara kwemimhanzi. aesthetics yakagadzirwa pahwaro hweMarxist-Leninist philosophy muUSSR uye mamwe masocialist. nyika. Burzh. masayendisiti anoona aesthetics chete sesainzi yerunako inoganhurira basa rayo kumabasa ekuongorora.

Mabviro aM. anotangira kare. Mamwe maGreek theorists akagadzira diatonic system. frets (ona. Ancient Greek modes), nheyo dzedzidziso ye rhythm, kekutanga tsananguro uye kupatsanurwa kweiyo huru. nguva. Muna 6th c. BC e. Pythagoras, yakavakirwa pahukama hwemasvomhu pakati pemanzwi, yakagadzira pure acoustic. kuvaka. Aristoxenus muna 4th c. BC e. akaisa zvimwe zvedzidziso yake kutsoropodza nekudzokorora, achiisa pamberi sechiyero chekuongorora kuora. mapindiro haisiriyo kukosha kwayo, asi maonero ekunzwa. Uku ndiko kwaibva kunonzi kunetsana. canons uye harmonicas. Basa rinokosha muna Dr. Greece rakatamba dzidziso ye ethos, kubatanidza decomp. melodic frets uye rhythmic. dzidzo ine tsananguro mhando dzemanzwiro, vatambi uye hunhu hwehunhu. Plato naAristotle vakavakira mazano avo pakushandiswa kwemamwe marudzi enziyo munzanga maererano nedzidziso iyi. hupenyu nedzidzo yevechidiki.

Zvimwe zvezvakawanda zvekare. nyika yemimhanzi. maonero akamuka kare mutsika dzekare dzeMesopotamia (Asiriya neBhabhironi), Egypt neChina, semuenzaniso. hunhu hwaPythagoras nevateveri vake kunzwisisa kwemimhanzi sechiratidzo che cosmic. kurongeka kuri muzvisikwa uye muhupenyu hwevanhu. Kare muna 7th c. BC e. mu whale. chinyorwa "Guan-tzu" chakapiwa tsanangudzo yenhamba yematoni echikero che 5-nhanho. Muzana remakore rechi6-5. BC e. 7-speed sound system yakatsigirwa nedzidziso. Dzidziso dzaConfucius pamusoro pedzidzo. zvinoreva mimhanzi mune dzimwe nzira zvinosangana nemaonero aPlato. Muchinyakare Ind. zvinyorwa zvinosimbiswa zvakananga. hukama huri pakati pezvimiro zvemweya wemunhu (rasa) uye mamwe mafomula enziyo, kana modhi, rondedzero yakadzama yeyokupedzisira inopihwa maererano nezvainoreva.

Music-theoretical. nhaka yekare yakanga ine simba guru pakukura kweMiddle Ages. pfungwa pamusoro mimhanzi muEurope. nyika, uyewo kuMiddle and Wed. Mabvazuva. Muzvinyorwa zvevaArab theorists con. 1st - kutanga kwemireniyamu yechipiri yakaratidza pfungwa dzemamwe maGiriki. dzidziso nezve ethos, pfungwa dzaAristoxenus nePythagoreans mumunda wekudzidza masisitimu enzwi uye nguva. Panguva imwecheteyo, mazhinji emaonero ekare. vazivi vakasanzwisiswa uye vakatsveyamiswa mupesvedzero yechiIslam kana kuti yaKristu. ideology. Munyika dzeMiddle Ages. KuEurope, dzidziso yemimhanzi inova abstract scholasticism. chirango chakaramba kuita. Chiremera chikuru cheMiddle Ages mumunda wemimhanzi. Science Boethius (mazana amakore 2-5) akasimbisa ukoshi hwedzidziso pamusoro pekudzidzira munziyo, achienzanisa ukama huri pakati padzo no“kupfuura kwendangariro kupfuura muviri.” Nyaya yeMiddle Ages. dzidziso dzemimhanzi dzaingova dzine musoro chete. kufungidzira kwakavakirwa pamasvomhu. uye cosmological. analogies. Pamwe chete nearithmetic, geometry uye nyeredzi, mimhanzi yakabatanidzwa pakati peiyo huru, "yepamusoro" sainzi. Sekureva kwaHukbald, "kuwirirana mwanasikana wearithmetic", uye Marchetto wePadua ndeweiyo aphorism "mitemo yepasirese mitemo yemimhanzi." Mamwe maMiddle Ages. vedzidziso (Cassiodorus, 6th century; Isidore weSeville, 5th century) vaivimba zvakananga nedzidziso yenhamba yaPythagorean sehwaro hwechisiko chapose pose.

Muchikamu chasara chezvinyorwa zveAlcuin's (zana ramakore rechisere) ndiyo yaive yekutanga kuburitsa hurongwa hwe8 diatonic. frets (8 yechokwadi uye 4 plagal), zvichibva pane imwe chiGiriki yakagadziridzwa. modal system (ona Medieval modes). Chinonyanya kukosha pakuvandudzwa kwevaimbi vechechi. Art-va munguva yekupera kweMiddle Ages yakave neshanduko yekunyora kwemimhanzi, yakaitwa naGuido d'Arezzo muhafu yekutanga. 4 c. Nzira yekuimba akagadzira maererano nehexachords ine masirabhi ezvinyorwa zvematanho akashanda sehwaro hweiyo solmization system (ona Solmization), iyo inochengetedzwa mudzidziso. dzidzira nanhasi. Guido aive wekutanga weMiddle Ages. nyanzvi dzedzidziso dzakaunza dzidziso yemimhanzi pedyo nezvinodiwa chaizvo zvemuses. maitiro. Maererano nezvakataurwa naFranco wokuCologne (muzana remakore rechi1), “dzidziso yacho yakatangwa naBoethius, muitiro wacho ndewaGuido.”

Kuvandudzwa kwepolyphony kwaida kunyatso ongorora mamiriro enguva dzenguva, tsananguro chaiyo ye rhythmic. marefu uye nekugadzwa kwehurongwa hwakabatana hwekuwirirana kwavo. Irl. muzivi uye nyanzvi yezvenyanzvi John Scotus Eriugena (zana ramakore rechipfumbamwe) kekutanga anopindura mubvunzo wenguva imwe cheteyo. kusanganiswa kwemitsara miviri yemelodic. Johannes Garlandia naFranco wekuCologne vanotsanangura mitemo ye organum, gadzira dzidziso ye mensur (ona Mensural notation). Imwe yeakakosha mitsva yaive kucherechedzwa kwechitatu seyakakwana consonance mumabasa aFranco weCologne, Marchetto wePadua, Walter Odington.

Zvakaonekwa zvakanaka. 1320 muFrance, chinyorwa "Ars nova" (chinonzi Philippe de Vitry) chakapa zita rayo kune imwe nzira mumhanzi yakabatana nekutanga Renaissance movement. Mubhuku iri, chikamu chetatu nechitanhatu chakazonyoreswa zviri pamutemo semakonzonendi nguva, kutenderwa kwekushandisa chromaticisms (musica falsa) kwakazivikanwa, uye mitsva, yakasununguka mafomu epolyphony zvichienderana nekufamba kwakapesana kwemanzwi akadzivirirwa achipesana neiyo organum. Theorist yakakurumbira yeItaly. ars nova Marchetto wePadua akafunga nzeve "mutongi akanakisa mumhanzi", achisimbisa kujairana kwese kunaka. canons. Johannes de Groheo (mukupera kwezana remakore rechi13 - kutanga kwezana remakore rechi14) akatsoropodza dzidziso dzeBoethius uye akaziva mimhanzi yenyika pachiyero chakaenzana nechechi. mhosva. Iyo yakawanda seti yemitemo yepolyphonic. Tsamba inopiwa muzvinyorwa zvaI. Tinktoris, uyo aivimba naCh. arr. pamusoro pebasa revanyori veNetherlands. zvikoro. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mumabasa evose ava vafundisi, vakaramba vachitamba zvinorehwa. basa rezvinhu zveMiddle Ages. scholastics, to-rye zvakanyanya kusimba muRenaissance.

Theoretical pfungwa yeRenaissance inoswedera pedyo nekunzwisisa nheyo dze tonal kuwirirana. Mazano matsva ane zvibereko uye zvakacherechedzwa zviri mumabasa eshamwari yaLeonardo da Vinci, wokuItaly. munyori uye munyori wedzidziso F. Gaffori. Swiss. theorist Glarean muchibvumirano "Dodecachordon" (1547) akatsoropodza. kuongororwa uye kudzokorora kweMiddle Ages. dzidziso yemamodhi, ichisimbisa kukosha kwakakosha kweiyo Ionian (huru) uye Aeolian (madiki) modes. Rimwe danho rakatorwa naJ. Zarlino, rakabatana nekorona. polyphonic 16th century chikoro Akatsanangura marudzi maviri evatatu zvichienderana nenzvimbo yehukuru hwechitatu mavari, nekudaro achigadzira zvinodikanwa zvekumisikidza pfungwa dzezvikuru uye zvidiki kwete chete mune melodic, asiwo mune harmonic. ndege. Mabasa anonyanya kukosha eTsarlino - "Fundamentals of Harmony" ("Le istitutioni harmoniche", 1558) uye "Harmonic Proofs" ("Dimostrationi harmoniche", 1571) inewo inoshanda. mirayiridzo ine chekuita nepolyphonic tekinoroji. tsamba, hukama pakati pezvinyorwa nemimhanzi. Mupikisi wake akanga ari V. Galilei, munyori wenyaya yacho. nyaya "Dialogue pamimhanzi yekare uye mitsva" ("Dialogo ... della musica antica e della moderna", 1581). Achikwidza kutsika yemimhanzi yekare, Galileo akaramba polyphony sechisaririra che“pakati pezana ramakore. barbarism" uye akadzivirira wok maitiro. monodies pamwe nekuperekedza. Sainzi kukosha kwemabasa ake kuri mukubvunza mubvunzo wekumisikidzwa kwemataurirwo ekutaura kwevanhu mumimhanzi. Rondedzero yeGarireya yakashanda setsinhiro yedzidziso ye“chimiro chinofadza” (stile concitato), icho chairatidzirwa mumutauro wokuItaly wapakuvamba. opera muzana remakore rechi17 Kubva aesthetics pedyo naye. nzvimbo J. Doni akanyora yake "Kubata pamusoro pemhando nemhando dzemimhanzi" ("Trattato de' Generi e de' Modi della Musica", 1635).

Muzana remakore rechi17 Nhamba yezvinyorwa zveencyclopedic yakagadzirwa. mhando, inovhara huwandu hwemimhanzi-inoretical., Acoustic. uye aesthetic matambudziko. Izvi zvinosanganisira "Universal Harmony" ("Harmonie universelle", v. 1-2, 1636-37) naM. Mersenne uye "Universal Musical Creativity" ("Musurgia universalis", t. 1-2, 1650) naA. Kircher . Pesvedzero yehuzivi hwerationalist yaR. Descartes, to-ry pachake aive munyori wedzidziso. etude "Nheyo dzeMimhanzi" ("Compendium musicae", 1618; yakatsaurirwa kusimba kwemasvomhu yemamodhi nepakati), inosanganiswa mavari nezvinhu zvaKristu izvo zvisati zvave kurarama. cosmogony. Vanyori vemabasa aya vanotsanangura kugona kwemimhanzi kukonzera decomp. manzwiro kubva pamaonero edzidziso yezvinokanganisa (ona. Affect theory). “Muziyo mudziyo” (“Syntagma musicum”, t. 1-3, 1615-19) M. Pretorius anofadza seimwe yekuedza kwekutanga kupa nhoroondo. mhedziso yekuvandudzwa kweosn. zvinhu zvemimhanzi. Experience consistent., systematic. kuratidzwa kwenhoroondo yemimhanzi kubva munguva dzebhaibheri kusvika pakutanga. Zana remakore rechi17 raive "Tsanangudzo Yenhoroondo yeUnyanzvi Hwakanaka Hwokuimba neMimhanzi" ("Historische Beschreibung der edelen Sing- und Kling-Kunst", 1690) naVK Prince.

Nhanho inonyanya kukosha pakuumbwa kweM. sekuzvimiririra. sainzi yakanga iri Nguva Yekuvhenekerwa. Muzana remakore rechi18 M. yakasunungurwa zvachose kubva pakubatana nedzidziso yebhaibheri, abstract moralization uye mafungiro. fungidziro yehuzivi, ichiva pahwaro hwesainzi chaiyo. research. Mazano anozovhenekera. uzivi uye aesthetics zvakave nemhedzisiro ine zvibereko pakukura kwesainzi. mimhanzi pfungwa uye akapa zano nzira yekugadzirisa zvakakosha zvemimhanzi. dzidziso uye maitiro. Panyaya iyi, mabasa evanyaikoropidhita veFrance JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot, M. d'Alembert, avo vaiona mimhanzi sekutevedzera zvisikwa, vachifunga nezvekupfava uye hunhu hwekutaura kwevanhu sehunhu hwayo hukuru. pfungwa. Rousseau aive munyori wezvinyorwa zvemumhanzi muEncyclopedia, izvo zvaakazobatanidza mudura rake raakazviburitsa reMumhanzi (Dictionnaire de musique, 1768). Dzidziso yekutevedzera kubva kumativi akasiyana ekuona inotsanangurwa mumabasa aMorelle "Pakutaura muMumhanzi" ("De l'expression en musique", 1759), M. Chabanon "Observations on Music and the Metaphysics of Arts" (" Observations sur la musique et principalement sur la métaphisique de l'art”, 1779), B. Lasepeda “The Poetics of Music” (“La poétique de la musique”, v. 1-2, 1785). Maitiro akafanana nemaonero eFrench. maencyclopedist, akaonekwa mumamisi. aesthetics yeEngland neGermany. Mumhanzi mukurusa wechiGermany musayendisiti nomunyori I. Mattheson anoswedera pedyo naRousseau mukuziva mutinhimira sechinhu chinokosha zvikuru chenziyo; akapa basa rakasimba mukutonga pamusoro pemimhanzi kune zvakasikwa, kuravira uye manzwiro. Munyori wechiRungu D. Brown, achienderera mberi kubva kuRousseau zano remunhu ari nyore, "musikirwo", ari padyo nemasikirwo, akaona kiyi yekubudirira kwemumhanzi mukudzoreredza kwayo kwepakutanga. hukama hwepedyo nenhetembo. word.

Mundima yedzidziso yemimhanzi, mabasa aJF Rameau pakuwirirana akaita basa rakakosha (yekutanga yaive Treatise on Harmony (Traité de l'harmonie, 1722)). Kuve nekusimbisa musimboti wekudzoserwa kwechords uye kuvapo kwezvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha. tonal mabasa (tonic, dominant uye subdominant), Rameau akaisa hwaro hwekirasi. dzidziso yokuwirirana. Maonero ake akagadzirwa nad'Alembert mubasa rake "Theoretical and practical elements of music according to the principles of Rameau" ("Elements de musique théorique et pratique, suivant les principes de m. Rameau", 1752), yakashandurwa pairi. lang. F. Marpurg. Mibvunzo yekubatana inokwezva mu2nd floor. 18th century attention pl. theorists, to-rye vakatsvaga kutsvaga ruzivo rwesainzi. tsananguro yezviitiko zvakaonekwa mubasa revanyori venguva yekare uye pre-classical era. Mubhuku rinonyatsozivikanwa rakanyorwa naII Fuchs "The Step to Parnassus" ("Gradus ad Parnassum", 1725) uye "Treatise on Counterpoint" (1774) naG. Martini, pfupiso yakawandisa uye kurongeka kweruzivo rwekutanga papolyphony inopiwa. .

Muzana remakore rechi18 zvinhu zvekutanga zvinoonekwa. inoshanda panhoroondo yemimhanzi, yakavakirwa kwete pane ngano uye anecdotal. ruzivo, asi pachishuwo chekutsoropodza. ongororo uye kuvharirwa kwechokwadi documentary material. "Nhoroondo yeMimhanzi" Italian. munzveri J. Martini (“Storia della musica”, v. 1-3, 1757-81), umo kuratidzwa kunounzwa kumavambo eMiddle Ages, kusati kwasununguka kubva mupesvedzero yaKristu.-dzidziso youmwari. zvinomiririra. Zvakawanda zvinoenderana nesainzi. chimiro ndiwo mabhuku makuru eChirungu C. Burney (vols. 1-4, 1776-89) uye J. Hawkins (vols. 1-5, 1776), akazadzwa nechiedza. pfungwa yekufambira mberi; zviitiko zvekare zvinoongororwa nevanyori maererano nekunaka kwepamusoro. mafungiro emazuva ano. Munyori we "The General History of Music" pairi. lang. (“Allgemeine Geschichte der Musik”, Bd 1-2, 1788-1801) MUForkel akaona basa mukuronda budiriro yemamuses. zvirevo kubva ku "zvinyorwa zvepakutanga" kusvika kune "kukwana kwepamusoro". Mhedziso yevatsvakurudzi vezana remakore rechi18. yakanga yakaganhurirwa zvikurukuru kunziyo dzokuMadokero kweEurope. nyika; French chaiyo. musayendisiti JB Laborde mu "Essay pamimhanzi yekare uye itsva" ("Essai sur la musique ancienne et moderne", v. 1-4, 1780) inorevawo kune unyanzvi husiri hweEurope. peoples. M. Herbert muchinyorwa chake cheMiddle Ages. zvinyorwa (1784) zvakaratidza kutanga kwekubudiswa kwezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa panhoroondo yemimhanzi. Yekutanga yakakomba inoshanda pamimhanzi. lexicographies were “Musical Dictionary” (“Dictionnaire de musique”, 1703) by S. Brossard, “Musical Dictionary, or Musical Library” (“Musikalisches Lexicon oder Musikalische Bibliothek”, 1732) by IG Walter, “Foundations of the Triumphal Gates” ( "Grundlage der Ehrenpforten", 1740) Matteson.

Muzana remakore rechi19 pamwe chete nezvakaitika kare akawanda monographic anooneka. tsvakurudzo pamusoro pevanyori, iyo yaibatanidzwa nekuwedzera kufarira muunhu uye kugadzirwa kwega. kutaridzika kwevagadziri vakatanhamara vehunyanzvi. Basa rekutanga guru rerudzi urwu raive IN Forkel bhuku "Pahupenyu, Art uye Mabasa eJS Bach" ("Lber JS Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke", 1802). Classic the monographs of J. Baini on Palestrina (vols. 1-2, 1828), O. Jan on Mozart (vols. 1-4, 1856-59), KF Krisander on Handel (vols. 1-3, 1858) akawana kukosha -67), F. Spitta paBach (vols. 1-2, 1873-80). Kukosha kwemabasa aya kunotemerwa zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwezvinyorwa uye biographical zvirimo mazviri. zvinhu.

Kuwanikwa uye kuunganidza huwandu hukuru hweruzivo rutsva rwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuburitsa zvizere uye zvakafara mufananidzo wekukura kwemimhanzi. AV Ambros akanyora muna 1862, kuti: “Mudzimu wokuunganidza nokunzvera wakabetsera kukuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva rinenge zuva riri rose, uye kunokwezva zvikuru kuedza kuunza kurongeka kwezvinhu zviripo ndokuzvibatanidza kuva chimwe chinhu chinooneka” (“Geschichte der Musik”, Bd 1, 1862, 1887). Kuedza kuvharidzira zvakazara muz.-historical. process yakaitwa ne decomp. methodological zvinzvimbo. Kana basa raRG Kizewetter rine zita rekuti "History of Western European or Our Present Music" ("Geschichte der europdisch-abendländischen oder unserer heutigen Musik", 1834) riine mamwe maungira, anozojekesa. pfungwa pamusoro penhoroondo senzira yekuenderera mberi nekukwira, ipapo musoro weFrench. uye Belg. M. pakati. 19th century FJ Fetis anoona mu "dzidziso yekufambira mberi" DOS. chipingamupinyi pakunzwisisa kwakarurama kwechirevo. Mabasa ake makuru The Universal Biography yevaimbi uye General Bibliography yeMumhanzi (Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, v. 1-8, 1837-44) uye The General History of Music (Histoire générale de la musique depuis les temps les plus anciens jusqu'а nos jours”, ndima. 1-5, 1869-76) inomiririra tsvakiridzo huru. value. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza dzemunyori, uyo akawana aesthetic yake pachake, akaonekwa mavari. yakanaka munguva yakapfuura uye yaifunga kuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi senzira yekuchinja decomp. misimboti yekugadzira inonzwika. Kupesana uku kunoratidzwa muNhoroondo yeMimhanzi yaF. Brendel muItaly, Germany neFrance… kubatana nezviitiko zvakakosha zvehupenyu hwepamweya hwese. Iyo yakafanana yakafara yetsika uye nhoroondo yemaonero hunhu hweAmbros, kunyangwe basa remimhanzi mune zvakajairika nhoroondo. maitiro akaonekwa naye kubva pakuona kwerudo-idealistic. pfungwa pamusoro pe "mweya wevanhu". Yake yakawanda-vhoriyamu "Nhoroondo yeMimhanzi" ("Geschichte der Musik", Bd 1852-1, 4-1862) ndeyeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakurumbira mumimhanzi. nhoroondo yezana remakore rechi78.

Kunyanya kutarisisa kumatambudziko emaitiro emimhanzi-yenhoroondo. tsvakurudzo yakaratidzwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 ne20. G. Kretschmar, G. Adler, X. Riemann. Kretzschmar akasimbisa kukosha kwenhoroondo yemimhanzi yekutonga kukosha, achiitsanangura se "inoshandiswa mimhanzi aesthetics inoonekwa kubva pamaonero." Chinodiwa chinodiwa chechokwadi, chakakwana kunzwisisa kwehunyanzvi. phenomena, akafunga ruzivo rwenguva uye istorich. mamiriro ezvinhu umo chimwe chiitiko chakamuka. Kusiyana naye, Adler akasimbisa kujekeswa kwemitemo yekushanduka-shanduka yekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi, kuisa mberi sehwaro. music-historical category concept style. Asi pfungwa iyi yakaturikirwa naye zviri pamutemo. Kuchinja uye kuchinja zvakasiyana. masitayera ari, maererano neAdler, organic. chirongwa chakazvimirira pane chero zvinhu zviri kunze kwayo. Zvakafanana abstract-naturalistic. kunzwisisa kwenhoroondo yemimhanzi yakawana kutaura kwayo kwakanyanya muRiemann, uyo akanyatsoramba kukura kwemimhanzi, achifunga nezvekushanduka kwemuses. mhosva sechiratidzo chemitemo isingachinjiki.

Nzvimbo yakakosha muapp. music historiography kutanga. 20th century inobata basa raR. Rolland. Achifunga nezvenziyo sechimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha muupenyu hwomudzimu hworudzi rwomunhu, akakurangarira kuva kuri madikanwa kuifunda mutsinhirano yapedyo nezvemari, zvematongerwe enyika. uye nhoroondo yetsika dzevanhu. "Zvese zvakabatana," Rolland akanyora, "shanduko yega yega yezvematongerwo enyika inowana kuenderera kwayo mukushanduka kwehunyanzvi, uye hupenyu hwenyika chinhu chipenyu chinodyidzana chimwe nechimwe: zviitiko zvehupfumi uye zviitiko zvehunyanzvi." "Rudzi rwese rwenziyo rwakabatana nerumwe rudzi rwenzanga uye runoita kuti tinzwisise zviri nani" (Rollan R., Sobranie musikistoricheskih soobshcheniya, vol. 4, 1938, p. 8, 10). Mabasa akaiswa pamberi naRolland enhoroondo yemimhanzi anogona kugadziriswa nguva dzose chete pahwaro hwemaitiro enhoroondo. kudisa zvenyika.

Mu 2nd floor. 19th century inoburitsa basa resainzi-yakakosha. kubudiswa kwezviyeuchidzo zvemimhanzi yekare. Sh. E. Kusmaker yakabudiswa muna 1864-76 nhamba yeMiddle Ages. zvinyorwa pamimhanzi. Muna 1861-71, pasi pemaoko e. F. Krizander, kubudiswa kwenhevedzano ye "Monuments of Musical Art" ("Denkmäler der Tonkunst") kwakatangwa, iyo yakabva yaenderera mberi kubva ku1900 pasi pezita racho. "Zviyeuchidzo zveGerman musical art" ("Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst"). Muna 1894, ed. Adler akatanga kubudisa bhuku guru rinonzi “Monuments of Musical Art muAustria” (“Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich”). Mugore rimwe chetero, kuburitswa kweakatevedzana ezvinyorwa "Masters of Music of the French Renaissance" ("Les maоtres musiciens de la renaissance française") yakatanga pasi pemaoko a. A. Nyanzvi. O. Chilesotti in Italy rakabudiswa muna 1883-1915 9 vols. “Maraibhurari emimhanzi isingawanzoitiki” (“Biblioteca di rarita musicali”), umo masampuli enziyo dzelute dzemuzana ramakore rechi 16-18 dzinopiwa. Zvinyorwa zvemhando imwe chete zvakavambwa mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Pamwe chete neizvi, zvinyorwa zvemavhoriyamu akawanda emabasa emakirasi makuru ari kuitwa. masters: Bach (59 vols., 1851-1900), Handel (100 vols., 1859-94), Mozart (24 series, 1876-86).

Mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi lexicography zvinoreva. mimhanzi yakaita basa. maduramazwi J. Grove (1879-90) uye X. Riemann (1882), anosiyaniswa nepamusoro pesayenzi. nhanho, hupamhi uye zvakasiyana-siyana zveruzivo rwavanoshuma. Mabhuku ese ari maviri akazodhindwazve kakawanda mufomu rekuwedzera uye rakadzokororwa. Muna 1900-04, iyo 10-vhoriyamu Bio-Bibliographic Duramazwi reMabviro pamusoro peVaimbi neMumhanzi Nyanzvi… .

Maererano nekukura kukuru kwemimhanzi. dzidzo muzana remakore rechi19. zvakawanda zvinosikwa. mvumo yezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvedzidziso. Aya ndiwo mabasa ekuwirirana naS. Catel (1802), FJ Fetis (1844), FE Richter (1863), M. Hauptmann (1868), pa polyphony - L. Cherubini (1835), IGG Bellerman (1868). Independent. dzidziso yemimhanzi inova bazi remimhanzi dzidziso. mafomu. Basa guru rekutanga rekugadzirisa munzvimbo iyi ndi X. Koch's "Experience in Composition Guide" ("Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition", Tl 1-3, 1782-93). Gare gare, mabasa akafanana naA. Reich naAB Marx akaonekwa. Kuva neCh. arr. zvinangwa zvedzidzo, mabasa aya haana yakafara theoretical. generalizations uye zvichibva pane stylistic. classical tsika. nguva. Dep. mifungo mitsva uye zvinzvimbo zvine chekuita nenguva dzakati (semuenzaniso, musimboti wekutanga wekugadzika machords naKatel).

Danho rinokosha mukukura kweEurope. theoretical M. inobatanidzwa nemabasa a X. Riemann, musayendisiti we erudition huru uye ane hunyanzvi hwesainzi. zvido, avo vakabatsira pakuparara. zvikamu zvedzidziso yemimhanzi. Riemann akatanga uye akasimbisa pfungwa yeharmonics. mabasa, achipa kupatsanurwa kutsva kwemakord maererano nekuve kwerimwe kana rimwe boka rinoshanda, zvakaratidza kukosha kwekuumba kwekusiyanisa. Muchidzidzo chemafomu emimhanzi, haana kungoenderera kubva kune architectonic chete. nguva (nzvimbo yezvikamu, hukama hwavo kune yese uye kune mumwe nemumwe), asiwo kubva kune vavariro-thematic. kubatana. Zvisinei, yakanyanyisa categoricalness, iyo Riemann akaratidza ake sainzi. maonero, anopa akati wandei ake theoretical. gadziriro dzakasimba. hunhu. Kubva pamitemo yemaitiro uye mitemo yekirasi. manyorerwo emimhanzi, akati kwavari aikosha, akakosha pasi rose, uye nemaitiro emusambo uyu akasvika pamimhanzi yenguva dzese nevanhu. Dzidziso yaRiemann yemamita uye rhythm inonyanya kunetseka mupfungwa iyi. Chikoro chinoshanda chekubatana chakatangwa mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19 nerechi20. zvakare nemabasa aE. Prout naFO Gevart.

Muzana ramakore rechi20 M. pakupedzisira inokura uye inogamuchira kuzivikanwa seyakazvimirira. sainzi inogadzirisa matambudziko akakosha uye ine nzira dzayo dzekutsvagisa. M. inosanganisirwa muhurongwa hwedzidzo yepamusoro muvanhu, munyika zhinji dzeEurope neAmerica pamabhutsu emvere dzepamusoro anogadzirwa madhipatimendi akakosha kana mu-iwe M. Activation yesainzi. mabasa mundima yemimhanzi anobatsira kune akawanda. musicologist. nezve-va uye masangano, to-rye dzimwe nguva vane yavo. vezvenhau, buritsa nhevedzano yezvinyorwa uye tsvagiridzo. zvinyorwa. Muna 1899 Intern. music society, iyo yakaisa basa rekubatanidza musicologists dec. nyika. Muna 1914, maererano nekutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yokutanga, yakarega mabasa ayo. Muna 1, International Society for Musicology yakasikwa, umo masayendisiti anobva kunyika dzinopfuura makumi mana (kusanganisira USSR) anomiririrwa.

Iyo yakawanda chiyero chebasa munzvimbo yeM. muzana remakore rechi20. yakawedzera zvakanyanya, huwandu hwayo hwematambudziko hwawedzera, tsvakiridzo itsva yaonekwa. maindasitiri uye nzira. Izvo zvinonzi. enzanisa. M., vane basa rekudzidza mimhanzi. dzisiri dzeEuropean tsika. peoples. Nheyo dzinokosha dzegwara iri dzakagadzirwa pakutanga. Muzana remakore rechi20 masayendisiti eGermany K. Stumpf, EM Hornbostel, K. Sachs, R. Lachman, V. Viora ndevevamiririri vayo vakakurumbira. Kuenzanisa nzira. M., izvo zvakavakirwa pakutsvaga kwezvinhu zvakafanana mune sutu-ve decomp. vanhu venyika, vakazotsoropodzwa uye zita chairo rechirango rakaonekwa kuti rakanga risiri iro. Muma40s. pfungwa ye "ethnomusicology" yakatangwa. Kusiyana nekuenzanisa. M., chirango ichi chinoda kudzidza mimhanzi. tsika dzevanhu pamwe chete, mumubatanidzwa wemativi ayo ese.

Masayendisiti Zap. Europe neUnited States vakawana mhedzisiro yakakosha mukudzidza kweEast. mimhanzi tsika. Kana muzana remakore rechi19 richiitwa chete zvakasiyana, zvakawanda kana zvishoma episodic. nzendo munzvimbo iyi (somuenzaniso, mabasa aRG Kizevetter, pamwe chete naF. Salvador-Daniel, nhengo yeParis Commune pamimhanzi yechiArab), panguva iyoyo muzana remakore rechi20. music Orientalism inova yakazvimirira. chirango chesainzi. Capital inoshanda pamimhanzi yeArab. nyika neIran dzakagadzirwa naG. Farmer, maererano nekirasi. Mumhanzi wechiIndia – A. Daniel, mumhanzi weIndonesia – J. Kunst. Asi nekuwanda kwesainzi yakanaka. data, mabasa aya kazhinji ari panjodzi mugwara uye methodological. nheyo. Nokudaro, mumabasa aDanielou, pane tsika yekuchengetedza tsika. tsika dzekumabvazuva uye kusakoshesa kwemazuva ano. maitiro avo ebudiriro.

Pakutanga. 20th century JB Thibaut naO. Fleischer vakateya nheyo dzemazuva ano. mimhanzi Byzantine zvidzidzo. Kubudirira kwakasimba munharaunda iyi kwakabatana nezvakawanikwa naH. Tilliard, K. Høeg, naE. Welles.

Mabhuku akawandisa enhoroondo yemimhanzi anovhara zvakasiyana siyana zvezviitiko uye decomp. nguva - kubva kumabvazuva kwekare. tsika nemagariro ekare kunguva yedu. Zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana mhando dzemimhanzi-nhoroondo. inoshanda: iyi monographic. tsvakurudzo yakatsaurirwa kune yakatanhamara kugadzira. nhamba kana mimhanzi. marudzi, uye wongororo yakajairika yekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi nenyika, nguva, stylistic. nguva. Munhoroondo yemimhanzi, Western-European. Kune dzinenge dzisina "nzvimbo chena" uye lacunae, inokahadzika, yakanyorwa asi yakasimbiswa chokwadi chasara pakati pevanhu. Kuvanonyanya kukosha vemimhanzi-vanyori vezvakaitika kare zvezana remakore rechi20. ndezva: G. Abert, A. Shering, A. Einstein muGermany; JG Prodomme, A. Prunier, R. Rolland, J. Tiersot muFrance; OE Deutsch, E. Shenk muAustria; A. Bonaventure, A. Della Corte, F. Torrefranca muItaly; E. Blom, E. Dent muEngland; P. Lang, G. Rees muU.SA, nevamwe. Musicologist. zvikoro zvakatanga muCzechoslovakia, Poland nedzimwe nyika dzekuMabvazuva. Europe. Muvambi weCzech M. yemazuva ano ndiO. Gostinskiy, vatevedzeri vake vaiva masayendisiti akakurumbira akadai saV. Gelfert, Z. Neyedly. Pamusoro wechikoro chevaPolish musicologists ndiA. Khybinsky naZ. Jachymetsky. Basa revasayendisiti ava rakaisa hwaro hwekudzika kwakarongeka kudzidza kwetsika dzemimhanzi yenyika. Nhau dzakaunganidzwa dzakawanda munyika idzi. Job. Iyo Polish ethnographer OG Kolberg akagadzira basa rakakura rinotsanangura mibhedha yebhangi. tsika, nziyo, matambiro (“Lud, jego zwyczaje, sposüb zycia, mowa, podania, przyslowia, obrzedy, gusla, zabawy, piesni, muzyka i tance”, t. 1-33, 1865-90). Iye zvakare ane makumi maviri nematatu-vhoriyamu muunganidzwa wePolish bunks. nziyo. Yakakosha kumimhanzi. Folkloristics yeSouth Slavs. vanhu vaive nemabasa eFK Kukhach. A. Pann naT. Brediceanu vakateya hwaro hwehurongwa. kuunganidza nekutsvaga rum. music folklore. Pakutanga. 23th century yesainzi-yakaunganidzwa iri kushandiswa. mabasa aB. Bartok, to-ry akawana mativi akanga asingazivikanwi eHung. uye rum. nar. mimhanzi, yakabatsira zvakanyanya mukuvandudza nzira. nheyo dzemimhanzi ngano.

Yakapararira muzana remakore rechi20. shanda pakutsikiswa kwezviyeuchidzo zvemimhanzi. tsika. Huwandu hukuru hweakadhindwa genus (facsimile editions yezvinyorwa zvekare, kududzira marekodhi mune zvisiri zvepfungwa uye mensural notation, kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa, kunoitwa tichifunga nezvemazuva ano kuzadzikiswa zvinodiwa) hazvina kungoita kuti zvikwanise kuvhara zvinhu zvakawanda nenzira itsva, nekuzara kukuru uye kuvimbika. nguva dzenhoroondo dzekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi, asi zvakabatsirawo kudzoreredza mabasa mazhinji akakanganikwa mukonzati uye opera repertoire. Kuwedzera kwese kwese kwezviitiko zvenhoroondo yemazuva ano muteereri ari mukubatana zvakananga nekubudirira kwenhoroondo. M. uye zvakanyanya kuburitsa mabasa mumunda wemimhanzi.

Makuru makuru ekuita mabasa munhoroondo yemimhanzi muzana remakore rechi20, sekutonga, akanyorwa nemapoka emasayendisiti. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukura kukuru kwezvinhu, izvo zvisingagone kuvharwa nemuongorori mumwe, uye nekukura kwehunyanzvi. Mushure mekubudiswa naRiemann kwebhuku rake rinonzi Handbuch der Musikgeschichte (Bd 1, Tl 1-2, Bd 2, Tl 1-3, 1904-13) uye kubudiswa kweNhoroondo yeMimhanzi (Histoire de la musique”, v. 1- 3, 1913-19) J. Combarier muZarubhi. musicologist. pakanga pasina mabasa makuru ekutanga panhoroondo yese yemimhanzi yakanyorwa nemumwe munyori. Nezvakawanda. mabasa akaungana munharaunda iyi "The Oxford nhoroondo yemimhanzi" ("The Oxford nhoroondo yemimhanzi", v. 1-6, 1 ed. 1901-1905), "Nhungamiro yenhoroondo yemimhanzi" (1924) ed. G. Adler, nhevedzano yemabhuku ari pasi pemusoro mukuru. "Guide to Musicology" ("Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft"), rakabudiswa ed. E. Buecken muna 1927-34, "Nhoroondo yeNorton yemimhanzi" ("Nhoroondo yeNorton yemimhanzi"), yakabudiswa muU.SA kubvira 1940. Mumabasa emimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. X. Mersman, G. Werner, P. Koller, X. Stuckenschmidt, W. Austin nevamwe vakaedza kunzwisisa kare maitirwo emimhanzi. budiriro munguva inodyidzana nemazuva ano. Zvakadaro, mazhinji emabasa aya anotambura nekushaikwa kwechokwadi chenhoroondo, kurerekera kuzere mukusarudzwa nekuvharirwa kwezvinhu. Kudzivirira nzvimbo yeK.-l. imwe nzira yekugadzira, vanyori vadzo dzimwe nguva vanobvisa zvachose huwandu hwezvinhu zvakakosha uye hunhu hwemazuva ano kubva mundima yavo yekuona. music. Kukanganisa kwakakosha pane akati wandei zarub. vatsvakurudzi vakapiwa nemafungiro aT. Adorno, uyo mubhuku rinonzi Philosophy of New Music (Philosophie der neuen Musik, 1949) nemamwe mabasa anozivisa nzira yechikoro chitsva cheViennese seyo chete nzira yechokwadi yekuvandudzwa kwemuses. mhosva muzana remakore rechi20.

Kuwanda kwemashoko uye zvinhu zvakaunganidzwa munzvimbo dzose dzeMoscow zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzira encyclopedia yakadaro. miunganidzwa, yakadai se“Encyclopedia of Music of the Paris Conservatory” (“Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du conservatoire”, pt. 1, v. 1-5, pt. 2, v. 1-6, 1913-31) ed. A. Lavignac naL. de La Laurencie uye "Mimhanzi munguva yakapfuura uye yemazuva ano" ("Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart", Bd 1-14, 1949-68, kuwedzera kwakabudiswa kubvira 1970), ed. P. Blume.

Pamwe chete nezvisingarambiki kubudirira mukuvandudzwa kweakakosha. matambudziko enhoroondo yemimhanzi, kuwedzera kwezvidzidzo zvepamhepo. base, kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, zvisati zvazivikanwa zvemazuva ano. zarub. nyaya. M. nekupinza kwakakosha vakaratidzwawo nek-ry kuramba. tendencies: kushaya simba kwezvizhinji, kushaikwa kwemaonero akazara etsika nenhoroondo, hukama hwepamutemo kune zvinyorwa. Ngozi yekunatsiridza, mapofu uye isina mapapiro empiricism inoratidzwawo nevanonyanya kuona vevamiririri vekuMadokero. M. Kunyange pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. V. Gurlitt akataura kuti kuyerera kuri kuwedzera kwezvinyorwa zvitsva nezvidzidzo zvinobva. misangano haigoni kuvhara “hurombo hwesimba rokusika rokufunga rokusika.” Pa10th Congress yeIntern. Society of Musicology (1967) F. Blume yakasimudza zvakanyanya mubvunzo wekunyanya hunyanzvi uye "neopsitivism" sezviratidzo zvinotyisidzira zvemazuva ano. nhoroondo M., nezve "kuparadzaniswa kunoenderera mberi kwenhoroondo yemimhanzi kubva munhoroondo yeruzhinji." Mukuvandudzwa kwezvinetso zvemaitiro enhoroondo yemimhanzi mushure meG. Adler, G. Krechmar, A. Schering, hapana mitsva mitsva mitsva yakawanikwa. Kupatsanurwa maererano nenguva dzemaitiro anogamuchirwa mumabasa makuru akabatanidzwa panhoroondo yemimhanzi bh chirongwa chekunze chepamutemo, chisingaratidzi kusiyana kwese nekuoma kwenhoroondo yemimhanzi. process. Kuunganidzwa kwechokwadi kunowanzova magumo mazviri uye hakusi pasi pemabasa esainzi yakakura. order.

General gwara rebudiriro theoretical. M. muzana remakore rechi20. inoratidzirwa nekatsika yekukunda dzidziso yeRiemannian uye kusvika pakurarama kwekusika. maitiro emazuva ano. Yakagadzirwa akawanda emabasa pakuwirirana, umo chikuru. misimboti yedzidziso inoshanda inodudzirwa zvakanyanya uye zvakasununguka, kuratidza nzira dzeharmonics. Mavara acho anotorwa pasampuli kubva mumhanzi con. 19 - kupemha. 20th century Rimwe remabasa akakosha erudzi urwu ndere "Treatise on Harmony" ("Traité d'harmonie", t. 1-3, 1928-30) naC. Keklen.

Chiitiko chitsva mukukudziridzwa kwemifungo yedzidziso pamusoro pemumhanzi aive mabasa aE. Kurt, pakati pawo maFundamentals eLinear Counterpoint (Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts, 1917) uye Romantic Harmony and Its Crisis in Wagner's Tristan ( Romantische Harmonik und ihre Krise in. Wagner's "Tristan", 1920). Kurt anoenderera mberi kubva mukunzwisisa kwemimhanzi sechiratidzo chemhando yakakosha ye "psychic. simba”, ichisimbisa divi rayo rine simba, remaitiro. Kurt ndiye akarova zvakanyanya. kurova kune dzidziso uye metaphysical classicism. dzidziso yemimhanzi. Panguva imwecheteyo subjective-idealistic. hunhu hwemaonero aKurt hunomutungamira kune isinganzwisisike uye yakakosha pfungwa yekufamba mumimhanzi sechinhu chinozvimiririra uye chakazvimiririra chechokwadi chekufananidzira-chepfungwa zvemukati.

Vazhinji vevanyori vanotungamira vezana remakore rechi20 vanyori vezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa, umo ivo vasingangotsananguri uye vanosimbisa zvisikwa. uye misimboti yekunaka, asi yakanyatsojeka. mibvunzo yemimhanzi. teknolojia. Mu "Dzidziso yeHarmony" ("Harmonielehre", 1911) naA. Schoenberg, kutarisa kutsva kunoiswa mberi pamusoro pezvinoreva pfungwa dze consonance uye dissonance, bhenefiti yenheyo yechina yekuvaka chords pamusoro penheyo yechitatu ndeye. zvakabvumikiswa, kunyangwe munyori achiri asiri kusiya ivhu rekubatana kwematoni pano. Kunzwisiswa kutsva, kwakawedzerwa kwemazwi anotsanangurwa naP. Hindemith mu "Mirayiridzo muKuumbwa" ("Unterweisung muTonsatz", 1st, theoretical, part, 1937). Hurukuro dzakatevedzana naA. Webern, dzakaburitswa mushure mekufa pasi pemusoro. "Nzira dzemimhanzi mitsva" ("Wege zur neuen Musik", 1960), ine theoretical uye aesthetic. kusimbiswa kwemisimboti yedodecaphony uye serialism. Chirevo chehunyanzvi. Nheyo dzedodecaphony dzakatsaurirwa kumabhuku akawanda pamusoro pe decomp. mitauro (inoshanda naR. Leibovitz, H. Jelinek, H. Eimert nevamwe).

Mumakore 50-70. muWestern Europe uye Amer. M. nzira yezvinonzi. kuongororwa kwemaitiro. Chirevo chechimiro chenzwi, icho chinogona kuratidza kubatana kwakati dzikame kwezvimiro, chinotsiva misisi mugadziriro ino. kuongororwa kwemhando huru dzekirasi. dzidziso yemafomu. Saizvozvowo, zvakasiyana. "zviyero" zvenzvimbo inonzwika uye nguva (urefu, nguva, simba, ruvara rwenzwi) zvakatemwa. "structural parameters". Rudzi urwu rwekuongorora runodzikisira pfungwa yemhando yemamuses. prod. kune seti yehuwandu chete, hukama hwenhamba. Mitemo yekuongorora kwemaitiro inogadzirwa naCh. arr. music theorists. avant-garde yakavakirwa pane serial uye mamwe marudzi e-post-serial mimhanzi. Kuedza kushandisa nzira iyi kune zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nemisimboti yekufunga tonal haina kupa mhedzisiro yakanaka. mhinduro. Ongororo yezvimiro inogona kubatsira kujekesa mimwe mitemo inovaka mumimhanzi, asi inobvisa zvachose kubva kune inoburitsa zvinoreva zvinhu zveunyanzvi. mafomu uye chaiyo nhoroondo uye stylistic. kubatana.

Muzana remakore rechi20 zvikoro zvemimhanzi zvinotanga kuitika munyika dzeLat. America, Asia neAfrica. Pfungwa dzavo dziri pazvinhu zvenyika. mimhanzi tsika. LE Correa di Azevedo ndiye munyori wemabasa makuru pane br. nar. uye prof. mumhanzi, muna 1943 akagadzira Center for Folklore Research paNat. chikoro chemimhanzi. Mumwe wevamiriri vakakurumbira veArgent. M. - K. Vega, uyo akaburitsa zvakakosha zvakaunganidzwa zvemabhangi. nziyo dzinobva pauri. zvinyorwa. MuJapan, kutanga kubva con. Muzana remakore rechi19 nhamba yakawanda yezvinyorwa zvesayenzi zvakaunganidzwa zveNar. uye classic. mimhanzi, yakagadzira tsvakurudzo huru. litre maererano nekusiyana. matambudziko enhoroondo uye dzidziso yeJapan. music. Means. kubudirira kwave kuwanikwa ind. M. mumunda wekudzidza nat. nziyo tsika. Pakati pevamiririri vayo vakakurumbira ndiN. Menon. Mumakore 50-60. basa rekushanya kwawedzera. musicologists; kukosha kukuru kwekudzidza kweNar. tour. mimhanzi nenhoroondo yayo. mabasa eAA Saigun nevamwe vaive nekare. Komiti yeMumhanzi. Tsvagiridzo kuKanzuru yeBudiriro, Literature uye Social Sayenzi. Vaimbi vakuru vakauya. masayendisiti mune dzimwe nyika dzeNegro Africa: K. Nketiya (Ghana), A. Yuba (Nigeria).

MuRussia, M. akatanga kutora chimiro mu con. 17th century yatovepo muzana remakore rechi15. vatungamiri vezvidzidzo zvekunyora hook, iyo inonzi. MaABC (ona. Mimhanzi ABC), aive neukoshi hunoshandiswa chete uye haana ruzivo rwedzidziso yemimhanzi chaiyo. Chete mumabasa evatsigiri vezvikamu vaiimba IT Korenev (Musikia, 60s wezana ramakore rechi 17) uye NP Diletsky (Musikia Grammar, 70s yezana ramakore rechi 17) kwaive kuedza kwakaitwa kugadzira dzidziso inowirirana uye yakakwana yemimhanzi. Muzana remakore rechi18 reRussia pfungwa yemimhanzi yakasunungurwa kubva muchitendero. kutsamira uye inobata pane dzakasiyana siyana dzenyaya dzine chekuita nekuumbwa nekuvandudzwa kwenyika. music culture. Asi M. haasati azvimiririra muzana rino remakore. bazi resainzi ye art-ve. Nhamba ine. zvirevo pamusoro pehukama pakati pemimhanzi nenhetembo, nezvemhando yemamuses. mhando dziri mukugadzirwa. ivo vakatanga kuvhenekera kweRussia. classicism MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov. Lomonosov ane yake yakasarudzika sketch "Tsamba nezve chiitiko chinogadzirwa nemimhanzi mumoyo wemunhu." Mumagazini akabudiswa naIA Krylov nemabhuku ake. vanobatana mu con. Muzana ramakore rechi 18, iyo yakasarudzika yakasarudzika yeclassicist aesthetics inoshoropodzwa, iyo pfungwa yekugona kugadzira Rus. nat. operas yakavakirwa pakusikwa kwevanhu. Echo yakanonoka ye classicism yaive GR Derzhavin's "Discourse on Lyric Poetry or an Ode" (1811-15), mune iyo spec. zvikamu zvakatsaurirwa kuopera, mhando dzenziyo, cantata. Vese vamiriri vakakurumbira veRussia. lit-ry 18 century. - kubva kuVK Trediakovsky kuenda kuAN Radishchev - akaratidza kufarira kwakadzama muNar. rwiyo. Mumwedzi yekupedzisira. Muzana remakore rechi18 ndiyo yekutanga yakadhindwa kuunganidzwa kweRussia. nar. nziyo dzine manotsi enziyo dzenziyo naVF Trutovsky, NA Lvov uye I. Prach. Nyaya yaNA Lvov "Pakuimba Kwevanhu vekuRussia", yakabudiswa senhanganyaya mune yechipiri yezviunganidzwa izvi, yakaratidza kutanga kweRussia. music folklore. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi2 rinoshandawo kune kuberekwa kwenyika dzemadzibaba. music historiography. Nzvimbo yakakosha yeruzivo nezve Russian. hupenyu hwemimhanzi hunotanga. uye ser. 18th yezana ibhuku rakadzama uye rehana rakanyorwa naJ. Shtelin "Nhau nezveMumhanzi muRussia" (18). Muna 1770 yakabudiswa muchiFrench. lang. Bhuku ra AM Beloselsky "Pamhanzi muItaly", izvo zvakakonzera mhinduro dzakawanda kune dzimwe nyika. Pa Academy of Sciences and Arts, mimwe mibvunzo yedzidziso yemimhanzi mufizikisi uye acoustics yakagadzirwa. uye masvomhu zvinhu. Basa raEuropean L. Euler “Chiitiko cheNzvimbo Itsva yeMimhanzi Yakaiswa Pahwaro hweMitemo Isingachinji Yekuwirirana” (rakabudiswa muna 1778) rakagamuchirwa. J. Sarti akaronga forogo itsva yokugadzirisa, yakatenderwa neAcademy of Sciences and Arts muna 1739 uye inenge yakanyatsoenderana neyakagamuchirwa muna 1796 senyika yose. standard.

Muzana remakore rechi19 kukura kwemimhanzi nesayenzi. yaifungirwa yakanga yakanyatsobatana nekurwira nzira dzemberi dzenyika dzemadzibaba. mhanzi mhosva, dziviriro uye kururamiswa kwekusika kwake. uye aesthetic ideals. Nezvenguva iyi, zvakaoma kutora mutsara wakajeka pakati peM. uye muses. kushoropodzwa. Iwo akanyanya kukosha matambudziko eiyo theoretical. uye hurongwa hwekunakisa hwakaiswa uye hwakasarudzwa munharaunda yezviitiko zvevatapi venhau, kazhinji mukukonana kwakanyanya kwemaonero uye kupokana. contractions. Maererano nechitarisiko che operas naMI Glinka mu30s uye 40s. mune zvinyorwa zveVF Odoevsky, NA Melgunov, nevamwe vatsoropodzi, kwekutanga, mibvunzo pamusoro penyika yemimhanzi, pamusoro pekusiyana kwemaitiro, inotanga kukurukurwa zvakanyanya. Zvimiro zvechikoro chemimhanzi cheRussia uye hukama hwayo kune dzimwe nat. zvikoro (chiItalian, chiGerman, chiFrench). Serious science. Zvinyorwa zveVP Botkin "Mimhanzi yeItaly neGermany", "Pamusoro peAesthetic Inokosha yeNew Piano School" (yakatsaurirwa kuna F. Chopin) inokosha zvikuru. Madhipatimendi ari kugadzirwa. hombe monographs. basa rekutsvakurudza. akadai se: “A New Biography of Mozart” (1843) naAD Ulybyshev, “Beethoven and His Three Styles” (1852) naV. Lenz. Ose emabasa aya akawana kuzivikanwa kunze kwenyika.

Nhanho itsva mukuvandudzwa kweRussia. M. akatsunga mabasa eAN Serov, VV Stasov, GA Larosh, yakaitika mu50s uye 60s. Muzana remakore rechi19 Serov akatanga kuunza izwi rokuti musicology. Muchikamu chepurogiramu "Music, Musical Science, Musical Pedagogics" (1864), anotsoropodza zvakasimba dzidziso dzedzimwe nyika. theorists vari kutsvaga kumisa isingazununguki, "yekusingaperi" mitemo yemimhanzi, uye inotaura kuti hwaro hwemimhanzi yesainzi sesainzi kunofanirwa kuve kudzidza kwenhoroondo. nzira yekuvandudza mimhanzi. mutauro nemhando dzemimhanzi. kusika. Pfungwa imwechete inodzivirirwa naLaroche muchinyorwa "The Historical Method of Teaching Music Theory" (1872-73), kunyangwe aesthetic conservatism. nzvimbo yemunyori yakamutungamirira kune dudziro yedivi rimwe chete yepfungwa yenhoroondo semushonga we“pfungwa dzisiridzo” dzemazuva ano. Chaive chakafanana Serov naLaroche ndechekuti vaiyedza kufunga nezvemamouse. zviitiko mune yakafara nhoroondo kumashure, kushandisa kune akasiyana mirano kubva kumunda wemimhanzi uye kubva kune inoenderana ndima yeunyanzvi. kusika. Vatsoropodzi vaviri vakanyatsoteerera mubvunzo wekwakabva uye kukura kweRussia. zvikoro zvemimhanzi ("Mermaid". Opera na AS Dargomyzhsky naSerov, "Glinka uye kukosha kwayo munhoroondo yemimhanzi" naLaroche, nezvimwewo). Mumifananidzo yekuongorora "Chiitiko chekutsoropodza kwehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi yaMI Glinka", "Thematism yekupfuura" Leonore "," Beethoven's Ninth Symphony "Serov akatsvaga kuona izvo zvekufananidzira zvemimhanzi pahwaro hwemusoro. kuongorora. Stasov, uyo akaonekwa mupepanhau seanoshingaira propagandist yeRussia itsva. art-va, murwi wezvinangwa zvepamusoro zvechokwadi uye nyika, panguva imwechete akaisa hwaro hwekurongeka. kuunganidza uye kubudisa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa pamusoro peRussia. vanyori, aive munyori wekutanga ane nhoroondo yehupenyu hweMI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, AP Borodin.

Mukugadzira zvinyorwa. zvigadziko zvenhoroondo yeRussia. mimhanzi, kunyanya yekutanga, pre-Glinka nguva, chiitiko cheHP Findeisen chakaita basa rakakosha. Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvisati zvazivikanwa muRussia. mimhanzi - kubva kuMiddle Ages kusvika muzana remakore rechi19. - rakabudiswa muRussian Musical Newspaper, osn. Findeisen muna 1894, uyewo muzvikamu "Musical Antiquity", yakabudiswa pasi pekunyora kwake. muna 1903-11. Findeisen ndiye ane ekutanga zvinyorwa zvakakura zvetsamba dzeGlinka, Dargomyzhsky nedzimwe Rus. vanyori. Nhamba yezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvidzidzo muRussia. mimhanzi yakabudiswa mumagazini. "Musical Contemporary", rakabudiswa pasi pekupepeta kwe. AN Rimsky-Korsakov muna 1915-17; nyanzvi. zvinyorwa zvemagazini ino zvakatsaurirwa kuna Mussorgsky, Scriabin, Taneyev. Kubva kumabasa makuru epre-revolutionary. makore munhoroondo yemimhanzi, yakakura muhuwandu ndiyo "History of the Musical Development yeRussia" (vols. 1-2, 1910-12) MM Ivanov, asi maitiro. rusaruro rwemitongo yemunyori zvinoreva. dhigirii rinodzikisira chokwadi chinobatsira chiripo mubasa iri. zvinhu. Mabasa eAS Famintsyn "Buffoons muRussia" (1889), "Gusli. Chiridzwa chemimhanzi chevanhu vekuRussia" (1890), "Domra nezvimwe zviridzwa zvakabatana zvevanhu veRussia" (1891), NI Privalova "Beep, chiridzwa chekare cheRussia" (1904), "Zviridzwa zvemhepo zvevanhu veRussia" (1908) , nezvimwewo .kupa zvinhu zvakakosha zvekuvhenekera kwekugadzira mimhanzi yenyika muDr. Russia. Ruzivo rutsva rwunotaurwa muzvinyorwa naSK Bulich muchiRussia. wok. mumhanzi 18 uye mangwanani. 19th mazana emakore Pakati pemabasa e monographic nezve classics yeRussia. mimhanzi inosiyaniswa nekukwana kweruzivo uye kuwanda kwezvinyorwa zvinyorwa "The Life of PI Tchaikovsky" (vols. 1-3, 1900-02), yakanyorwa nemukoma wemunyori MI Tchaikovsky. Mumakore ekuma1900 inova nyaya yesainzi. zvidzidzo zvebasa revanyori vezera diki: AK Lyadov, SI Taneeva, AK Glazunov, AN Skryabin, SV Rakhmaninov, akati wandei eakaomesesa ehupenyu mabasa akazvipira kuCrimea. uye kuongorora mabasa eVG Karatygin, GP Prokofiev, AV Ossovsky, Yu. D. Engel, uyo akatanga basa rake saBV Asafiev.

Indasitiri yakakosha pre-revolutionary. nhoroondo M. mabasa pane mamwe Russian. mimhanzi yechechi. Mafungiro akati wandei anonakidza uye fungidziro pamusoro perutivi urwu rwenyika dzemadzibaba. mimhanzi nhaka yakaratidzwa naE. Bolkhovitinov pakutanga. 19th century Muma40s. kune zvinyorwa zve ND Gorchakov, VM Undolsky, IV Sakharov, zvine zvinyorwa kubva kune theoretical. zvinyorwa uye zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinyorwa pamusoro pevaimbi. kudai-ve Russia. VF Odoevsky mumakore makumi matanhatu. yakabudiswa akati wandei. research. sketches maererano nemamwe maRussia. mumhanzi, mumakereke mapi. kuimba kunoenzaniswa neNar. rwiyo. Panguva imwecheteyo, basa rakazara raDV Razumovsky "Kuimba kweChechi muRussia" rakagadzirwa (nyaya 60-1, 3-1867). Mukuenderera mberi kwemibvunzo Rus. chechi SV Smolensky, II Voznesensky, VM Metallov, AV Preobrazhensky akaita mupiro unokosha pakuimba. Zvisinei, mune mazhinji emabasa aya, chechi. Kuimba kunoonekwa kwakazvimiririra, kwakasarudzika kubva kune yakajairika nzira dzekusimudzira yeRussia. arts. tsika, iyo dzimwe nguva inotungamira kune rimwe divi, nhoroondo isingakwaniriswi mhedziso.

Kunyanya kutarisisa kwakabhadharwa kune vanotungamira manhamba eRussia. mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi 19 kudzidza kwenziyo dzevanhu. Pfungwa dzinokosha pahunyanzvi. ChiRussia chimiro. nar. nziyo, hunhu hwemaimbiro ayo. imba yekuchengetera zvinhu, kukosha kwayo pakugadzira kwemunyori ndekwevatenzi vakatanhamara venyika dzemadzibaba. music classics. VF Odoevsky akacherechedza kuti mumabasa ake paNar. zvakawanda zvakakurudzirwa kuimba naGlinka. Muzvinyorwa zveStasov, Laroche nevamwe vamiririri vakakurumbira veRussia. mimhanzi yakakosha pfungwa dzinosangana dzine. excursions kune nzvimbo yekugadzira. Yakaunganidzwa kune ser. Zana ramakore rechi 19 kurekodha nziyo dzenyama necherechedzo inorarama yokuvapo kwayo kwaida zvesayenzi. generalizations uye systematizations. Serov's article "Russian folk song sechidzidzo chesayenzi" (1869-71) yaiva chiitiko chekutsoropodza. kunzwisisa uye kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvose izvi netsanangudzo. theoretical positions. Munyori anoedza kutsanangura denderedzwa guru remabasa uye nzira dzekusimudzira muses. ngano sesainzi yakakosha. dzidziso. Nekudaro, kutaura akati wandei echokwadi chekuongorora chekutarisa uye kufunga kweiyo general methodological. kurayira, Serov akaomerera kune maonero asina kururama akapararira panguva iyoyo kuti hwaro hweRussia. rwiyo-nziyo rwiyo nhema mamwe chiGiriki. fret system. Maonero aya, akatanga muzana remakore rechi18. pasi pesimba repfungwa dzechinyakare, yakagamuchira kutaura kwayo kwakanyanya mumabasa aYu. K. Arnold ("Theory of Old Russian Church uye Folk Singing", 1880, nezvimwewo). Chimwe chezvakakosha zvakabudirira zvemadzibaba. uye mumhanzi. folkloristics muhafu yechipiri. 2th century yaive kuvhurwa kweRussia nar. polyphony (Yu. N. Melgunov, HE Palchikov). HM Lopatin mukutanga kuunganidzwa, yakaburitswa naye pamwe naVP Prokunin (19), inoratidza musiyano weNar. nziyo dzenziyo. Muma1889s. zvakarongeka zvinotanga. epic kudzidza. rwiyo tsika. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi60 ne19. EE Lineva akatanga kushandisa Nar kurekodha. nziyo dzegiramufomu. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kumisa nekugadzirisa zvimwe zvimiro zvezwi ravo mhenyu, izvo zvakaoma kunzwa nenzeve. Music-ethnographic. komisheni kuMoscow. un-te, yakagadzirwa muna 20, yakava iyo huru. nzvimbo yekudzidza uye propaganda yeNar. nziyo pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi1902; pamwe chete nevaongorori vengano (AA Maslov, NA Yanchuk, nevamwe), vanyori vakuru (Rimsky-Korsakov, Taneyev, Lyadov, Grechaninov) vakapinda mubasa rayo.

Kunyangwe kutarisa kwevakawanda veRussia. musicologists 19 uye kutanga. Zana remakore rechi20 kwaiva nemibvunzo yenyika dzemadzibaba. mimhanzi tsika, zvisinei, vakatsvaga kuona maitiro avo kune akakosha zviitiko zvezarub. mimhanzi yemazuva ano. Yakawanda inopinza uye inonzwisisa. kutaura nezvebasa reWestern Europe. composers, maitiro otd. prod. inowanikwa muzvinyorwa naSerov, Laroche, Tchaikovsky, uye vamwe vatsoropodzi nevanyori pamusoro pemimhanzi. Pamapeji emagazini. dhinda zvinyorwa zvakaburitswa zvechimiro chakakurumbira, zvinyorwa zvehupenyu. zvinhu, shanduro dzemabasa ekunze. vanyori. Kubva pakati pemabasa ekutanga akazvimiririra. zvesayenzi mabhuku HP Khristianovich "Tsamba pamusoro Chopin, Schubert uye Schumann" (1876), RV Genika "Shuman nebasa rake piyano" (1907), VV Paskhalov "Chopin uye Polish Folk Music" (1916-17) inokosha zvikuru. ) Mumwe wemapiyona emumhanzi weRussia AF Khristianovich akaonekwa muzvidzidzo zvekuMabvazuva, uko basa riri pabunk. mimhanzi yeAlgeria, yakaburitswa kunze kwenyika ("Esquisse historique de la musique arabe aux temps anciens ...", 1863). Ongororo yakajairika yenhoroondo yemimhanzi naPD Perepelitsyn, AS Razmadze, uye LA Sakketi ndeyemhando yekubatanidza. Muna 1908, Musical Theoretical Library Society yakatangwa muMoscow, iyo yakaisa rimwe remabasa ayo kukudziridza mibvunzo yemimhanzi yekare. nhaka uye kusikwa kwesainzi. kuunganidzwa kwezvinyorwa zvenhoroondo uye dzidziso yemimhanzi. MV Ivanov-Boretsky naVA Bulychev vakaita mupiro mukuru pakuitwa kwebasa iri.

Peru vanyori vakuru veRussia ndevemabasa ne diff. music-theoretical. zvidzidzo: Glinka's "Notes on Instrumentation" yakanyorwa pasi pechirevo chake naSerov (ed. 1856), Tchaikovsky's uye Rimsky-Korsakov's kuwirirana mabhuku ezvinyorwa (1872 uye 1885), Rimsky-Korsakov's "Fundamentals of Orchestration" (ed. ona 1913 MO1909 Steinberg). ) Aya mabasa ainyanya kukonzerwa nezvinodiwa zvechidzidzo chekudzidzisa, asi zvakare vakagadzira zvimwe zvakakosha zvedzidziso. uye aesthetic order. Mathematical SI Taneyev's monumental work "Mobile counterpoint yekunyora kwakasimba" (ed. 1929) inosiyaniswa nekuwirirana uye kukwana kwechirevo. Kuwedzera kwairi ndiko kwakabudiswa mushure mekufa (1) "Kudzidzisa nezveCanon". Taneyev akataurawo pfungwa dzakadzama uye zvirevo pamibvunzo yefomu, modulation, nezvimwewo. Imwe yezvakashinga uye zvepakutanga zvakabudirira zveRus. mimhanzi yetioretical pre-revolutionary pfungwa makore yaive dzidziso yemodal rhythm yeBL Yavorsky, DOS. gadziriro dzayo dzakatanga kutaurwa naye mubasa "The Structure of Musical Speech" (zvikamu 3-1908, XNUMX).

In con. 19 - kupemha. Muzana remakore rechi20 vanhu vakawanda vokuRussia vari kugadzira basa rokudzidza mutauro wavo. mimhanzi tsika, zvinonakidza uye zvepakutanga-vatsvagiridzi vanouya kumberi. Muvambi weUkraine M. aive NV Lysenko, akagadzira mabasa akakosha paNar. mimhanzi zviridzwa zveUkraine, nezvevatauri veUkraine. nar. kusika - kobzars nemabasa avo. Muna 1888, bepa redzidziso rakabudiswa. PP Sokalsky's "Russian Folk Music Great Russian uye Little Russian", umo isingachinjiki, kunyangwe ichitambura neimwe schematism, mufananidzo wekuvandudzwa kwemamodhi murwiyo rwekuMabvazuva unopiwa. mbiri. peoples. Mumakore ekuma1900 mabasa ekutanga emumwe wevatsvakurudzi vane mukurumbira wemukurumbira anooneka. mimhanzi ngano FM Kolessa. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19 ne20. Komitas akaisa nheyo dzeArm. ngano dzesainzi. DI Arakishvili, pamwe chete neakakura folklore muunganidzwa. rakabudiswa basa muma1900s. tsvakurudzo yekutanga pamusoro pekutakura. nar. rwiyo nekuvapo kwarwo. VD Korganov, uyo akakunda mukurumbira wehupenyu. anoshanda paMozart, Beethoven, Verdi, akabatikidzwawo mumabhuku ake dec. mibvunzo yemimhanzi. tsika dzeCaucasus. A. Yuryan naE. Melngaiilis ndivo vaive vaunganidzi vakuru vekutanga nevaongorori veLetts. nar. nziyo.

Musicology muUSSR. Great Oct. socialist. chimurenga chakagadzira migariro yebudiriro yakafara yesayenzi. mabasa mumunda wemimhanzi pakati pevanhu vese veUSSR. Kwenguva yokutanga munyika yeSoviet M. yakagamuchira kuzivikanwa seyakazvimirira. kuranga. Nyanzvi dzakagadzirwa masangano esainzi anovandudza matambudziko aDec. mhando dzeunyanzvi, kusanganisira mimhanzi. Muna 1921 muPetrograd pahwaro hwesainzi. raibhurari paunyanzvi hwaVP Zubov, hwaivepo kubvira 1912, iyo Russian Institute of the History of Art yakavambwa nedhipatimendi renhoroondo yemimhanzi (mushure mekurongazve kwakatevedzana kwakashandurwa kuita dhipatimendi resainzi reLeningrad Institute of Theatre, Mimhanzi uye Cinematography). Mugore rimwe chete, Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakagadzirwa muMoscow. Institute of Music Science (HYMN) uye State. academy of arts. Sayenzi (GAKhN). Iyo yakakura kwazvo yemazuva ano munyori wenhoroondo yekugadzwa kwemhando yakaoma - Ying t yenhoroondo yehunyanzvi, H.-i. ma-iwe ane akakosha Kune madhipatimendi emimhanzi munzvimbo zhinji dzeUnion republic. M. seyakakosha inosanganisirwa muhurongwa hwemimhanzi yepamusoro. dzidzo, munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza, uye mamwe mamuseum. mayunivhesiti kune madhipatimendi edzidziso uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi, to-rye ndeyekutsvagisa. shanda munzvimbo dzinoenderana.

Soviet masvomhu, iyo inokura pahwaro hweMarxist-Leninist methodology, inoita basa rinoita mukuvakwa kwesangano resocialist. mimhanzi tsika, inobatsira kugadzirisa nekukurumidza matambudziko anoshanda. mabasa anoiswa mberi nehupenyu, anotora chikamu mubasa rekunaka. dzidzo yevanhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, mazizi musicologists anovandudza anonyanya kukosha matambudziko edzidziso uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi, achizvigadzirisa nenzira itsva muchiedza chehukuru. zvirongwa zve dialectic. uye kuda zvinhu zvekare. Mumabasa e20s uye 30s. zvikanganiso zvakashata zvemagariro evanhu zvakaitwa. kurongeka, zvichibva mukududzirwa kwakatwasanuka uye kwakarongwa kwekubatana kwekuda-va nemagariro nehupfumi. hwaro. Kukunda zvikanganiso izvi uye kusimbisa nzira dzemazizi. M. akabatsira kumabasa aAV Lunacharsky semuimbi. munyori. Achitsoropodza “dzidziso yokusakendenga yenguva isati yakwana” yevanyanduri veMarxism, akapa munziyo dzake nenhau. zvikeche uye zviitwa mienzaniso yekupinzwa kusinganzwisisike mune zvemagariro essence muna Zvita. music phenomena. Chirongwa chakakura uye chakasiyana-siyana chekusimudzira mazizi. M. akaiswa mberi naBV Asafiev mumushumo we "Modern Russian Musicology uye Its Historical Tasks" (1925). Achitaura nezve kukosha kwekusanganisa yakafara nzira matambudziko neyakadzama kongiri tsvakiridzo, Asafiev akanyanya kusimbisa kuti sainzi yemimhanzi inofanirwa kuve nehanya nezvinodikanwa zvehupenyu uye kuve simba rinokanganisa uye rinotungamira remuses. maitiro. Musayendisiti ane maonero makuru, akapfumisa nemabasa ake decomp. nzvimbo dzenhoroondo uye theoretical M., ichitungamira imwe yemazizi makuru. musicologist. zvikoro. Ane mabasa mazhinji anokosha paRussia. uye zarub. classical heritage uye mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi20, inosiyaniswa nekutsva kwekutarisa uye hunyengeri hwekunaka. kuongorora. Asafiev ndiye akatanga kuratidza zvizere kukosha kwebasa raTchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Stravinsky nevamwe vanyori. Kukunda iyo subjective-idealistic maitiro anomuita mumakore ake ekutanga. zvikanganiso, akauya pakusikwa kwekuda zvinhu. dzidziso yeinzwi, iyo inobatsira kuburitsa nzira chaiyo yekuratidza chokwadi mumimhanzi. Dzidziso iyi ndeimwe yezvakabudirira zvikuru zveMarxist musical theory. uye aesthetic pfungwa.

Kuma20s. akati wandei edzidziso dzepfungwa dzaizviti ndezvepasirese (dzidziso yemetrotectonism naGE Konyus, dzidziso yeakawanda-masikirwo modhi nemakonzonenzi naNA Garbuzov), kunyangwe ivo vakatsanangura chete zvimwe zvinhu zvekugadzira uye harmonic. maitiro mumimhanzi. Nhaurirano pamusoro pedzidziso idzi dzakabatsira mukukura kwemazizi. theoretical M. Nhaurirano pamusoro pedzidziso yemodal rhythm (1930) yakawana chiyero chakakura zvakanyanya. Yakashoropodza zvinopokana, zvimiro zvepfungwa zvedzidziso iyi uye yakasarudza zvinhu zvayo zvinobereka, izvo zvinogona kupfumisa zizi. sainzi yemimhanzi. Rimwe remabasa akakosha ezizi. theoretical M. kwaive kugadzirwa kwemaitiro matsva ekuongorora, zvichibatsira kuburitsa pfungwa nedimikira zvirimo mumisisi. prod. Mabasa eLA Mazel naVA Zukkerman aive akakosha munzvimbo iyi. Kubva pamitemo yeMarxist-Leninist aesthetics, vakagadzira iyo inonzi nzira. kuongororwa kwese, kuongorora chimiro chemuses. prod. sehurongwa hwehurongwa hwevose huchataura. zvinoreva kuti kushanda kuita zvakatsanangurwa. contain. chinangwa. Mupiro unokosha pakuvandudzwa kwenzira iyi yakaitwawo naSS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov, I. Ya. Ryzhkin, uye VP Bobrovsky. Panguva imwe chete vari kuvandudzwa nemapazi edzidziso. M. Basa raGL Catoire "Theoretical course of harmony" (zvikamu 1-2, 1924-25), zvichibva pamitemo yechikoro chekushanda, inopa mutsva, tsanangudzo yepakutanga yezvimwe zvayo. Dep. izvo zvinopihwa zvechikoro ichi zvinowedzeredzwa mumabasa eIV Sposobina, SV Evseev nevamwe. development. Dzidziso yemabasa akasiyana-siyana akagadzirwa naYu. N. Tyulin inopa kiyi yekunzwisisa vazhinji. kuwirirana kutsva. zviitiko mumimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20. Mibvunzo yemabasa emazuva ano eSS Skrebkov, Yu. N. Kholopov nevamwe vanyori vakazvipirawo kuwirirana. Mune basa guru re LA Mazel "Matambudziko echinyakare kuwirirana" (1972), achibatanidza dzidziso. chikamu chekutsvagisa nenhoroondo uye aesthetics, shanduko yeharmonics yakafukidzwa zvakanyanya. kufunga kubva muzana remakore rechi18.

SS Bogatyrev akagadzira uye akawedzera zvimwe zvinhu zveSI Taneyev dzidziso pane mobile counterpoint.

BV Protopopov akagadzira akatevedzana emabasa enhoroondo yepolyphony. Mibvunzo yepolyphony naDec. mativi akafukidzwa mumabasa eAN Dmitriev, SV Evseev, SS Skrebkov.

Nhungamiro yakakosha mumazizi. M. ndiwo mabasa aNA Garbuzov nesainzi yake. zvikoro zvinomira pamucheto wedzidziso yemimhanzi uye acoustics. Dzidziso yenzvimbo yekunzwa yakagadziridzwa naGarbuzov (ona. Zone) yakakosha pakugadzirisa zvimwe zvemimhanzi-yedzidziso. matambudziko. Iyi gwara zvakare iri muchidimbu kusangana nenzvimbo yemamuses. psychology, inoratidzwa mumazizi. sainzi yemimhanzi nezvidzidzo zveEA Maltseva, BM Teplov, EV Nazaykinsky nevamwe.

Kuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi-nhoroondo. sainzi muma20s. yakanga yakaoma uye yakanonoka neRapmov-proletkult nihilistic. mafambiro enhaka. Kushoropodzwa kwemaitiro aya muzvinyorwa zvakawanda zvebato nekutaura nevakuru vebato nehurumende kwakabatsira zizi. nhoroondo M. tsanangura zvakajeka mabasa avo uye methodological. nheyo. Mushure meOct. revolution kekutanga akawana yakakura uye yakarongeka. basa reunhu pachidzidzo chenyika dzemadzibaba. nhaka. Mabasa aAsafiev "Symphonic Etudes" (1922), "Russian Music kubva pakutanga kwe1930th Century" (18) uye monographic kutenderera kwake. zvinyorwa uye kutsvagisa nezvebasa reakanakisa masters eRus. Mumhanzi weClassics waitsanangura nhanho nyowani munzvimbo iyi, kunyangwe zvisiri zvese mazviri zvaive zvisingarambike uye mamwe emaonero aitaurwa akazogadziriswa uye akadzokororwa zvishoma nemunyori. Pakutanga uye pamaoko. Asafiev, nhevedzano yezvidzidzo yakaitwa muchiRussia. mimhanzi yezana ramakore re1927, inosanganisirwa munaSat. "Mumhanzi uye upenyu hwemimhanzi hweRussia yekare" (1928). Muna 29-1922, basa rakakosha raHP Findeisen "Essays on the History of Music in Russia from Ancient Times to the End of the 1th Century" rakabudiswa. Huwandu hwekutsvagisa kwakakosha uye documentary-biography. zvinhu zvakaburitswa muunganidzwa "Orpheus" (3, rakagadziridzwa naAV Ossovsky), "Musical Chronicle" (zvinyorwa 1922-25, rakapepetwa naAN Rimsky-Korsakov, 1-4), "Nhoroondo yeRussia Mimhanzi muKutsvagisa uye Zvishandiso" (vols. 1924-27, rakanyorwa naKA Kuznetsov, XNUMX-XNUMX). Diff. mativi emumhanzi weRussia VV Yakovlev zvidzidzo, zvichibva pakunyatsoongorora kwekutanga masosi, akazvipira kune tsika. Kutenda kune zvinyorwa zvine mufungo uye zvine hungwaru basa rakaitwa naPA Lamm rakakwanisa kudzoreredza magwaro emunyori wepakutanga weMussorgsky, achiburitsa chiedza chitsva pabasa remunyori uyu.

Chidzidzo chenhoroondo yeRussia. mimhanzi yakaramba ichiitwa zvakanyanya munguva yakatevera. Kusimudzirwa kwesainzi itsva. masimba akabatsira mukuwedzera kwemberi kwekutsvaga, kuvhara decomp. epochs uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviitiko zveRus. mimhanzi yekare. Mahombe monographs akagadzirwa. inoshanda pamakirasi echiRussian. mumhanzi (BV Asafiev pamusoro Glinka, MS Pekelis pamusoro Dargomyzhsky, NV Tumanina pamusoro Tchaikovsky, AN Sohora pamusoro Borodino, GN Khubov pamusoro Mussorgsky, AA Solovtsov pamusoro Korsakov, LA Barenboim pamusoro AG Rubinstein, etc.), miunganidzwa (mu 2 vols. pamusoro Glazunov. , mu 3 volts. nezve Balakirev, nezvimwewo), zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvakadai se "Makoronike ehupenyu nebasa". Kutsvaga zvinhu zvitsva muchiRussia kwakaenderera mberi. mimhanzi ye pre-Glinka nguva. Mabasa eBV Dobrokhotov, BS Steinpress, AS Rozanov nevamwe vakaunzwa mune zvesainzi. kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvisati zvambozivikanwa kwakabatsira kudzoka kuhupenyu kwezvigadzirwa zvakakanganwika zvisina kunaka. Mabasa anokosha aTN Livanova "Russian musical culture of the 1th century" (vols. 2-1952, 53-3), AA Gozenpud "Russian opera theatre yezana remakore rechi1969" (72 mabhuku, 17-1). Mabasa eMV Brazhnikov, VM Belyaev, ND Uspensky inhanho inokosha mukudzidza kwemimhanzi yakanyorwa. nhaka yeRussia yekare. Muses. tsika yezana ramakore re3 yakagamuchira kufukidzwa kutsva mumabasa aTN Livanova, SS Skrebkov, VV Protopopov. Nyaya Mabasa aAD Alekseev naVI Muzalevsky (piano mimhanzi), VA Vasina-Grossman naOE Levasheva (chamber vocal lyrics), AS Rabinovich (opera yenguva yeGlinka pre-Glinka) akazvipira kumhando , AA Gozenpud (kutenderera kwemabhuku nezveRussia operatic music), IM Yampolsky (violin art), LS Ginzburg (cello art), LN Raaben (chamber instr. Ensemble), etc. Kukura kwemimhanzi-yakakosha. uye pfungwa yekunaka muRussia yakafukidzwa mumabasa aYu. A. Kremlev “Murangariro wokuRussia pamusoro pemimhanzi” (vols. 1954-60, 1-1) uye TN Livanova “Kutsoropodzwa kweOpera muRussia” (vol. 2; ndima 2, chinyorwa 3, pamwe chete neVV Protopopov). Means. pane zvakabudirira mukuburitswa kwezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa uye masosi muRussia. music. The anthology yakakura The History of Russian Music in Musical Samples (vols. 4-1966, 73st ed., 1-1) inopa chiverengero chemabasa mashoma anozivikanwa. 1 uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 3 Kubva 1, yakatevedzana "Monuments of Russian Musical Art" yakaburitswa, iro basa raro rakarongeka. kuvandudza uye kuburitswa kwezvinyorwa zvenhaka yeRus. mimhanzi kubva panguva yekare kusvika kumagumo. Yezana ramakore rechi1940 Kutsvagisa kukuru. uye textological. basa rakatangira kuburitswa kwedzidzo. akaunganidza mabasa aGlinka, Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky (muchikamu chemimhanzi, kunze kwemabasa akaunganidzwa eMussorgsky, ose anopedzwa).

Kutenda kune zvakawanda zvichangobva kuwanikwa uye kuitwa kuti zviwanikwe zvakaunganidzwa zvechokwadi. ruzivo, zvakadzama kudzidza uye kuongorora kugadzira zviitiko nhoroondo rus. mumhanzi wakagamuchira chiedza chitsva. Ngano pamusoro peprovincialism uye kudzokera shure, iyo yakamuka munguva yepre-revolutionary, yakabviswa. nguva. Izvi zviitwa nemazizi. nhoroondo M. yakashanda sehwaro hwemabasa ekubatana panhoroondo yeRussia. mumhanzi, ed. MS Pekelis (vol. 1-2, 1940), NV Tumanina (vol. 1-3, 1957-60), AI Kandinsky (vol. 1, 1972), "History of Russian Music" Yu. V. Keldysh (zvikamu 1-3, 1947-54). Iwo akanyorwa mabasa anoitirwa kushandiswa muyunivhesiti pedagogical. dzidzira semabhuku kana uch. mabhenefiti, asi mamwe acho ane uye tsvagiridzo. zvinhu.

Muma40s. kune kutanga kuedza kuunza mazizi akapfuura. mimhanzi ndiyo nzira yebudiriro munhoroondo yakazara. maonero, nyatsoongorora uye kuongorora zvose zvayakawana uye zvayakatadza. Mune mamwe mabasa enhoroondo yemazizi. mimhanzi yakakanganiswa netapuro isina kunaka yokuomerera. kuisirwa, izvo zvakatungamira kune isiriyo, yakakanganiswa nzira yekuongorora. kusika zviitiko uye kuzvidza zvakawanikwa zvese nemazizi. music culture. Muchiedza chezvisarudzo zveC20 Congress yeCPSU uye zviri kuitika muhafu yepiri. 2s yakafara kusika. nhaurirano, mitongo iyi isina kururama yakadzokororwa, maonero ane chinangwa akawedzerwa pamaitiro ekuumbwa nekukura kwemazizi. mimhanzi sesocialist art. realism. Muna 50-1956, The History of Russian Soviet Music (vols. 63-1) yakabudiswa, yakagadzirwa neboka revashandi veInstitute of the History of Arts. Yakanga iri yekutanga yakakosha nhoroondo yenhoroondo yezizi. mimhanzi, inoratidzirwa nekuwanda, kufara kwekufukidza zvinhu uye kunyatsoratidza mharidzo. Mhando dzezizi dzebudiriro. mimhanzi Mabasa eVM Bogdanov-Berezovsky (opera), AN Sohor (rwiyo), uye vamwe vakazvipira kukugadzira. Nhamba huru yemabasa e monographic yakanyorwa. kutsvagisa, kutsoropodza uye nhoroondo yehupenyu. uye analytic essays pamusoro pebasa remazizi akatanhamara. vanyori. Pakati pavo pane mabasa eIV Livanova pamusoro peMyaskovsky, GN Khubov pamusoro peKhachaturian, AN Sohor pamusoro peSviridov nevamwe.

Mumazhinji e Union republics, makadhi emumhanzi akaumbwa, achigadzira nyaya dzine chekuita nekudzidza kwaDec. nat. tsika. Muna 1922, nhoroondo rondedzero pamusoro kukura Ukrainian. mimhanzi naNA Grinchenko. Iye zvakare ane akati wandei monographs. essays pamusoro Ukrainian vakura vaimbi. Muna 1925, bhuku pfupi renhoroondo rakabudiswa. essay cargo. mimhanzi naDI Arakishvili. Mabhuku akadzama pamusoro penhoroondo yeNat. mimhanzi tsika dzeUSSR, inovhara decomp. nhanho dzekuumbwa kwavo nekukura. Izvi zvakabva pakutsvakurudza kwakasimba. labour pl. masayendisiti nezvikwata zvesainzi. Zvisikwa. mupiro mukudzidza mimhanzi yevanhu veUSSR, vese veSoviet uye pre-revolutionary. nguva dzakaunzwa naLB Arkhimovich, NM Gordeychuk, VD Dovzhenko, A. Ya. Shreer-Tkachenko (Ukraine), VG Donadze, AG Tsulukidze, GZ Chkhikvadze, G Sh. Ordzhonikidze (Georgia), RA Atayan, G. Sh. Geodakyan, GG Tigranov, AI Shaverdyan (Armenia), EA Abasova, KA Kasimov (Azerbaijan), Ya. Ya. Vitolin (Latvia), Yu. K. Gaudrimas (Lithuania), FM Karomatov, TS Vyzgo (Uzbekistan), AK Zhubanov, BG Erzakovich (Kazakhstan), etc. Kuburikidza nekuedza kwevakawanda Boka revanyori, kusanganisira nyanzvi dzemimhanzi kubva kuUnited republics, vakagadzira basa rinokosha " Nhoroondo yeMimhanzi yeVanhu veUSSR kubva muna 1917” (5 vols., 1970-74), umo kuyedza kwakaitwa kupa budiriro yenyika dzakawanda. zizi. mimhanzi senzira imwechete yakaoma yakavakirwa pakukura kwakasimba uye kudzika hukama pakati pe art decomp. vanhu venyika.

Mazizi. M. akabatsira mukuvandudzwa kwemibvunzo kunze kwenyika. nhoroondo yemimhanzi. Munzvimbo iyi yakaita basa rinokosha sainzi. uye pedagogical mabasa eMV Ivanov-Boretsky uye KA Kuznetsov, masayendisiti etsika huru uye erudition, akagadzira akawanda. zvikoro zvekutsvagisa. Kubva ku con. 20s inopenya essays naII Sollertinsky inooneka, umo mapikicha akajeka evanoverengeka veWestern Europe anodhirowa. vanyori - kubva kune classical. vatenzi vezana ramakore rechi 18 kuna Mahler naR. Strauss. Mimhanzi yakasiyana-siyana-yenhoroondo. matambudziko akaratidzirwa mumabasa eMS Druskin, VD Konen, TN Livanova, VE Ferman. Creativity yenyika huru dzekunze. vanyori vakazvipira kune vakawanda. monographic research, pakati pe to-rykh muchiyero nesainzi. AA Alschwang's works on Beethoven, DV Zhitomirsky on Schumann, VD Konen on Monteverdi, Yu. A. Kremlev paDebussy, OE Levasheva paGrieg, uye Ya. I. Milshtein paLiszt, IV Nestyev pamusoro peBartok, Yu. N. Khokhlova pamusoro peSchubert, AA Khokhlovkina pamusoro peBerlioz. Huru hwesainzi Chiitiko chaive kuburitswa kwebhuku remifananidzo raBeethoven rakachengetwa muMoscow, rakagadzirwa naNL Fishman uye rakaburitswa pamwe chete neongororo yake yakadzama. research. Kufarira mumatambudziko emimhanzi yezana remakore rechi20 kuri kukura, nhamba yakawanda yekuunganidza, zvidzidzo uye monographs yakazvipira kwairi, kusanganisira mabasa eMS Druskin, IV Nestyev, GM Schneerson, BM Yarustovsky. Kunyanya kutarisa kune mazizi. nyanzvi dzemimhanzi dzinopa mimhanzi. socialist tsika. nyika. Capital inoshanda panhoroondo yeCzech nePolish mimhanzi yakagadzirwa naIF Belza. IM Martynov, LV Polyakova, nevamwe vanoshandawo munzvimbo iyi. Pakati peakawanda mabasa enhoroondo yenyika dzekunze. mimhanzi inosiyaniswa nehupamhi hwepfungwa, kuwanda uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu "The History of Musical Culture" naRI Gruber (vol. 1, chikamu 1-2, vol. 2, chikamu 1-2, 1941-59), umo munyori akatsvaga kuratidza hurongwa hwepasi rose hwekusimudzira muses. mhosva kubva kuMarxist nzvimbo (kuratidzwa kwakaunzwa muzana ramakore rechi 16).

Pamusoro penhoroondo yakakura Nyaya yacho inobva pamabasa padzidziso ye decomp. marudzi. Mibvunzo ye opera dramaturgy inogadzirwa mumabhuku uye zvinyorwa naVE Ferman, MS Druskin, BM Yarustovsky. Muzvidzidzo zveVA Vasina-Grossman, matambudziko ehukama pakati pemimhanzi nenhetembo anoonekwa. mashoko pamusoro pezvinhu zvekamuri wok. kusika. Mubasa raVD Konen "Theatre uye Symphony" (1968), pesvedzero yemimhanzi inoridza pakuumbwa kweiyo thematic uye inoumba nheyo dzemimhanzi yekirasi inoteverwa. symphonies.

Kubuda uye kukura kwenyika itsva. zvikoro mumimhanzi yevanhu veUSSR zvakasarudza kufarira kukuru mungano seimwe yemabviro ekutanga kwavo uye hupenyu. Shanda pakuunganidza uye kudzidza mabhangi. ice creativity yakawana nzvimbo yakakura mumazizi ese. republics. Zvikamu zvitsva zvengano zvakasimudzwa, tsika dzakawanikwa kekutanga, idzo dzakaramba dzisingazivikanwe kusvika Oct. chimurenga. A. AT. Zataevich, folklorist. basa to-rogo rakatanga muma20s., akazova piyona mune yakarongeka. kuunganidza uye kurekodha Kazakh. Nar music. Mabasa aV. A. Uspensky uye E. E. Romanovskaya yaive yakakosha pakudzidza kweUzbek. uye Turkmen. folklore. C. A. Malikyan, uyo akabudisa muna 1931 zvinyorwa zvinokosha zveArm. Nar nziyo dzakaitwa naKomitas pakutanga. 20th century, yakaramba ichishanda munzvimbo iyi uye yakaita zvinopfuura chiuru zvakarekodhwa zvitsva. Mibairo ine zvibereko yakapiwa nekuunganidza ngano. uye tsvagiridzo. basa G. Z. Chkhikvadze muGeorgia, Ya. Churlyonite muLithuania, X. Tampere muEstonia, B. G. Erzakovich muKazakhstan, G. Uye. Tsytovich muBelarus nevamwe. Kuzvinyorwa zvitsva zvinonyanya kukosha zveRus. ngano dzinosanganisira muunganidzwa mukuru weA. M. Listopadov "Nziyo dzeDon Cossacks" (vol. 1-5, 1949-54). Mukufambirana nekuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, basa riri kuenderera mberi pane yavo yesainzi, dzidziso. kunzwisisa. Chinotariswa nengano yemazizi mibvunzo ine chekuita nekuongororwa kwezviratidzo nekwakabva nat. zvinongoitika zvemimhanzi vanhu, shanduko yemhando mune yavo chaiyo yemagariro uye yemazuva ese mamiriro, kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvemuses. mutauro. Nhoroondo inoita basa rinokosha mune izvi. uye nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu. Aspects. Seimwe yepakati uye inonyanya kukosha, dambudziko rekubatana kwe decomp. nat. tsika. Mumabasa aA. D. Kastalsky "Zvinhu zvefolk-Russian mimhanzi system" (1923) uye "Zvakakosha zvefolk polyphony" (yakabudiswa mushure mekufa, ed. AT. M. Belyaeva, 1948) akapfupisa mhedzisiro yekutarisa kwake kwenguva refu pane harmonics. chiitiko chinobva ku polygonal. chepfu. kuita kwenziyo dzeRussia Nar semhedzisiro yemaitiro ayo akasiyana ekutungamira kwezwi. Nebhiza. 20s Russian ice folklore yakagadzirwa munzira yekusiyanisa. kudzidza kwematunhu masitaera. Iyi nhungamiro inoratidzwa mumabasa eE. AT. Gippius uye Z. AT. Ewald, mune ramangwana inoenderera mberi naF. A. Rubtsova A. AT. Rudneva nevamwe. Musoro wezvidzidzo zvakakosha rwiyo runoshanda, rwakapirwa mukutsvagisa kwaE. AT. Gippius, L. L. Christianen nevamwe. Yakagadzirwa basa remazuva ano. zizi. ngano - Russian (T. AT. Popov), ChiBelarusian (L. C. Mukharinskaya) nevamwe. Yakanakisa Ukrainian. nyanzvi yemimhanzi-folklorist K. AT. Kvitka kumashure kuma20s. kuisa mberi uye kusimbisa nzira yekuenzanisa. kudzidza ngano. peoples. Iyi nzira yakakosha zvikuru pakuvandudzwa kwenhoroondo. matambudziko ane chekuita nekuvandudzwa kwemhando dzenziyo nemhando dzemelodic. kufunga. Kutevera Kvitka, iri kubudirira kushandiswa mumabasa eV. L. Goshovsky muUkraine, F. A. Rubtsov muRSFSR. Huru hwesainzi kukosha kuri generalizing theoretical. mabasa aW. Gadzhibekov "Zvinokosha zveAzerbaijani Folk Music" (1945), X. C. Kushnarev "Mibvunzo yenhoroondo uye dzidziso yeArmenian monodic music" (1958). Mune akawanda mabasa aV. M. Belyaev anovhenekerwa naNar. creativity misc. nyika dzeSoviet Union, dzakagadzira general theoretical. matambudziko emimhanzi. folklore; akaita mupiro unokosha zvikuru pakudzidza nziyo. tsika Wed. Asia. Mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa vaongorori vemimhanzi yeCentral Asia vanhu (chap. arr. Kyrgyz) ndiV. C. Vinogradov, uyo anewo akati wandei mabasa pamimhanzi ye zarub. vanhu vekuAsia neAfrica. Nyanzvi. mabasa akapirwa kuna Nar. maturusi echando, to-rye akadzidza mazizi. vatsvakurudzi vane hukama hwepedyo nekugadzira. uye kuita. tsika, netsika yakafanana uye mararamiro emarudzi akasiyana. Hupfumi uye kusiyana-siyana kwemimhanzi. multinational toolkit. nyika dzeSoviets inoratidzwa mubasa rinokosha "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR" (1963), yakagadzirwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwezizi rakakurumbira. nyanzvi mumunda wezviridzwa K.

Mundima yedzidziso uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi-kuita. mabasa akakosha mabasa eBA Struve (zvakakotama zviridzwa) uye GM Kogan (fp.). Diff. nyaya dzemimhanzi. Mabasa aAD Alekseev, LA Barenboim, LS Ginzburg, Ya. I. Milshtein, AA Nikolaev, LN Raaben, SI Savshinsky, IM Yampolsky nevamwe. Dzidziso yakakosha. zvigadziro zvinoratidzwa mumabasa evatambi vakatanhamara AB Goldenweiser, GG Neuhaus, SE Feinberg, vachipfupikisa basa ravo rekugadzira. uye chiitiko chekudzidzisa.

Kukosha kukuru muUSSR kwakabatanidzwa kushanda mumunda wemimhanzi. bhaibheri (ona Mimhanzi Bibliography) neduramazwi. Mune pre-revolutionary MuRussia, mabasa akadaro akanga asina kuwanda uye akasikwa chete nevanhu (NM Lisovsky, HP Findeisen). Mushure meGumiguru revolution mus.-bibliographic. basa rinova rakarongeka. hunhu, kuvimba nemari yebhuku rakakura uye mimhanzi depositories uye muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa. Mune 20s uye 30s. mabasa akawanda anokosha mumunda wemimhanzi. bibliography yakagadzirwa naZF Savyolova, AN Rimsky-Korsakov, nevamwe. Asi basa iri rakanyanya kuvandudzwa kutanga kubva kuma50s. Paive nemabasa akakosha akadai se “Musical Bibliography of the Russian Periodical Press of the 1960th Century” naTN Livanova (rakabudiswa muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana kubvira 1), biobibliographic. duramazwi "Ndiani akanyora nezvemimhanzi" naGB Bernandt uye IM Yampolsky (vols. 2-1971, 74-XNUMX). Means. kubatsira mukusimudzira mazizi. Mumhanzi Mabhuku eBhaibheri nemaduramazwi akaunzwa naHH Grigorovich, AN Dolzhansky, GB Koltypina, SL Uspenskaya, BS Steinpress, nevamwe.

Mumakore 60-70. kutarisa pl. zizi. nyanzvi dzemimhanzi dzakakwezvwa kune zvemagariro evanhu. matambudziko, akati wandei emabasa panyaya dzemimhanzi akaonekwa. sociology (AN Sohora nevamwe), zviedzo zvakaitwa mumunda wezvemagariro evanhu. research.

Marxist-Leninist sainzi. iyo pfungwa yemimhanzi iri kubudirira kukura mune yese socialist. nyika. Nyanzvi dzemimhanzi dzenyika idzi dzakagadzira mabasa akakosha muna Zvita. mibvunzo yedzidziso uye nhoroondo yemimhanzi, mimhanzi. aesthetics. Pakati pevamiriri vakatanhamara veM. socialist. nyika - B. Sabolci, J. Maroti, J. Uyfalushshi (Hungary), Z. Lissa, Y. Khominsky (Poland), A. Sykhra, J. Ratsek (Czechoslovakia), V. Cosma, O. Cosma (Romania), E. Mayer, G. Knepler (GDR), V. Krystev, S. Stoyanov, D. Hristov (Bulgaria), J. Andrejs, S. Djurich-Kline, D. Cvetko (Yugoslavia) nevamwe. batsira pakukurukurirana kwepedyo kwesocialist musicologists. nyika, kuchinjana nguva dzose kwechiitiko, misangano yakabatana uye symposia pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvinyorwa. mibvunzo.

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Yu.V. Keldysh