Alessandro Scarlatti |
Alessandro Scarlatti
Iye munhu ane hunyanzvi nhaka yavari kudzikisira ... mimhanzi yese yeNeapolitan yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX ndiAlessandro Scarlatti. R. Rollan
Muimbi weItaly A. Scarlatti akapinda munhoroondo yeEuropean mimhanzi tsika semusoro uye muvambi weaizivikanwa zvakanyanya mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Neapolitan opera chikoro.
Nhoroondo yemunyori ichiri yakazara nemavara machena. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya pauduku hwake uye huduku hwepakutanga. Kwenguva yakareba zvakatendwa kuti Scarlatti akaberekerwa muTrapani, asi zvakazoonekwa kuti akanga ari chizvarwa chePalermo. Hazvinyatsozivikanwi kuti munyori wenguva yemberi akadzidza kupi uye nani. Zvisinei, zvichipiwa kuti kubvira 1672 aigara muRoma, vatsvakurudzi vanonyanya kuomerera pakutaura zita raG. Carissimi semumwe wevadzidzisi vake vanogona. Kubudirira kwekutanga kwakakosha kwemunyori kwakabatana neRoma. Pano, muna 1679, opera yake yokutanga "Innocent Sin" yakaitwa, uye pano, gore mushure mekugadzirwa uku, Scarlatti akava munyori wedare reSweden Queen Christina, aigara mumakore iwayo muguta guru repapa. MuRoma, muimbi akapinda mune inonzi "Arcadian Academy" - nharaunda yevadetembi nevaimbi, yakagadzirwa senzvimbo yekuchengetedzwa kwenhetembo dzeItaly uye kutaura kwakanaka kubva kumakonisheni eunyanzvi uye hwekunyepedzera wezana ramakore re1683. Pachikoro chechikoro, Scarlatti nemwanakomana wake Domenico vakasangana naA. Corelli, B. Marcello, wechidiki GF Handel uye dzimwe nguva vaikwikwidzana navo. Kubva 1684 Scarlatti akagara muNaples. Ikoko akashanda sekutanga sebhendi weimba yemitambo yeSan Bartolomeo, uye kubva muna 1702 kusvika muna 1702. - Royal Kapellmeister. Panguva imwecheteyo akanyora mimhanzi yeRoma. Muna 08-1717 uye muna 21-XNUMX. munyori wacho aigara muRoma kana kuti muFlorence, uko maopera ake aiitwa. Akapedza makore ake ekupedzisira muNaples, achidzidzisa pane imwe yenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza dzimba dzeguta. Pakati pevadzidzi vake, vainyanya kuzivikanwa vaiva D. Scarlatti, A. Hasse, F. Durante.
Nhasi, basa rekugadzira reScarlatti rinoratidzika kunge rakanaka chaizvo. Akanyora anenge 125 opera, pamusoro 600 cantatas, kanenge 200 misa, akawanda oratorios, motets, madrigals, orchestral nemamwe mabasa; aive muunganidzi webhuku remethodical yekudzidza kuridza dhijitari bass. Zvisinei, kukosha kukuru kweScarlatti kuri pakuti akasika mubasa rake rudzi rwe opera-seria, iyo yakazove yakava chiyero chevanyori. Creativity Scarlatti ine midzi yakadzika. Aivimba netsika dzeVenetian opera, zvikoro zveRoma uye Florentine zvemumhanzi, achipfupisa maitiro makuru muItaly opera art pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Scarlatti's operatic basa rinosiyaniswa neyakajeka pfungwa yemutambo, zvakawanikwa mumunda we orchestration, uye kuravira kwakakosha kwekushinga kweharmonic. Nekudaro, pamwe mukana mukuru wezvibodzwa zvake iarias, yakazadzwa ingave neanokudzwa cantilena kana nekuratidzira kusiririsa. Iri mukati mavo iro simba guru rinoratidza remitambo yake yakanyungudutswa, manzwiro akajairika anowanikwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana: kusuwa - mu lamento aria, rudo idyll - mufundisi kana Sicilian, heroism - mu bravura, rudzi - muchiedza. rwiyo uye kutamba hunhu.
Scarlatti akasarudza zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvidzidzo zvema operas ake: mythological, history-legendary, comedic-mazuva ese. Zvisinei, chirongwa chacho chakanga chisinganyanyi kukosha, nokuti chakanzwisiswa nemunyori sechikonzero chekuzarura nemimhanzi rutivi rwemanzwiro emutambo, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemanzwiro evanhu uye zvakaitika. Chechipiri chemunyori aive mavara evatambi, hunhu hwavo, chokwadi kana kusaitika kwezviitiko zviri kuitika muopera. Saka, Scarlatti akanyorawo maopera akadai "Koreshi", "The Great Tamerlane", uye akadai "Daphne uye Galatea", "Kusanzwisisana rudo, kana Rosaura", "Kubva zvakaipa - zvakanaka", nezvimwewo.
Yakawanda yemimhanzi yeScarlatti yemimhanzi ine kukosha kusingagumi. Zvisinei, chiyero chetarenda remunyori wacho chakanga chisina kuenzana nemukurumbira wake muItaly. “… Upenyu hwake,” anonyora kudaro R. Rolland, “hwakanga hwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura zvazvinoratidzika… kana kuti vaimbi vasina kungwarira vakakwanisa kuita rudo rwake zviri nani ... Aive nekugadzikana uye nepfungwa dzakajeka, zvisingaite zvisingazivikanwe pakati pevaItaly venguva yake. Mumhanzi waive kwaari sainzi, "pfungwa yemasvomhu", sezvaakanyorera Ferdinand de Medici ... Vadzidzi chaivo veScarlatti vari kuGermany. Yakava nepesvedzero yechinguvana asi ine simba paHandel muduku; kunyanya, akafurira Hasse ... Kana tikayeuka kubwinya kwaHasse, kana tikayeuka kuti akatonga muVienna, akabatanidzwa naJS - Juan "".
I. Vetlitsyna
