Jean-Baptiste Lully |

Jean-Baptiste Lully

Lully Jean-Baptiste. Minuet

Vashoma vaive vaimbi vechokwadi vekuFrance semuItaly uyu, iye ega muFrance akachengeta mukurumbira kwezana rose. R. Rollan

JB Lully ndomumwe wevanyori vakuru ve opera vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye muvambi weFrench musical theatre. Lully akapinda munhoroondo yenyika opera semusiki werudzi rutsva - rwiyo rwenhamo (sekudanwa kwaiitwa opera huru yengano muFrance), uye semunhu akakurumbira wemitambo - yaive pasi pehutungamiriri hwake iyo Royal Academy of Music yakava. imba yekutanga uye huru yeopera muFrance, iyo yakazowana mukurumbira pasi rose inonzi Grand Opera.

Lully akaberekerwa mumhuri yemiller. Mano emumhanzi uye kuita hunhu hwemudiki akakwezva kutarisa kwaDuke weGuise, uyo, ca. Muna 1646 akaenda naLully kuParis, achimugovera kubasa raPrincess Montpensier (hanzvadzi yaMambo Louis XIV). Sezvo asina kuwana dzidzo yemimhanzi munyika yake, uyo pazera remakore 14 aigona kungoimba uye kuridza gitare, Lully akadzidza kuumbwa uye kuimba muParis, akatora zvidzidzo zvekuridza harpsichord uye, kunyanya, violin yake yaanofarira. Mudiki weItaly, uyo akahwina kufarirwa naLouis XIV, akaita basa rakanaka mudare rake. Ane tarenda virtuoso, uyo vanhu vepanguva yake vakati - "kuridza violin saBaptiste", pasina nguva akapinda muchikwata chakakurumbira "24 Violins of the King", approx. 1656 akaronga uye akatungamira ochestra yake diki "16 Violin of the King". Muna 1653, Lully akagamuchira chigaro che "muimbi wedare remimhanzi yezviridzwa", kubva muna 1662 akanga atova mutungamiriri wemimhanzi yedare, uye makore gumi gare gare - muridzi wemvumo yekodzero yekuwana Royal Academy of Music muParis " nokushandisa kodzero iyi kwoupenyu hwose ndokuiendesa kumunhu upi noupi mwanakomana anomutsiva somutariri wenziyo dzamambo.” Muna 10, Louis XIV akakudza mudiwa wake netsamba dzevakuru uye zita remupi wemazano wamambo. Afa muParis, Lully kusvika pakupera kwemazuva ake akachengeta chinzvimbo chemutongi akakwana wehupenyu hwemimhanzi hweguta guru reFrance.

Basa raLully rakakudziridzwa zvakanyanya mumhando idzi uye mafomu akagadziridzwa uye akarimwa padare re "Mambo weZuva". Asati atendeukira kuopera, Lully mumakumi emakumi emakore ekutanga ebasa rake (1650-60) akagadzira mimhanzi yezviridzwa (masutu uye divertissements yezviridzwa zvetambo, zvidimbu zvega uye kufora kwezviridzwa zvemhepo, nezvimwewo), nziyo dzinoyera, mimhanzi yemitambo ye ballet (" Kurwara Cupid", "Alsidiana", "Ballet of Mocking", nezvimwewo). Achigara achitora chikamu mumabheti ematare semunyori wemimhanzi, mutungamiriri, mutambi uye mutambi, Lully akaziva tsika dzekutamba kweFrance, mutinhimira wayo uye manzwi uye maficha. Kudyidzana naJB Molière kwakabatsira munyori kuti apinde munyika yeFrance theatre, kuti anzwe kuzivikanwa kwenyika kwekutaura kwesiteji, kuita, kutungamira, nezvimwe. Ida Muporesi ", nezvimwewo), anotamba basa raPursonjak mumutambo we "Monsieur de Pursonjac" uye Mufti mu "Mutengesi mune vanokudzwa". Kwenguva yakareba akaramba ari mupikisi weopera, achitenda kuti mutauro wechiFrench wakanga usina kukodzera rudzi urwu, Lully mukutanga kwema1670. akangoerekana achinja maonero ake. Munguva ye1672-86. akaita 13 lyric njodzi paRoyal Academy of Music (kusanganisira Cadmus naHermione, Alceste, Theseus, Atys, Armida, Acis uye Galatea). Aive mabasa aya akateya nheyo dzeFrench musical theatre uye akaronga rudzi rwe opera yenyika yaitonga France kwemakumi emakore. “Lully akagadzira opera yenyika yose yechiFrench, umo zvose zviri zviviri zvinyorwa nenziyo zvinobatanidzwa nenzira yenyika yokutaura nokuravira, uye izvo zvinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri zvikanganiso nokunaka kwounyanzvi hweFrench,” anonyora kudaro munzveri weGermany G. Kretschmer.

Maitiro aLully enhamo yenziyo akaumbwa akabatana netsika dzeFrench theatre yeClassical era. Rudzi rwechinyorwa chikuru chechishanu-chiito chine sumo, nzira yekudzokorora uye kutamba kwedariro, masosi echirongwa (ngano yechiGiriki yekare, nhoroondo yeRoma Yekare), pfungwa nezvinetso zvetsika (kupesana kwemanzwiro uye kufunga, shungu nebasa. ) kuunza mitambo yaLully pedyo nenjodzi dzaP. Corneille naJ. Racine. Hapana chakanyanya kukosha kubatanidzwa kwenhamo yerwiyo netsika dzeballet yenyika - mahombe divertissements (nhamba dzekutamba dzakaiswa dzisinei nechirongwa), kufora kwakadzama, mafambiro, mhemberero, mifananidzo yemashiripiti, zviitiko zvevafundisi zvakasimbisa kushongedza uye kunoshamisa hunhu hwe opera performance. Tsika yekuunza ballet yakamuka panguva yaLully yakaratidza kugadzikana zvakanyanya uye yakaenderera mberi muFrench opera kwemazana emakore akati wandei. Pesvedzero yaLully yairatidzwa mune orchestral masutu ekupedzisira XNUMX uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. (G. Muffat, I. Fuchs, G. Telemann nevamwe). Yakagadzirwa mumweya weLully's ballet divertissements, yaisanganisira matambiro echiFrench uye zvimedu zvehunhu. Yakapararira mune opera uye chiridzwa mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. yakagamuchira rudzi rwakakosha rwekuwedzeredza, rwakatora chimiro munjodzi yaLully (iyo inonzi "French" overture, inosanganisira inononoka, yakadzama sumo uye ine simba, inofamba chikamu chikuru).

Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore re XVIII. dambudziko renziyo raLully nevateveri vake (M. Charpentier, A. Campra, A. Detouches), uye pamwe chete naro musambo wose wemutambo wedare, unova chinhu chekurukurirano dzakapinza, zvidhori, kunyomba (“hondo yehondo buffons", "hondo yevaglucians uye picchinnists") . Art, iyo yakamuka munguva yeheyday yeabsolutism, yakaonekwa nevanhu vepanguva yaDiderot naRousseau sevasina simba, vasina hupenyu, vanozvikudza uye vanozvikudza. Panguva imwecheteyo, basa raLully, iro rakaita basa rakati mukuumbwa kwechimiro chikuru chegamba mune opera, chakakwezva kutarisa kwevanyori veopera (JF Rameau, GF Handel, KV Gluck), avo vakakwevera kune monumentality, pathos, kurongeka kwakarongeka, kurongeka kwezvose.

I. Okhalova