George Frideric Handel |

George Frideric Handel

GF Handel nderimwe remazita makuru munhoroondo yeunyanzvi hwemimhanzi. Muvambi mukuru weChiedza, akazarura maonero matsva mukugadzirwa kwemhando ye opera uye oratorio, akatarisira mazano akawanda emimhanzi yemazana emakore akatevera - operatic drama yeKV Gluck, the civic pathos yaL. Beethoven, kudzika kwepfungwa kwe romanticism. Murume ane simba romukati rakasiyana uye anonyatsogutsikana. “Unogona kuzvidza munhu upi noupi uye chinhu chipi nechipi,” akadaro B. Shaw, “asi hauna simba rokupokanidza Handel.” "... Kana mimhanzi yake ichirira pamashoko okuti "agere pachigaro chake chekusingaperi", asingatendi kuti kuna Mwari anoshaya remuromo."

Kuzivikanwa kwenyika kwaHandel kunopokana neGermany neEngland. Handel akaberekerwa muGermany, hunhu hwekugadzira hwemunyori, zvido zvake zvehunyanzvi, uye hunyanzvi hwakagadziridzwa paivhu reGerman. Huzhinji hwehupenyu nebasa reHandel, kuumbwa kwechinzvimbo chekunakisa muunyanzvi hwemimhanzi, inopindirana neruzivo rwechinyakare rweA. Shaftesbury naA. Paul, kurwira kukuru kwekutenderwa kwayo, kukundwa kwedambudziko uye kubudirira kwekukunda kwakabatana ne. England.

Handel akaberekerwa muHalle, mwanakomana wemugeri wedare. Mano ekutanga emumhanzi akaratidzwa akacherechedzwa neMusarudzo weHalle, Duke weSaxony, pasi pesimba rababa (vaida kuita mwanakomana wavo gweta uye asina kukoshesa zvakanyanya kumimhanzi sebasa remangwana) akapa mukomana kuti adzidze. muimbi akanakisa muguta F. Tsakhov. Muimbi akanaka, muimbi we erudite, anoziva nziyo dzakanakisa dzenguva yake (chiGerman, chiItalian), Tsakhov akazivisa Handel hupfumi hwemhando dzakasiyana dzemimhanzi, akaisa kuravira kwehunyanzvi, uye akabatsira kugadzira nzira yemunyori. Zvinyorwa zveTsakhov pachake zvakafuridzira Handel kutevedzera. Akatanga kuumbwa semunhu uye somunyori, Handel akanga atozivikanwa muGermany pazera remakore 11. Paaidzidzira mutemo paYunivhesiti yeHalle (kwaakapinda muna 1702, achizadzisa kuda kwababa vake, vakanga vatofa naizvozvo. nguva), Handel panguva imwe cheteyo akashanda semuimbi muchechi, akaumba, uye akadzidzisa kuimba. Aigara achishanda nesimba uye nechido. Muna 1703, ichisundwa nechido chekuvandudza, kuwedzera nzvimbo dzekuita, Handel anosimuka achienda kuHamburg, imwe yenzvimbo dzetsika dzeGermany muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, guta rine yekutanga opera imba yeruzhinji, inokwikwidza nemitambo yeFrance uye. Itari. Yaiva opera yakakwezva Handel. Chido chekunzwa mamiriro eimba yemitambo, kujairana nemimhanzi yeOpera, inomuita kuti apinde munzvimbo ine mwero yechipiri violinist uye harpsichordist mune orchestra. Hupenyu hwakapfuma hwehunyanzvi hweguta, kubatirana nevatambi vemimhanzi vakatanhamara venguva iyoyo - R. Kaiser, munyori weopera, ipapo mutungamiriri weimba yeopera, I. Mattheson - mutsoropodzi, munyori, muimbi, munyori - akave nemhedzisiro huru paHandel. Pesvedzero yeKaiser inowanikwa mune akawanda eHandel operas, uye kwete chete mune ekutanga.

Kubudirira kwekutanga opera zvigadzirwa muHamburg (Almira - 1705, Nero - 1705) inokurudzira munyori. Nekudaro, kugara kwake muHamburg ndekwenguva pfupi: kubhuroka kweKaiser kunotungamira kuvharwa kweimba yeopera. Handel anoenda kuItaly. Kushanyira Florence, Venice, Rome, Naples, munyori anodzidza zvakare, achitora zvakasiyana siyana zvehunyanzvi zvinoonekwa, kunyanya zvinoshanda. Kukwanisa kwaHandel kuona unyanzvi hwemimhanzi hwemarudzi akawanda hwakanga hunoshamisa. Mwedzi mishomanana chete inopfuura, uye anoziva maitiro eItaly opera, uyezve, nekukwana kwakadaro kuti anopfuura zviremera zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa muItaly. Muna 1707, Florence akaita Handel yekutanga yeItaly opera, Rodrigo, uye makore maviri gare gare, Venice yakaronga inotevera, Agrippina. Maopera anogamuchirwa nechido kubva kuItaly, vanonyanya kuda uye vakashatisa vateereri. Handel anova nemukurumbira - anopinda muArcadian Academy yakakurumbira (pamwe naA. Corelli, A. Scarlatti, B. Marcello), anogamuchira mirairo yekunyora mimhanzi yematare evakuru veItaly.

Zvisinei, shoko guru muunyanzvi hweHandel rinofanira kutaurwa muEngland, kwaakatanga kukokwa muna 1710 uye kwaakazogara muna 1716 (muna 1726, achibvuma chizvarwa cheChirungu). Kubva panguva iyoyo, danho idzva muhupenyu nebasa ratenzi mukuru rinotanga. England nemazano ayo ekutanga edzidzo, mienzaniso yezvinyorwa zvepamusoro (J. Milton, J. Dryden, J. Swift) yakazova nharaunda inobereka zvibereko umo masimba makuru ekugadzira emunyori akaziviswa. Asi kuEngland pachayo, basa reHandel rakanga rakaenzana nezera rose. Mimhanzi yeChirungu, iyo muna 1695 yakarasikirwa nenyanzvi yenyika G. Purcell uye yakamira mukusimudzirwa, yakasimuka zvakare kune yakakwirira yenyika chete nezita reHandel. Nzira yake muEngland, zvisinei, yakanga isiri nyore. VaBritish vakarumbidza Handel pakutanga senyanzvi yemutambo weItaly opera. Pano akakurumidza kukunda vadzivisi vake vose, vose Chirungu neItaly. Kare muna 1713, Te Deum yake yakaitwa pamhemberero dzakatsaurirwa kumagumo eRunyararo rweUtrecht, rukudzo rwakanga rwusina mutorwa akambopihwa. Muna 1720, Handel anotora hutungamiriri hweAcademy of Italian Opera muLondon uye nokudaro anova mukuru weimba yeopera yenyika. Opera yake nyanzvi dzinoberekwa - "Radamist" - 1720, "Otto" - 1723, "Julius Caesar" - 1724, "Tamerlane" - 1724, "Rodelinda" - 1725, "Admet" - 1726. Mumabasa aya, Handel inopfuura kupfuura chimiro cheiyo yemazuva ano yeItaly opera seria uye inogadzira (rudzi rwayo rwemumhanzi une mavara akajeka, kudzika kwepfungwa uye kusimba kunoshamisa kwemakakatanwa. Kunaka kwakanaka kwemifananidzo yenziyo yemitambo yeHandel, simba rinosiririsa remagumo rakanga risina kuenzana The Italian operatic art yenguva yavo.Maopera ake akamira pachikumbaridzo chekuchinja kwaizoitika, uko Handel haana kungonzwa chete, asiwo zvakanyanya kuitwa (kare kupfuura Gluck naRameau). Panguva imwe chete, mamiriro emagariro munyika. , kukura kwekuzvifunga kwenyika, kunokurudzirwa nemafungiro eChiedza, kuita kune kunyanyisa kukuru kweOpera yeItaly uye vaimbi veItaly kunopa mafungiro asina kunaka kune opera yose.Mapepa anogadzirwa paIt. alian operas, iyo chaiyo mhando yeopera, chimiro chayo chinosekwa. uye, capricious vatambi. Senyaya yekunyomba, komedhi yekunyomba yeChirungu The Beggar's Opera yaJ. Gay naJ. Pepush yakaonekwa muna 1728. Uye kunyangwe maopera eHandel's London ari kupararira muEurope yese sehunyanzvi hwemhando iyi, kuderera kwemukurumbira weItaly opera yose. inoratidzwa muHandel. Iyo theatre inorambidzwa, budiriro yezvigadzirwa zvega hazvishandure mufananidzo wakazara.

Muna June 1728, Academy yakaguma kuvapo, asi simba reHandel semunyori harina kuwira neizvi. Mambo weChirungu George II anomuraira nziyo panguva yekugadzwa, iyo inoitwa muna Gumiguru 1727 muWestminster Abbey. Panguva imwecheteyo, nehunhu hwake hwekutsungirira, Handel anoenderera mberi achirwira opera. Anoenda kuItari, anotora boka idzva, uye muna Zvita 1729, aine opera Lothario, anovhura mwaka wechipiri opera academy. Mubasa remunyori, yave nguva yekutsvaga kutsva. "Poros" ("Por") - 1731, "Orlando" - 1732, "Partenope" - 1730. "Ariodant" - 1734, "Alcina" - 1734 - mune imwe neimwe yemitambo iyi muimbi anovandudza dudziro yeopera-seria genre nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana - inosuma ballet ("Ariodant", "Alcina"), "mashiripiti" chirongwa chinozadza neyakadzama, yepfungwa zvemukati ("Orlando", "Alcina"), mumutauro wemimhanzi inosvika pakukwana kwepamusoro. - nyore uye kudzika kwekutaura. Panewo kutendeuka kubva kune yakakomba opera kuenda kune lyric-comic imwe mu "Partenope" ine zvinyoro zvinyoro zvinyoro, kureruka, nyasha, mu "Faramondo" (1737), "Xerxes" (1737). Handel pachake akadana imwe yemitambo yake yekupedzisira, Imeneo (Hymeneus, 1738), operetta. Zvichinetesa, kwete pasina zvematongerwo enyika, kurwira kweHandel kuimba yeopera kunopera mukukundwa. The Second Opera Academy yakavharwa muna 1737. Sezvakangoita kare, muBeggar's Opera, parody yakanga isina kubatanidzwa kwemimhanzi yaHandel inozivikanwa zvikuru, saka ikozvino, muna 1736, parody itsva ye opera (The Wantley Dragon) inotaura zvisina kunanga. Zita raHandel. Muimbi anotora kudonha kweAcademy zvakaoma, anorwara uye haashande kweinenge 8 mwedzi. Zvisinei, simba rinoshamisa rakavigwa maari rinotora simba raro zvakare. Handel inodzokera kubasa nesimba idzva. Anogadzira hunyanzvi hwake hwekupedzisira - "Imeneo", "Deidamia" - uye navo anopedzisa basa pamhando yeoperatic, yaakapa anopfuura makore makumi matatu ehupenyu hwake. Kutarisisa kwemunyori kunonangana neoratorio. Achiri kuItaly, Handel akatanga kugadzira cantatas, nziyo dzekwaya dzinoyera. Gare gare, muEngland, Handel akanyora nziyo dzekwaya, festive cantatas. Kuvhara korasi mumaopera, ensembles zvakare yakaita basa mukukudza kunyora kwekwaya yemunyori. Uye Handel's opera pachayo ndeye, maererano neoratorio yake, nheyo, tsime remafungiro anoshamisa, mifananidzo yemimhanzi, uye maitiro.

Muna 1738, imwe pashure peimwe, 2 brilliant oratorios akaberekwa - "Sauro" (Gunyana - 1738) uye "Israeri muEgypt" (Gumiguru - 1738) - nziyo huru dzizere nesimba rekukunda, nziyo dzehukuru mukukudza simba remunhu. mweya uye feat. 1740s - nguva yakanakisa mubasa reHandel. Hunyanzvi hunotevera humhizha. “Mesia”, “Samsoni”, “Belshazari”, “Hercules” - zvino oratorios ane mukurumbira pasi rose - akasikwa muukuru husina kumboitika hwemasimba okusika, munguva pfupi kwazvo (1741-43). Zvisinei, kubudirira hakuuye pakarepo. Kuvenga kune chikamu cheChirungu aristocracy, kukanganisa kushanda kweoratorios, matambudziko emari, basa rakawandisa rinotungamirira kuchirwere zvakare. Kubva munaKurume kusvika Gumiguru 1745, Handel aive mukuora mwoyo kwakanyanya. Uye zvakare simba retitanic remunyori rinokunda. Mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika munyika ari kuchinjawo zvakanyanya - pamberi pekutyisidzirwa kwekurwiswa kweLondon neuto reScotland, pfungwa yekuda nyika inounganidzwa. Hugamba hukuru hweHandel's oratorios hunoshanduka kuve hunoenderana nemafungiro eBritish. Achifuridzirwa nemafungiro erusununguko rwenyika, Handel akanyora 2 grandiose oratorios - Oratorio for the Case (1746), achidana kurwisana nechisimba, uye Judas Maccabee (1747) - rwiyo rune simba mukukudza magamba anokunda vavengi.

Handel anova chifananidzo cheEngland. Zvirongwa zvebhaibheri nemifananidzo yeoratorios zvinowana panguva ino chirevo chakakosha chekutaura kwetsika kwetsika dzepamusoro, ugamba, uye kubatana kwenyika. Mutauro weHandel's oratorios uri nyore uye wakakura, unokwezva kune wega - unokuvadza mwoyo uye unoporesa, hausiyi chero munhu asina hanya. Oratorios yekupedzisira yaHandel - "Theodora", "Sarudzo yeHercules" (zvose 1750) uye "Jephthae" (1751) - inoburitsa zvakadzama kudaro zvemutambo wepfungwa izvo zvaive zvisipo kune chero imwe mhando yemimhanzi yenguva yaHandel.

Muna 1751 munyori akaita bofu. Kutambura, kurwara zvisina tariro, Handel anoramba ari panhengo paanenge achiita oratorios yake. Akavigwa, sezvaaida, kuWestminster.

Kuyemurwa kweHandel kwakaonekwa nevaimbi vese, mumazana emakore echiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX. Handel akanamata Beethoven. Munguva yedu, mimhanzi yaHandel, iyo ine simba guru rekuita zvekugadzira, inowana chirevo chitsva uye zvinoreva. Nzira dzayo dzine simba dzinoenderana nenguva yedu, inokumbira kusimba remweya wemunhu, kukunda kwekufunga uye kunaka. Mhemberero dzegore negore mukukudza Handel dzinoitwa muEngland, Germany, dzichikwezva vatambi nevateereri vanobva kumativi ose enyika.

Y. Evdokimova

Hunhu hwekusika

Basa rekugadzira reHandel raive rakareba sekunge richibereka zvibereko. Akaunza nhamba huru yemabasa emhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Heino opera nemhando dzayo (seria, mufundisi), mimhanzi yekwaya - yekunyika uye yemweya, akawanda oratorios, chamber vocal music uye, pakupedzisira, kuunganidzwa kwezviridzwa zvidimbu: harpsichord, organ, orchestral.

Handel akazvipira anopfuura makore makumi matatu ehupenyu hwake kuita opera. Agara ari pakati pezvido zvemunyori uye achimukwezva kupfuura mamwe marudzi ese emimhanzi. Chimiro pachiyero chikuru, Handel akanzwisisa zvakakwana simba resimba re opera semutambo unoshamisa wemimhanzi uye yemitambo; 40 operas - iyi ndiyo mhedzisiro yekusika yebasa rake munzvimbo ino.

Handel akanga asiri mushanduri weopera seria. Chaaitsvaga kwaive kutsvaga gwara rakazotungamira muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kune maGluck's operas. Zvakangodaro, mumhando iyo yatove isingaenderane nezvido zvemazuva ano, Handel yakakwanisa kuumba pfungwa dzakakwirira. Asati aburitsa pfungwa yetsika muzvinyorwa zvevanhu zvebhaibheri oratorios, akaratidza kunaka kwekunzwa kwevanhu uye zviito muma opera.

Kuita kuti hunyanzvi hwake husvike uye hunzwisisike, mugadziri aifanira kuwana mamwe, mafomu edemokrasi uye mutauro. Mune chaiwo mamiriro enhoroondo, zvivakwa izvi zvaive zvakanyanya muoratorio kupfuura muopera seria.

Shanda pane oratorio yakaitirwa Handel nzira yekubuda mugwara rekugadzira uye dambudziko repfungwa nehunyanzvi. Panguva imwecheteyo, oratorio, yakanyatsobatana neopera mumhando, yakapa mikana yakawanda yekushandisa mafomu ose uye maitiro ekunyora kwekunyora. Yaiva mu oratorio genre iyo Handel akasika mabasa akakodzera unyanzvi hwake, mabasa makuru zvechokwadi.

Iyo oratorio, iyo Handel yakashandura kune iyo 30s uye 40s, yakanga isiri rudzi rutsva kwaari. Mabasa ake ekutanga oratorio anodzokera panguva yekugara kwake muHamburg neItaly; makumi matatu anotevera akaumbwa muhupenyu hwake hwese hwekusika. Chokwadi, kusvika pakupera kwema30s, Handel akateerera zvishoma kune oratorio; mushure mekunge asiya opera seria ndipo paakatanga kukudziridza rudzi urwu zvakadzama uye zvizere. Saka, mabasa eOratorio enguva yekupedzisira anogona kutorwa sehunyanzvi hwekupedzisa nzira yekugadzira yeHandel. Chese chakange chakura uye chakachochonywa mukudzika kwekuziva kwemakumi emakore, izvo zvakaonekwa uye zvakanatsiridzwa mukushanda paopera uye mimhanzi yezviridzwa, zvakagamuchira kuzere uye kwakakwana kutaura muoratorio.

Opera yekuItaly yakaunza Handel kugona kwemaitiro ezwi uye akasiyana marudzi ekuimba ari ega: kutaura kunodzokorora, ariose uye nziyo mafomu, brilliant pathetic uye virtuoso arias. Zvishuvo, nziyo dzechirungu dzakabatsira kuumba unyanzvi hwekunyora kwaya; chiridzwa, uye kunyanya orchestra, nziyo dzakabatsira mukukwanisa kushandisa nzira dzine mavara uye dzinoratidza dze orchestra. Nokudaro, ruzivo rwakapfuma rwakatangira kusikwa kwe oratorios - zvakanakisisa zvisikwa zveHandel.

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Pane imwe nguva, mukukurukurirana nomumwe wevaimuyemura, munyori wacho akati: “Ndingagumbuka, ishe wangu, kudai ndaingopa vanhu mafaro chete. Chinangwa changu ndechekuita kuti vave vakanyanya kunaka. "

Kusarudzwa kwezvidzidzo mu oratorios kwakaitika zvizere zvinoenderana nehunhu hwehunhu uye hwekunakisa kutendwa, neaya mabasa ane mutoro ayo Handel akapihwa art.

Zvirongwa zve oratorios Handel akatora kubva kwakasiyana-siyana: nhoroondo, yekare, yebhaibheri. Kukurumbira kukuru munguva yehupenyu hwake uye kukoshesa kwepamusoro mushure mekufa kwaHandel kwaiva mabasa ake akazotevera pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvakatorwa kubva muBhaibheri: "Sauro", "Israeri muEgipita", "Samsoni", "Messiah", "Judas Maccabee".

Mumwe haafaniri kufunga kuti, akatakurwa nemhando ye oratorio, Handel akava munyori wechitendero kana wechechi. Kunze kwezvinyorwa zvishoma zvakanyorwa panguva dzakakosha, Handel haina mimhanzi yechechi. Akanyora oratorios mumimhanzi uye mazwi anoshamisa, achivaendera kumitambo yemitambo uye kuita munzvimbo. Nedzvinyiriro bedzi yavafundisi apo Handel akarega basa rapakuvamba. Achida kusimbisa hunhu hwekunyika hweoratorios yake, akatanga kuiridza pachikuva chekonzati uye nokudaro akagadzira tsika itsva yepop nekonzati kuita kwebhaibheri oratorios.

Kukwidza kuBhaibheri, kurongedzero kubva muTestamente Yekare, kwaidzorwawo neimwe nzira yechitendero. Zvinozivikanwa kuti munguva yeMiddle Ages, masangano makuru evanhu aiwanzopfeka chimiro chechitendero, achifora nechiratidzo chekurwira chokwadi chechechi. Zvinyorwa zvekare zveMarxism zvinopa ichi chinoitika tsananguro inokwana: muMiddle Ages, “mirangariro yavazhinji yaitsigirwa bedzi nezvokudya zvorudzidziso; saka, kuitira kumutsa mhirizhonga, zvaive zvakafanira kuratidza zvido zvemhomho iyi kwavari nembatya dzechitendero ”(Marx K., Engels F. Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 21, p. 314. )

Kubva paReformation, uyezve shanduko yechiRungu yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, ichienderera pasi pemabhenji echitendero, Bhaibheri rave rinenge bhuku rinozivikanwa kwazvo rinoremekedzwa mumhuri chero yeChirungu. Tsika dzeBhaibheri uye nyaya pamusoro pemagamba enhoroondo yekare yechiJudha yaigara ichibatanidzwa nezviitiko kubva munhoroondo yenyika yavo uye vanhu, uye "hembe dzechitendero" hadzina kuvanza zvinonyanya kufarira, zvido uye zvido zvevanhu.

Kushandiswa kwenganonyorwa dzemubhaibheri sezvirongwa zvemimhanzi yenyika hakuna kungowedzera huwandu hwezvirongwa izvi, asi kwakaitawo zvinodiwa zvitsva, zvakakomba zvisingaenzaniswi uye zvine mutoro, uye zvakapa chidzidzo chirevo chitsva chemagariro. Mune oratorio, zvaigoneka kuenda mhiri kwemiganhu yerudo-rwiyo kupenga, kutenderera kwerudo kwakajairwa, kunowanzogamuchirwa mune yemazuva ano opera seria. Madingindira emubhaibheri aisabvumira mukududzirwa kwezvisina maturo, varaidzo uye kukanganisa, izvo zvaive pasi pengano dzekare kana zvikamu zvenhoroondo yekare mumaseria opera; pakupedzisira, ngano nemifananidzo zvagara zvichizivikanwa nemunhu wese, zvakashandiswa sezvinhu zvekuronga, zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuunza zviri mukati memabasa pedyo nekunzwisisa kwevateereri vakawanda, kusimbisa hutongi hwehutongi hwemhando yacho pachayo.

Chiratidzo chekuzviziva kwaHandel kwevagari vega ndiko kwaiitwa sarudzo yezvidzidzo zvebhaibheri.

Kutarisisa kwaHandel kunotariswa kwete kune mugumo wega wega gamba, senge mu opera, kwete kune zviitiko zvake zvenziyo kana rudo adventures, asi kuhupenyu hwevanhu, kuhupenyu huzere negwara rekurwira uye zviito zvekuda nyika. Muchidimbu, magamuchidzanwa ebhaibheri akashanda sechimiro chezvimiso umo zvaigoneka kukudza mumifananidzo yakaisvonaka manzwiro anoshamisa ekusununguka, chido chekuzvimirira, uye kukudza zviito zvekuzvipira zvemagamba evanhu. Ndidzo pfungwa idzi dzinoumba izvo chaizvo zveHandel's oratorios; saka ainzwisiswa nevairarama panguva imwe chete nemunyori, ainzwisiswawo nevaimbi vepamusoro vezvimwe zvizvarwa.

VV Stasov anonyora mune imwe yeongororo yake: "Koniti yakapera nekwaya yeHandel. Ndiani wedu asina kuzomborota nezvazvo gare gare, serumwe rudzi rwekukunda kukuru, kusina muganhu kwevanhu vose? Handel iyi yaive yehunhu hwakakura sei! Uye yeuka kuti kune akati wandei emakwaya akaita seino.”

Iyo epic-hugamba hunhu hwemifananidzo yakafanoronga mafomu uye nzira dzemumhanzi wavo. Handel akakwanisa unyanzvi hwomuimbi weopera kusvika padanho repamusoro, uye akaita kuti kukunda kwose kwemimhanzi yeopera kuve chinhu cheoratorio. Asi kusiyana neiyo opera seria, nekuvimba kwayo pakuimba wega uye chinzvimbo chikuru cheari, kwaya yakave musimboti weiyo oratorio senzira yekuburitsa pfungwa nemanzwiro evanhu. Ndiwo makwaya anopa Handel oratorios chitarisiko chakaisvonaka, chikuru, achigovera, sokunyora kwakaita Tchaikovsky, “mugumisiro mukuru wesimba nesimba.”

Kuziva iyo virtuoso nzira yekunyora kwaya, Handel inowana akasiyana siyana ekurira. Akasununguka uye anochinja-chinja, anoshandisa kwaya mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana zvakanyanya: kana achiratidza kusuwa uye mufaro, kushingaira kwehugamba, kutsamwa uye kutsamwa, paanenge achifananidzira mufudzi akajeka, idyll yekumaruwa. Zvino anounza ruzha rwekwaya kune simba guru, zvino anorideredza kuva pianissimo inoonekera; dzimwe nguva Handel inonyora kwaya mune yakapfuma chord-harmonic warehouse, ichibatanidza manzwi kuita compact dense mass; iyo yakapfuma mikana yepolyphony inoshanda senzira yekusimudzira kufamba uye kushanda. Polyphonic uye chordal episodhi anotevera alternately, kana ese ari maviri misimboti - polyphonic uye chordal - akabatanidzwa.

Sekureva kwaPI Tchaikovsky, "Handel aive inyanzvi isingaenzaniswi yekugona kubata manzwi. Pasina kumanikidza nzira dzezwi rekwaya zvachose, asingambopfuuri miganhu yechisikigo yezvinyorwa zvezwi, akatora kubva mukwaya yakanakisa mibairo isina kumbobvira yaitwa nevamwe vanyori ... ".

Makwaya ari muHandel's oratorios anogara ari simba rinoshanda rinotungamira mumhanzi uye kukura kunoshamisa. Naizvozvo, mabasa ekugadzira uye anoshamisa ekwaya akakosha zvakanyanya uye akasiyana. Mune oratorios, apo mutambi mukuru ari vanhu, kukosha kwekwaya kunowedzera kunyanya. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa mumuenzaniso wekwaya epic "Israel muEgipita". Muna Samusoni, mapato emagamba ega ega uye vanhu, ndiko kuti, arias, madhiri nemakwaya, anogovaniswa zvakaenzana uye anowedzerwa nemumwe. Kana mu oratorio "Samusoni" kwaya inongoratidzira manzwiro kana nyika dzevanhu vanorwa, ipapo mu "Judas Maccabee" boka rinoita basa rakawanda, richitora chikamu chakananga muzviitiko zvinoshamisa.

Mutambo uye kukura kwayo muoratorio zvinozivikanwa chete kuburikidza nemimhanzi. Sokutaura kunoita Romain Rolland, mune oratorio "mimhanzi inoshanda seshongedzo yayo pachayo." Sokunge kugadzira kushaikwa kwekushongedza kwekushongedza uye kuita kwemitambo kwechiito, iyo orchestra inopiwa mabasa matsva: kupenda nemanzwi zviri kuitika, nharaunda umo zviitiko zvinoitika.

Sezvakaita muopera, chimiro chekuimba wega muoratorio ndiyo aria. Ese akasiyana-siyana emhando nemhando dzearias dzakagadzirwa mubasa rezvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana zveopera, Handel inotamira kune oratorio: makuru arias ehugamba, anoshamisa uye anochema arias, padyo neoperatic lamento, brilliant uye virtuosic, umo inzwi rinokwikwidza zvakasununguka nechiridzwa chega, chifundisi chine ruvara rwechiedza chakajeka, pakupedzisira, zvivakwa zvenziyo senge arietta. Kune zvakare mhando nyowani yekuimba uri wega, ndeyeHandel - aria ine kwaya.

Iyo yakanyanya da capo aria haisanganisi mamwe akawanda mafomu: pano pane kuburitswa pachena kwechinyorwa pasina kudzokororwa, uye maviri-chikamu aria ine inosiyana juxtaposition yemifananidzo miviri yemimhanzi.

MuHandel, iyo aria haipatsanurwe kubva kune yakazara yekunyora; icho chikamu chakakosha cheiyo general mutsara wemimhanzi uye inoshamisa kukura.

Ichishandisa mune oratorios ekunze contours ye opera arias uye kunyangwe maitiro akajairwa eiyo operatic vocal style, Handel inopa zviri muaria yega yega hunhu; achiisa pasi mafomu ekuimba ekuimba ega kune chaiyo dhizaini uye nhetembo dhizaini, anodzivirira hurongwa hweseria operas.

Kunyora kwemumhanzi kwaHandel kunoratidzwa nekupenya kwakajeka kwemifananidzo, iyo yaanowana nekuda kwekutsanangurwa kwepfungwa. Kusiyana neBach, Handel haaedze kutarisisa kwehuzivi, kuitira kutapurirana kweakajeka mimvuri yekufunga kana kurira kwekunzwa. Sokunyora kunoita nyanzvi yemimhanzi yeSoviet TN Livanova, mimhanzi yaHandel inobudisa “manzwiro makuru, akapfava uye akasimba: chido chokukunda uye mufaro wokukunda, kukudzwa kwegamba nokusuwa kukuru nokuda kworufu rwake rune mbiri, mufaro worugare norunyararo pashure pokunge zvakaoma. hondo, nhetembo dzinofadza dzechisiko.”

Mifananidzo yemimhanzi yeHandel inonyanya kunyorwa ne "maroti makuru" ane misiyano yakasimbiswa; ekutanga rhythms, kujeka kweiyo melodic pateni uye kuwirirana kunovapa sculptural relief, kupenya kweposter pendi. Kuoma kweiyo melodic pateni, iyo convex yemifananidzo yemimhanzi yeHandel yakazoonekwa naGluck. Iyo prototype yeakawanda maarias uye makorasi eGluck's operas anogona kuwanikwa muHandel's oratorios.

Magamba echigamba, monumentality yemafomu anosanganiswa muHandel nekujeka kukuru kwemutauro wemimhanzi, nehupfumi hwakasimba hwemari. Beethoven, achidzidza oratorios yaHandel, akati nechido: “Ndiwo waunofanira kudzidza kubva kunzira dzine mwero kuti uwane migumisiro inoshamisa.” Kukwanisa kwaHandel kutaura pfungwa huru, dzakakwirira nekureruka kwakanyanya kwakaonekwa naSerov. Pashure pokuteerera kwaya ya“Judas Maccabee” mune imwe yemakonzati, Serov akanyora, kuti: “Vaimbi vemazuva ano vari kure zvakadini nokupfava kwakadaro mukufunga. Zvisinei, ichokwadi kuti kupfava uku, sezvatakambotaura pamusoro pechiitiko cheMufundisi Symphony, kunowanikwa chete munjere dzehukuru hwekutanga, iyo, pasina mubvunzo, yaive Handel.

V. Galatskaya

• Handel's oratorio →
• Kushanda kwekugadzira kweHandel →
• Kugadzirwa kwezviridzwa zveHandel →
• Handel's clavier art →
• Chamber-instrumental kugadzirwa kweHandel →
• Handel Organ Concertos →
• Handel's Concerti Grossi →
• Mhando dzekunze →