Witold Lutosławski |
Witold Lutosławski
Witold Lutosławski akararama hupenyu hurefu uye hune zviitiko zvekusika; kumakore ake epamusoro, akachengeta izvo zvakanyanya kudiwa paari uye kugona kugadzirisa uye kusiyanisa manyorero, pasina kudzokorora zvaakawana kare. Mushure mekufa kwemuimbi, mimhanzi yake inoramba ichiitwa zvine simba nekurekodhwa, ichisimbisa mukurumbira waLutosławski semukuru - neruremekedzo rwese kuna Karol Szymanowski naKrzysztof Penderecki - kirasi yenyika yePoland mushure meChopin. Kunyange zvazvo Lutosławski aigara muWarsaw kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva ake, akanga achitopfuura Chopin mugari wemo, mugari wenyika.
Muma1930, Lutosławski akadzidza kuWarsaw Conservatory, uko mudzidzisi wake wekunyora aive mudzidzi weNA Rimsky-Korsakov, Witold Malishevsky (1873-1939). Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakakanganisa budiriro yaLutosławski yekuridza piyano uye basa rekunyora. Mumakore ekutapa kweNazi muPoland, muimbi akamanikidzwa kudzikamisa mabasa ake eruzhinji kuridza piyano mumakofi eWarsaw, dzimwe nguva ari muduti nemumwe munyori anozivikanwa Andrzej Panufnik (1914-1991). Iyi nzira yekugadzira mimhanzi inokwereta kutaridzika kwayo kune basa, iro rave rimwe reanonyanya kufarirwa kwete chete munhaka yeLutoslawsky, asiwo munyika yose mabhuku epiyano duet - Kusiyana paDingindira rePaganini (dingindira. nekuda kwekusiyana uku - pamwe chete nemamwe maopuses akawanda evanyori vakasiyana-siyana "pane dingindira rePaganini" - yaive kutanga kweiyo yakakurumbira 24th caprice yePaganini ye solo violin). Makumi matatu nehafu gare gare, Lutosławski akanyora Kusiyana kwePiano neOrchestra, shanduro inozivikanwawo zvakanyanya.
Mushure mekupera kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Eastern Europe yakauya pasi pedziviriro yeStalinist USSR, uye kune vanyori vakazviwana vari shure kweIron Curtain, nguva yekuzviparadzanisa kubva kune inotungamira maitiro emimhanzi yenyika yakatanga. Mapoinzi akanyanya kutaurwa aLutoslawsky nevamwe vake aive nhungamiro yengano pabasa raBela Bartok uye neoclassicism yeFrance, vamiriri vakuru vacho vaive Albert Roussel (Lutoslavsky aigara achikoshesa muimbi uyu) naIgor Stravinsky wenguva pakati peSeptet. yeMhepo uye Symphony muC huru. Kunyangwe mumamiriro ekushaikwa kwerusununguko, zvichikonzerwa nekudiwa kwekuteerera dzidziso dzehusocialism realism, munyori akakwanisa kugadzira akawanda matsva, epakutanga mabasa (Little Suite yekamuri orchestra, 1950; Silesian Triptych ye soprano uye orchestra kune echivanhu mazwi. , 1951; Bukoliki) yepiyano, 1952). Iwo mapinipi emhando yekutanga yaLutosławski ndiyo Yekutanga Symphony (1947) uye Concerto yeOrchestra (1954). Kana iyo symphony ichinyanya kuenderera kune neoclassicism yaRoussel naStravinsky (muna 1948 yakashorwa se "formalist", uye kuita kwayo kwakarambidzwa muPoland kwemakore akati wandei), ipapo kubatana nemimhanzi yerudzi kunoratidzwa zvakajeka muConcerto: nzira dze kushanda nemataurirwo echivanhu, zvinonyatso yeuchidza maitiro aBartók anoshandiswa zvine hunyanzvi pano kune zvinyorwa zvePolish. Zvibodzwa zvese zviri zviviri zvakaratidza maficha akagadziridzwa mune rimwe basa reLutoslawski: virtuosic orchestration, kuwanda kwekusiyanisa, kushomeka kweanoenzanirana uye anogara achiumbwa (asina kuenzana kureba kwemitsara, jagged rhythm), musimboti wekuvaka fomu hombe zvinoenderana neiyo rondedzero modhi ine. kuratidzwa kusina kwazvakarerekera, kumonyoroka kunonakidza uye kutendeuka mukufumura chirongwa, kukakavara kuri kuwedzera uye kuderera kunoshamisa.
The Thaw yepakati pemakore ekuma1950 yakapa mukana kune vanyori vekuEastern Europe kuti vaedze maoko avo pamichina yemazuva ano yekuMadokero. Lutoslavsky, sevamwe vaaishanda navo, akawana kunakidzwa kwenguva pfupi nedodecaphony - chibereko chekufarira kwake pfungwa dzeNew Viennese yaive Bartók's Funeral Music yetambo orchestra (1958). Iyo ine mwero, asi zvakare yepakutanga "Nziyo shanu paNhetembo naKazimera Illakovich" yezwi rechikadzi uye piyano (1957; gore rakatevera, munyori akagadziridza kutenderera uku kwezwi rechikadzi neimba orchestra yekamuri) kubva panguva imwe cheteyo. Mimhanzi yenziyo inocherechedzwa pakushandiswa kwakakura kwegumi nembiri-toni chords, iyo ruvara inotarwa nereshiyo yenguva inoumba yakakosha vertical. Chords yerudzi urwu, yakashandiswa kwete mune dodecaphonic-serial mamiriro, asi seyakazvimiririra zvimiro zvikamu, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinopihwa emhando yeruzha rwepakutanga, chichaita basa rakakosha mune zvese zvemunyori wekupedzisira basa.
Danho idzva mukushanduka-shanduka kwaLutosławski rakatanga mukutanga kwema1950 nema1960 neVenetian Games yechamber orchestra (iyi diki ine zvikamu zvina opus yakatumwa neVenice Biennale ya1961). Pano Lutoslavsky akatanga kuedza nzira itsva yekugadzira orchestral texture, umo zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviridzwa hazvina kunyatsoenderana. Muitisi haabatanidzi mukuita kwezvimwe zvikamu zvebasa - anongoratidza nguva yekutanga kwechikamu, mushure mokunge muimbi mumwe nomumwe anoita chikamu chake muhurukuro yakasununguka kusvikira chiratidzo chinotevera chemuitisi. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zveensemble aleatorics, izvo zvisingakanganisi chimiro chechimiro chakazara, dzimwe nguva inonzi "aleatorics counterpoint" (rega ndikuyeuchidze kuti aleatorics, kubva muchiLatin alea - "dhayi, mijenya", inowanzonzi kuumbwa. nzira iyo chimiro kana kugadzirwa kweiyo yakaitwa basa zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zvisingatarisike). Muzvibodzwa zvakawanda zveLutosławski, kutanga neMitambo yeVenetian, zvikamu zvakaitwa zvine mutinhimira wakasimba (battuta, kureva kuti, “pasi pe [conductor] wand”) zvinochinjana nezvikamu mualearic counterpoint (ad libitum – “madiro”); panguva imwecheteyo, zvimedu ad libitum zvinowanzobatanidzwa ne static uye inertia, zvichiita kuti zvive nemifananidzo yechiveve, kuparadzwa kana mhirizhonga, uye zvikamu zve battuta - nekushingaira kunofambira mberi.
Kunyangwe, maererano neyakajairwa kuumbwa kwemaitiro, mabasa aLutoslawsky akasiyana kwazvo (mune chimwe nechimwe chinoteedzana aitsvaga kugadzirisa matambudziko matsva), nzvimbo huru mubasa rake rekukura yakagarwa nechikamu chezvikamu zviviri zvekuumba chirongwa, chakatanga kuedzwa muString Quartet. (1964): chikamu chekutanga chechidimbu, chidiki muhukuru, chinoshumira sumo yakadzama kune yechipiri, yakazadzwa nekufamba kune chinangwa, iyo yekupedzisira inosvikwa nguva pfupi basa risati rapera. Zvikamu zveString Quartet, maererano nebasa razvo rinoshamisa, zvinonzi "Introductory Movement" ("Introductory part". - Chirungu) uye "Main Movement" ("Main part". - Chirungu). Pamwero mukuru, chirongwa chimwe chetecho chinoitwa muChipiri Symphony (1967), apo mutambo wekutanga une musoro unoti "Anoramba" ("Hesitating" - French), uye yechipiri - "Direct" ("straight" - French. ) "Bhuku reOrchestra" (1968; "bhuku" iri rine "zvitsauko" zvidiki zvitatu zvakapatsanurwa kubva kune chimwe nechimwe nepakati pfupi, uye hombe, ine chiitiko chekupedzisira "chitsauko"), Cello Concerto yakavakirwa pashanduro dzakagadziridzwa kana dzakaoma kunzwisisa. same scheme. pamwe neorchestra (1970), Third Symphony (1983). MuLutosławski's refu-running opus (anenge maminetsi makumi mana), Preludes uye Fugue yetambo gumi nenhatu yega (40), basa rechikamu chenhanganyaya rinoitwa neketani yenhanganyaya sere dzemavara akasiyana, nepo basa rekufamba kukuru kuri fugue ichiri kufukura. Urongwa hwezvikamu zviviri, hwakasiyana nounyanzvi husingapedzi, hwakava rudzi rwematrix e“mitambo” yezviridzwa yaLutosławski yakazara mukumonyoroka nokuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana. Mumabasa akakura emunyori, munhu haakwanisi kuwana zviratidzo zvakajeka zve "Polishness", kana chero curtsies kune neo-romanticism kana mamwe "neo-styles"; haamboshandisi zvirevo zvemaitiro, ndoda kutaura zvakananga mimhanzi yevamwe vanhu. Mupfungwa yakati, Lutosławski munhu ari oga. Zvichida izvi ndizvo zvinosarudza chimiro chake seyechinyakare yezana ramakore rechi 1972 uye ane misimboti cosmopolitan: akagadzira yake, nyika yepakutanga, ane hushamwari kumuteereri, asi zvakanyanya zvisina kunanga zvakabatana netsika uye mamwe mafambiro emimhanzi mitsva.
Mutauro wakakura weHarmonic weLutoslavsky wakadzama wega uye unobva pane filigree basa rine 12-toni complexes uye inovaka intervals uye consonances ari oga kubva kwavari. Kutanga neCello Concerto, basa remitsara yakawedzerwa, inoratidzira melodic mumhanzi waLutosławski inowedzera, gare gare zvinhu zvinosemesa uye zvinosetsa zvinowedzerwa mairi (Novelette yeorchestra, 1979; magumo eDouble Concerto yeoboe, rudimbwa uye chamber orchestra, 1980; rwiyo kutenderera Songflowers uye nziyo ngano ”yesoprano uye orchestra, 1990). Lutosławski's harmonic uye melodic kunyora hakusanganisire classical tonal hukama, asi inobvumira zvinhu zvetonal centralization. Mamwe eLutosławski akazotevera makuru opus anobatanidzwa nemhando dzemhando dzeRomantic instrumental music; Saka, muThird Symphony, iyo inonyanya kushuvira pazvibodzwa zvese zvemuimbi weorchestral, izere nemutambo, wakapfuma mukusiyana, musimboti weiyo monumental imwe-movement monothematic composition inotangwa kushandiswa, uye Piano Concerto (1988) inoenderera mberi nemutsara we. brilliant romantic pianism ye "grand style". Mabasa matatu pasi pezita rekuti "Chain" zvakare ndeenguva yekupedzisira. Mu "Chain-1" (ye14 zviridzwa, 1983) uye "Chain-3" (yeorchestra, 1986), nheyo ye "kubatanidza" (chikamu chepamusoro) chezvikamu zvipfupi, zvakasiyana mukugadzirwa, timbre uye melodic-harmonic. hunhu, hunoita basa rakakosha (yekutanga kubva kutenderera "Preludes uye Fugue" yakabatana kune imwe neimwe nenzira yakafanana). Zvisina kujairika maererano nechimiro ndeyeChain-2 (1985), chaizvo ina-inofamba violin concerto (sumo uye matatu mafambiro achichinjana maererano neyakajairwa kukurumidza-inononoka-yekukurumidza maitiro), isingawanzo chiitiko apo Lutoslawsky anosiya chaanofarira-zvikamu zviviri. chirongwa.
Mutsara unokosha mubasa rakura remunyori unomiririrwa nemazwi makuru ezwi: "Nhetembo nhatu naHenri Michaud" yekwaya uye orchestra inoitiswa nevaimbi vakasiyana (1963), "Mashoko Akarukwa" muzvikamu zvina zvetenor uye chamber orchestra (4). ), "Spaces of Sleep" yebaritone uye orchestra (1965) uye iyo yakatotaurwa mapfumbamwe-chikamu kutenderera "Songflowers uye Song Tales". Zvose zvakavakirwa pamavhesi eFrench surrealist (munyori wezvinyorwa zve "Weaved Words" ndiJean-Francois Chabrin, uye mabasa maviri ekupedzisira akanyorwa kumashoko aRobert Desnos). Lutosławski kubva paudiki hwake aive netsitsi dzakanyanya kumutauro wechiFrench netsika dzechiFrench, uye maonero ake epasirese aive pedyo nekusajeka uye kusanzwisisika kwezvinoreva hunhu hwesurrealism.
Mimhanzi yaLutoslavsky inocherechedzwa nehunyanzvi hwayo hwekoniti, ine chinhu chekunaka chinoratidzwa mairi. Hazvishamisi kuti vanyori vakatanhamara vakabatira pamwe nemunyori. Pakati pevaturikiri vekutanga vemabasa ake ndiPeter Pearce (Mashoko Akarukwa), Lasalle Quartet (String Quartet), Mstislav Rostropovich (Cello Concerto), Heinz naUrsula Holliger (Double Concerto yeoboe uye rudimbwa nechamber orchestra) , Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau ( "Dream Spaces"), Georg Solti (Chechitatu Symphony), Pinchas Zuckermann (Partita yeviolin uye piano, 1984), Anne-Sophie Mutter ("Chain-2" yeviolin uye orchestra), Krystian Zimerman ( Concerto yepiyano uye orchestra) uye zvisinganyanyi kuzivikanwa mulatitudes yedu, asi muimbi wekuNorwegian anoshamisa Solveig Kringelborn (“Songflowers and Songtales”). Lutosławski pachake aiva nechipo chekondakita chisingawanzoitiki; masaini ake ainyatsoratidza uye aishanda, asi haana kumbosiya unyanzvi hwake kuti anyatsoita zvinhu. Sezvo akaganhurira kuridza kwake repertoire kunziyo dzake pachake, Lutoslavsky akaita uye akarekodhwa nemapoka ezviridzwa kubva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana.
Lutosławski's hupfumi uye inogara ichikura discography ichiri kudzorwa nemarekodhi ekutanga. Vanonyanya kumiririra wavo vanounganidzwa mumabhaisikopo maviri achangobva kuburitswa naPhilips uye EMI. Kukosha kwekutanga ("Iyo Yakakosha Lutoslawski" -Philips Duo 464 043), mumaonero angu, inotemerwa zvakanyanya neDouble Concerto uye "Spaces of Sleep" nekutora chikamu kwevaHolliger vakaroora naDietrich Fischer-Dieskau, zvichiteerana. ; dudziro yemunyori yeThird Symphony neBerlin Philharmonic inoonekwa pano, zvisingaite, hairarame zvinoenderana nezvaitarisirwa (kurekodha kwakabudirira kwemunyori neBritish Broadcasting Corporation Symphony Orchestra, sekuziva kwangu, haina kuendeswa kuCD. ) Dambarefu rechipiri "Lutoslawski" (EMI Double Forte 573833-2) rinongori nemabasa e orchestral akagadzirwa pamberi pemakore ekuma1970 uye akanyanya kunyange mumhando. Iyo yakanakisa National Orchestra yePolish Radio kubva kuKatowice, yakapinda mune izvi zvakarekodhwa, gare gare, mushure mekufa kwemuimbi, yakatora chikamu mukurekodha kweinenge yakazara muunganidzwa wemabasa ake e orchestra, iyo yakaburitswa kubva 1995 pamadisc ne. Naxos kambani (kusvika Zvita 2001, madhisiki manomwe akaburitswa). Muunganidzwa uyu unofanirwa kurumbidzwa. Mukuru wenyanzvi we orchestra, Antoni Wit, anoitisa nenzira yakajeka, ine simba, uye varidzi vezviridzwa nevaimbi (kunyanya Poles) vanoita zvikamu zvega mumakonzati uye maopuses ezwi, kana ari akaderera kune avo vakanyanya mukurumbira, vashoma kwazvo. Imwe kambani huru, Sony, yakabudiswa pamadhisiki maviri (SK 66280 uye SK 67189) Yechipiri, Yetatu uye Yechina (mumaonero angu, isingabudiriri) symphonies, pamwe nePiano Concerto, Nzvimbo dzekurara, Songflowers uye Songtales "; mukurekodha uku, Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra inoitiswa naEsa-Pekka Salonen (munyori wacho pachake, uyo asingawanzotauri nezvemashoko akakwirira, anonzi uyu kondakita "phenomenal"1), vanoimba solo ndiPaul Crossley (piyano), John Shirley. -Quirk (baritone), Don Upshaw (soprano)
Tichidzokera kune dudziro dzemunyori dzakarekodhwa pamaCD emakambani anozivikanwa, munhu haakwanisi kutadza kutaura marekodhi akajeka eCello Concerto (EMI 7 49304-2), Piano Concerto (Deutsche Grammophon 431 664-2) uye konsati yeviolin “ Chain- 2 "(Deutsche Grammophon 445 576-2), yakaitwa nekutora chikamu kwevane virtuosos avo vakatsaurirwa maopuses matatu aya, kureva, Mstislav Rostropovich, Krystian Zimermann naAnne-Sophie Mutter. Kune vateveri vasati vajaira kana kushoma kujairana nebasa raLutoslawsky, ini ndinokupa zano kuti utange watendeukira kune izvi zvakarekodhwa. Pasinei nemazuva ano emutauro wemimhanzi wemakonsati ose matatu, vanoteererwa zviri nyore uye nechido chikuru. Lutoslavsky akadudzira zita rezita rekuti "konsati" zvinoenderana nezvarinoreva, ndiko kuti, semakwikwi pakati peanoimba solo uye orchestra, zvichiratidza kuti soloist, ndingati, mitambo (mune pfungwa dzakanakisa pane zvese zvinogoneka. izwi) simba. Hazvina maturo kutaura, Rostropovich, Zimerman naMutter vanoratidza shasha yechokwadi yekugona, iyo pachayo inofanira kufadza chero muteereri asina rusaruro, kunyange kana mimhanzi yaLutoslavsky pakutanga ichiita seisina kujairika kana yemweni kwaari. Zvisinei, Lutoslavsky, kusiyana nevakawanda vevanyori vemazuva ano, aigara achiedza kuve nechokwadi chokuti muteereri ari pamwe nemimhanzi yake aisazonzwa somutorwa. Zvakakodzera kutora mazwi anotevera kubva muunganidzwa wehurukuro dzake dzinonakidza nemunyori wemimhanzi weMoscow II Nikolskaya: “Chido chikuru chekuva pedyo nevamwe vanhu kuburikidza nehunyanzvi chinogara chiri mandiri. Asi ini handizviisi chinangwa chekukunda vateereri vakawanda nevatsigiri sezvinobvira. Handidi kukunda, asi ndinoda kuwana vateereri vangu, kuwana vanonzwa sezvandinoita. Chinangwa ichi chingawanwa sei? Ini ndinofunga, kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekutendeseka, kutendeseka kwekutaura pamatanho ese - kubva kune ruzivo rwehunyanzvi kusvika kune chakavanzika, kudzika kwepedyo ... Saka, hunyanzvi hwekugadzira hunogonawo kuita basa re "mubati" wemweya yevanhu, kuva mushonga we chimwe chezvirwere zvinorwadza - kunzwa kusurukirwa ”.
Levon Hakopyan
