Anatoly Lyadov |

Anatoly Lyadov

Lyadov. Lullaby (dir. Leopold Stokowski)

… Lyadov akazvipa munda wechidiki - piyano uye orchestral - uye akashanda pairi nerudo rukuru uye nehunyanzvi hwemhizha uye nekuravira, mugadziri wematombo ekutanga uye nyanzvi yemaitiro. Runako rwakanyatsogara maari muchimiro chemweya-yeRussia. B. Asafiev

A. Lyadov ndewechizvarwa chidiki chegwara renyeredzi revanyori vekuRussia vehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Akazviratidza semunyori ane tarenda, kondakita, mudzidzisi, mimhanzi uye chimiro cheveruzhinji. Pamwoyo webasa raLyadov pane mifananidzo yeRussia epic uye rwiyo ngano, ngano-ngano, anoratidzirwa nemashoko akazara nekufungisisa, pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki dzezvisikwa; mumabasa ake mune zvinhu zvemhando yemhando uye comedy. Mimhanzi yaLyadov inoratidzirwa nechiedza, chimiro chepakati, kuzvidzora mukuratidza manzwiro, kungovhiringidzwa nguva nenguva nechishuwo, chakananga. Lyadov akatarisisa zvakanyanya pakuvandudzwa kwechimiro chehunyanzvi: kureruka, kupusa uye kunaka, kuwirirana chikamu - iyi ndiyo nzira yake yepamusoro yehunyanzvi. Basa raM. Glinka naA. Pushkin rakashanda sechinhu chakanaka kwaari. Akafunga kwenguva refu mune zvese zvese zvemabasa aakasika ndokunyora pasi zvakarongwa zvakachena, zvisingaite.

Lyadov's favourite mimhanzi fomu idiki chiridzwa kana chidimbu chezwi. Muimbi wacho akataura achiseka kuti aisakwanisa kumira kupfuura maminetsi mashanu emimhanzi. Mabasa ake ese madiki, mapfupi uye anokudzwa muchimiro. Basa raLyadov idiki muhukuru, cantata, 12 nziyo dze symphony orchestra, 18 nziyo dzevana pamashoko echivanhu ezwi nepiyano, 4 dzerudo, dzinenge mazana maviri ehurongwa hwenziyo dzechivanhu, kwaya akati wandei, 200 chamber instrumental nziyo, anopfuura makumi mashanu zvidimbu zvepiyano. .

Lyadov akaberekerwa mumhuri yemimhanzi. Baba vake vaive kondakita paMariinsky Theatre. Mukomana aiva nemukana wekuteerera symphonic mumhanzi mumakonzati, kazhinji kushanyira Opera imba zvose rehearsals uye mitambo. "Aida Glinka uye aizviziva nemusoro. "Rogneda" uye "Judith" Serov akayemura. Pachikuva, akapinda mumapoka uye boka revanhu, uye paakasvika kumba, akafananidzira Ruslan kana Farlaf pamberi pegirazi. Akanzwa zvakakwana nezvevaimbi, kwaya uye orchestra,” anoyeuka kudaro N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Tarenda yemimhanzi yakazviratidza kare, uye muna 1867 Lyadov ane makore gumi nerimwe akapinda muSt. Petersburg Conservatory. Akadzidza kunyora zvinoshanda naRimsky-Korsakov. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekusaenda uye kusazvibata muna 1876, akadzingwa. Muna 1878, Lyadov akapinda muimba yekuchengetedza kechipiri uye mugore iroro akapasa bvunzo yekupedzisira. Sebasa redhipuroma, akapiwa mimhanzi yechiitiko chekupedzisira che "Messinia Bride" naF. Schiller.

Pakati pe70s. Lyadov anosangana nenhengo dzedenderedzwa reBalakirev. Hezvino zvakanyorwa naMussorgsky nezvemusangano wekutanga naye: “… Chitsva, chisina kupokana, chepakutanga uye. Russian tarenda diki ... "Kukurukurirana nevaimbi vakuru kwakave nesimba guru pakuvandudza kweLyadov. Rudzi rwezvaanofarira rwuri kuwedzera: uzivi uye magariro evanhu, aesthetics uye sainzi yechisikigo, zvinyorwa zvekare uye zvemazuva ano. Chinodiwa chakakosha chehunhu hwake kwaive kufungisisa. “Tora mubhuku chii Unofanirauye kusimudzira pakuruuye ipapo uchaziva zvazvinoreva funga", akazonyora gare gare kune imwe yeshamwari dzake.

Kubva mumatsutso a1878, Lyadov akava mudzidzisi paSt. Petersburg Conservatory, kwaakadzidzisa dzidziso dzevatambi, uye kubva pakati pema80s. Anodzidzisa zvakare paSinging Chapel. Pakupera kwe70-80s. Lyadov akatanga basa rake somuperekedzi mudenderedzwa remimhanzi reSt. Petersburg, uye gare gare akaita somutyairi mumakonzati emimhanzi yakatangwa naA. Rubinstein, uyewo mumakonzati emimhanzi yokuRussia yakatangwa naM. Belyaev. Unhu hwake semutungamiri hwakakosheswa zvikuru naRimsky-Korsakov, Rubinstein, G. Laroche.

Kubatana kwemimhanzi yaLyadov kuri kuwedzera. Anosangana naP. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, Laroche, anova nhengo yeBelyaevsky Fridays. Panguva imwe cheteyo, akava akakurumbira somunyori. Kubva 1874, mabasa ekutanga aLyadov akabudiswa: 4 romances, op. 1 uye "Spikers" op. 2 (1876). Romance yakazova chiitiko cheLyadov chete mumhando iyi; vakasikwa pasi pesimba re "Kuchkists". "Spikers" ndiyo yekutanga piyano kuumbwa kwaLyadov, inova nhevedzano yezvidimbu zvidiki zvakasiyana, zvakasanganiswa kuita kutenderera kwakazara. Nechekare pano nzira yekuratidzira yaLyadov yakatemwa - kushamwaridzana, kureruka, kunaka. Kusvikira pakutanga 1900s. Lyadov akanyora uye akaburitsa makumi mashanu opus. Zvizhinji zvacho zvimedu zvidiki zvepiyano: intermezzo, arabesques, preludes, impromptu, etudes, mazurkas, waltzes, etc. The Musical Snuffbox yakahwina mukurumbira, umo mifananidzo yenyika yezvidhori-yematoyi inodhindwa nehungwaru uye nekukasira. Pakati pekutanga, iyo Prelude muB minor op. inomira zvakanyanya. 50, rwiyo rwuri pedyo zvikuru nerwiyo rwevanhu "Uye chii munyika ine utsinye" kubva muunganidzwa waM. Balakirev "11 Russian Folk Songs".

Iwo makuru mabasa epiyano anosanganisira maviri kutenderera kwekusiyana (pane dingindira rerudo rwaGlinka "Venetian Night" uye pane dingindira rePolish). Imwe yemitambo yakakurumbira yaive ballad "About Antiquity". Iri basa riri pedyo nemapeji epic eOpera yaGlinka "Ruslan naLyudmila" uye "Bogatyrskaya" symphony naA. Borodin. Muna 2 Lyadov akaita shanduro yeorchestra ye "About the Old days", V. Stasov, paakazvinzwa, akadanidzira kuti: "Chaizvoizvo. akodhiyoni Wavezera pano."

Pakupera kwema80s. Lyadov akatendeukira kumimhanzi yezwi uye akagadzira 3 kuunganidzwa kwenziyo dzevana zvichibva pane zvinyorwa zvevanhu majee, ngano, makorasi. C. Cui akadana nziyo idzi kuti “maparera maduku zvikuru, apera.”

Kubva pakupera kwema90s. Lyadov anoshingaira mukugadzirisa nziyo dzevanhu dzakaunganidzwa nekufamba kweGeographical Society. 4 kuunganidzwa kwezwi uye piyano kunomira zvakanyanya. Kutevera tsika dzeBalakirev naRimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov anoshandisa zvakanyanya nzira dze subvocal polyphony. Uye mumhando iyi yekugadzira mimhanzi, chimiro cheLyadov chinoratidzwa - kushamwaridzana (anoshandisa nhamba shoma yemanzwi anoumba jira rakajeka rakajeka).

Pakazosvika XX remakore. Lyadov anova mumwe wevanotungamira uye vane chiremera vaimbi veRussia. Pachidzidzo chekuchengetedza, makirasi anokosha edzidziso uye ekunyora anoenda kwaari, pakati pevadzidzi vake ndiS. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky, B. Asafiev, nevamwe. Maitiro aLyadov muna 1905, panguva yekusagadzikana kwevadzidzi, anogona kunzi akashinga uye anokudzwa. Kure nezvematongerwo enyika, akabatana neboka rinotungamira revadzidzisi vakapokana nekuita kweRMS. Mushure mekudzingwa kwake kubva kuRimsky-Korsakov Conservatory, Lyadov, pamwe chete naGlazunov, akazivisa kusiya basa kubva kumapurofesa ayo.

Mumakore ekuma1900 Lyadov ainyanya kutendeukira kumumhanzi wesymphonic. Anogadzira akati wandei emabasa anoenderera mberi netsika dzechiRussian classics yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Aya maokestra madiki, zvirongwa nemifananidzo izvo zvinokurudzirwa nevanhu ("Baba Yaga", "Kikimora") uye kufungisisa kwekunaka kwezvisikwa ("Magic Lake"). Lyadov akavadana kuti "mifananidzo yakanaka kwazvo." Mavari, munyori anoshandisa zvakanyanya mavara uye mapikicha zvingaita zve orchestra, achitevera nzira yeGlinka uye vanyori veThe Mighty Handful. Nzvimbo yakakosha inogarwa ne "Eight Russian Folk Songs for Orchestra", umo Lyadov akashandisa zvine hunyanzvi nziyo dzechinyakare - epic, lyrical, kutamba, tsika, kutamba kwakatenderera, kuratidza zvakasiyana zvemweya wemunhu weRussia.

Mumakore aya, Lyadov akaratidza kufarira mune zvitsva zvekunyora uye unyanzvi, uye izvi zvakaratidzwa mubasa rake. Anonyora mimhanzi yekutamba naM. Maeterlinck "Hanzvadzi Beatrice", mufananidzo we symphonic "Kubva Apocalypse" uye "Sorrowful Song for Orchestra". Pakati pemafungiro ekupedzisira emunyori ndeye ballet "Leila naAlalei" uye mufananidzo we symphonic "Kupala Night" inobva pamabasa aA. Remizov.

Makore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwemunyori akafukidzwa nekuvava kwekurasikirwa. Lyadov akanyanya uye akashungurudzika zvakanyanya nekurasikirwa kweshamwari neshamwari: mumwe nemumwe, Stasov, Belyaev, Rimsky-Korsakov akafa. Muna 1911, Lyadov akarwara nechirwere chakakomba, chaakanga asingakwanisi kupora zvakakwana.

Uchapupu hunoshamisa hwekuzivikanwa kwekukodzera kwaLyadov kwaive kupemberera muna 1913 kwegore remakumi matatu nemashanu rekuita kwake kwekusika. Mazhinji emabasa ake achiri kufarirwa zvakanyanya uye anodiwa nevateereri.

A. Kuznetsova