Clément Janequin |

Clement Janequin

Tarisa kuburikidza natenzi pakugona. V. Shakespeare

Kunyangwe achinyora matiti mumakore makuru, angave akatsunga kuburitsa nyonganiso ine ruzha, angave achipa kutaura kwechikadzi munziyo dzake, angave achiburitsa manzwi eshiri - mune zvese zvinoimbwa naJanequin anoyevedza, ane humwari uye haafi. A. Banff

C. Janequin - Muimbi wechiFrench wehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. - imwe yeanopenya uye akakosha manhamba eRenaissance. Nehurombo, kune ruzivo rushoma rwakavimbika nezvenzira yehupenyu hwake. Asi mufananidzo wemuimbi wevanhu, mudiwa wehupenyu uye munhu anofara, munyori wenziyo akajeka uye mugadziri wemhando yehupenzi anoburitswa pachena mubasa rake, zvakasiyana-siyana muzvirongwa nemhando. Kufanana nevamiriri vazhinji vemitambo yemimhanzi yeRenaissance, Janequin akatendeukira kumhando dzechinyakare dzemimhanzi inoera - akanyora motets, mapisarema, masasi. Asi mabasa ekutanga ekutanga, ayo akave nekubudirira kukuru nevemazuva ano uye akachengetedza kukosha kwavo kwehunyanzvi kusvika nhasi, akagadzirwa nemunyori murudzi rwenyika rweFrench polyphonic rwiyo - chanson. Munhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwetsika yemimhanzi yeFrance, rudzi urwu rwakaita basa rinokosha zvikuru. Yakadzika midzi murwiyo rwechivanhu uye nhetembo tsika yeMiddle Ages, iripo mubasa rematroubadours uye trouveurs, chanson yakaratidza pfungwa uye zvishuwo zvemarudzi ese emagariro evanhu. Naizvozvo, maficha eRenaissance art akaiswa mairi zvakanyanya organically uye kupenya kupfuura mune chero mamwe marudzi.

Rudzi rwekutanga (rwedzinozivikanwa) rwenziyo dzaJanequin rwakatangira muna 1529, apo Pierre Attenyan, mudhindi wemimhanzi wekare muParis, akaburitsa dzimbo dzakakura dzemunyori. Iri zuva rave rudzi rwekutanga pakuona zviitiko zvakakosha zvehupenyu uye nzira yekugadzira yemuimbi. Danho rekutanga rekuita kwaJanequin kwakasimba mumhanzi wakabatana nemaguta eBordeaux neAngers. Kubva 1533, akatora chinzvimbo chakatanhamara semutungamiriri wemimhanzi muAngers Cathedral, iyo yaive nemukurumbira wepamusoro wekuita kwechapel yayo uye nhengo yakanakisa. MuAngers, nzvimbo huru yehumanism muzana ramakore regumi, uko yunivhesiti yakaita basa rakatanhamara muhupenyu hweveruzhinji, munyori akapedza makore angangoita 10. (Zvinofadza kuti pwere yemumwe mumiririri akatanhamara wetsika yeFrench Renaissance, Francois Rabelais, anobatanidzwawo neAngers. Muchirevo chebhuku rechina reGargantua nePantagruel, anoyeuka noushamwari makore aya.)

Janequin anosiya Angers approx. 1540 Chinenge hapana chinozivikanwa pamusoro pemakore gumi anotevera ehupenyu hwake. Pane humbowo hunoratidza kubvumidzwa kwaJanequin mukupera kwema1540. kushanda semufundisi kuna Duke Francois de Guise. Nziyo dzinoverengeka dzakapona dzakatsaurirwa kukunda kwaJanequin kwemauto emukuru. Kubva muna 1555, munyori akazova muimbi wekwaya yamambo, ndokuzogamuchira zita rekuti "munyori wechigarire" wamambo. Zvisinei nemukurumbira weEurope, kubudirira kwemabasa ake, kudhindwazve kwakawanda kwekuunganidzwa kwechanson, Zhanequin ari kusangana nematambudziko makuru emari. Muna 1559, anototaura neshoko renhetembo kuna mambokadzi weFrance, umo anonyunyuta zvakananga nezveurombo.

Matambudziko ekurarama kwezuva nezuva haana kuputsa munyori. Zhanequin ndiyo inopenya mhando yehunhu hweRenaissance nemweya wake usingaparadzike wekufara uye tariro, rudo rwemafaro ese epanyika, uye kugona kuona runako munyika yakamutenderedza. Kuenzaniswa kwemimhanzi yaJanequin nebasa raRabelais kwakapararira. Vanyori vakafanana juiciness uye ruvara rwemutauro (kuZhaneken, iyi haisiriyo sarudzo yezvinyorwa zvenhetembo, izere nemataurirwo echivanhu anonangwa, anopenya nekuseka, kunakidzwa, asiwo rudo rwekutsanangurwa kwakajeka kwemavara, kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemifananidzo uye onomatopoeic maitiro anopa mabasa ake chokwadi chakakosha uye simba). Muenzaniso wakajeka ndeye yakakurumbira inzwi fantasy "The Cries of Paris" - yakadzama, senge theatre chiitiko cheParisian hupenyu hwemumugwagwa. Mushure mekuyerwa sumo, apo munyori anobvunza vateereri kana vangada kuteerera mugwagwa dissonance yeParis, chikamu chekutanga chechiitiko chinotanga - kushevedzera kunokoka kwevatengesi kunogara kuchinzwika, kuchinja uye kukanganisa mumwe nemumwe: "mapie, matsvuku. waini, herring, shangu dzekare, artichokes, mukaka , bhiti, cherries, bhinzi dzeRussia, chestnuts, njiva ... "Kumhanya kwekuita kuri kukurumidza, kugadzira mune ino flowery dissonance mufananidzo une chekuita ne hyperbole ye" Gargantua ". Kufungidzira kunoguma nekufona: “Teerera! Inzwai kuchema kweParis!”

Nhamba dzinoverengeka dzenziyo dzekwaya dzinoyevedza naJanequin dzakazvarwa semhinduro kune zvakakosha zviitiko zvenhoroondo zvenguva yake. Rimwe remabasa emunyori anozivikanwa zvikuru, The Battle, rinotsanangura hondo yeMarignano munaSeptember 1515, apo mauto eFrance akakunda Swiss. Zvakajeka uye mukuzorora, sekunge pahondo dzeTitian naTintoretto, mufananidzo wekurira kwemumhanzi mukuru unonyorwa. Her leittheme - kudanwa kwebugle - inomhanya nepakati pezvikamu zvese zvebasa. Zvinoenderana nedetembo riri kubuda, rwiyo urwu rune zvikamu zviviri: 1h. - kugadzirira kurwa, maawa maviri - tsananguro yayo. Akasununguka kusiyanisa manyorerwo ekunyora kwekwaya, munyori anotevera chinyorwa, achiedza kuratidza kushushikana kwemanzwiro enguva yekupedzisira pamberi pehondo uye kutsunga kweugamba kwevarwi. Mumufananidzo wehondo, Zhanequin anoshandisa akawanda ehunyanzvi, akashinga zvakanyanya panguva yake, onomatopoeia matekiniki: zvikamu zvemanzwi ekwaya zvinotevedzera kurira kwengoma, masaini ehwamanda, kurira kweminondo.

Chimbo che "Battle of Marignano", chakava chiwanikwa chenguva yayo, chakakonzera kutevedzera kwakawanda pakati pehama dzaJanequin uye kunze kweFrance. Muimbi pachake akadzokorodza akatendeukira kune nziyo dzerudzi urwu, achifemerwa nekukwira kwekuda nyika kwakakonzerwa nekukunda kweFrance ("Hondo yeMetz" - 1555 uye "Hondo yeRenty" - 1559). Mhedzisiro yenziyo dzaJaneken's heroic-patriotic chansons kune vateereri yaive yakasimba zvakanyanya. Sokupupura kunoita mumwe wevakararama panguva yake, “pakaitwa “Hondo yeMarignano”…

Pakati pezvikeche zvenhetembo uye mifananidzo yemifananidzo yerudzi uye hupenyu hwemazuva ese, yakagadzirwa nekwaya polyphony, vanoyemura tarenda raZhanequin vakasarudza Deer Hunting, onomatopoeic mitambo yeBirdsong, The Nightingale uye chiitiko checomic Chatter yevakadzi. Kurongeka, mimhanzi inoyevedza, kunyatsoita ruzha rwezvakawanda zvinomutsa hukama nemachira evaDutch maartist, avo vakaisa kukosha kune zvidiki zvidiki zvinoratidzwa pacanvas.

Muimbi wenziyo dzemanzwi emukamuri yake haanyanyozivikanwa kune vateereri kupfuura nziyo dzake huru dzekwaya. Munguva yekutanga yebasa rake, Zhanequin akakwevera kune nhetembo yaClement Marot, mumwe wevadetembi vaA. Pushkin. Kubva kuma1530s chanson inoonekwa panhetembo dzevadetembi veakakurumbira "Pleiades" - nharaunda yekugadzira yevanomwe vakatanhamara vakatumidza mubatanidzwa wavo mukurangarira boka renyeredzi revanyanduri veAlexandria. Mubasa ravo, Zhanequin akatorwa moyo nekunaka uye kunaka kwemifananidzo, mimhanzi yemaitiro, shungu dzekunzwa. Zvinozivikanwa nziyo dzemanzwi dzakavakirwa pandima dzaP. Ronsard, “mambo wavadetembi,” sokumudana kwaaiitwa nevakararama panguva yake, J. Du Bellay, A. Baif. Tsika dzehunyanzvi hwehunhu hweJanequin mumunda wepolyphonic rwiyo rwepolyphonic dzakaenderera mberi naGuillaume Cotelet naClaudin de Sermisy.

N. Yavorskaya