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kubva muchiGiriki métron - chiyero kana chiyero

Munziyo nemudetembo, kurongeka kwemutinhimira kunobva pakucherechedzwa kwechimwe chiyero chinotaridza ukuru hwezvivakwa zvine mutinhimira. Zvinoenderana nechiyero ichi, mazwi uye mimhanzi chinyorwa, kuwedzera kune semantic (syntactic) kutaura, yakakamurwa kuita metric. mayuniti - mavhesi nematanho, zviyero, nezvimwewo Zvichienderana nemhando dzinotsanangura zvikwata izvi (nguva, nhamba yezvinonetsa, nezvimwewo), masisitimu ezviridzwa zvemimhanzi anosiyana (metric, syllabic, tonic, nezvimwewo - muverification, mensural uye wachi - mumimhanzi), imwe neimwe inogona kusanganisira akawanda akasarudzika metres (zvirongwa zvekuvaka metric zvikamu) zvakabatanidzwa neyakajairwa musimboti (semuenzaniso, muhurongwa hwewachi, saizi 4/4, 3/2, 6/8, etc.). Mune metric chirongwa chinosanganisira chete zvinosungirwa zviratidzo zvemetric. mayunitsi, nepo mamwe rhythmic. zvinhu zvinoramba zvakasununguka uye zvinogadzira rhythmic. zvakasiyana mukati memita yakapihwa. Rhythm isina mita inogoneka - rhythm yeprose, mukusiyana nendima ("kuyerwa," "kuyerwa" kutaura), rhythm yakasununguka yeGregorian chant, zvichingodaro. Mumimhanzi yemazuva ano, pane zita remahara rhythm senza misura. Mazuva ano mazano pamusoro peM. mumimhanzi zvinoreva. kusvika pamwero wakati zvinoenderana nepfungwa yemimhanzi yenhetembo, iyo, zvisinei, pachayo yakasimuka padanho rekubatana kusingaparadzanisiki kwevhesi nemimhanzi uye pakutanga yaive mimhanzi. Nekuparara kwekubatana kwemimhanzi-vhesi, masisitimu chaiwo enhetembo nemimhanzi. M., yakafanana mune iyo M. mavari inodzora mataurirwo, uye kwete nguva, semu metric yekare. versification kana medieval mensural (kubva lat. mensura - measure) mimhanzi. Kusawirirana kwakawanda mukunzwisisa kweM. uye hukama hwake kune rhythm kunokonzerwa naCh. arr. chokwadi chokuti hunhu hweimwe yehurongwa hunonzi hunokosha pasi rose (nokuda kweR. Westphal, hurongwa hwakadaro ndehwekare, kune X. Riemann - kurira kwemimhanzi yenguva itsva). Panguva imwecheteyo, misiyano pakati pehurongwa inovharika, uye izvo zvinowanzoitika kune ese masisitimu zvinowira kunze kwekuona: rhythm ndeye schematized rhythm, inoshandurwa kuita yakagadzikana formula (kazhinji yechinyakare uye inoratidzwa muchimiro cheseti yemitemo) zvakatemwa ne art. zvakajairika, asi kwete psychophysiological. maitiro anowanikwa muhunhu hwevanhu. Art inoshanduka. matambudziko anokonzera kushanduka kwehurongwa M. Pano tinogona kusiyanisa maviri makuru. type.

Antich. hurongwa hwakaita kuti pave nezwi rokuti "M." ndeyemhando yemhando yedanho remimhanzi uye nhetembo. kubatana. M. anoita mariri mukuita kwayo kwekutanga, kuisa pasi kutaura uye mimhanzi kune yakajairika aesthetic. musimboti wechiyero, unoratidzwa mukuenzana kwehukoshi hwenguva. Kugara kunosiyanisa ndima kubva pakutaura kwakajairwa kunobva pamimhanzi, uye mirairo yemetric, kana kuwanda, versification (kunze kweyekare, pamwe neIndia, Arabic, nezvimwewo), iyo inosarudza kutevedzana kweakareba uye mapfupi syllables pasina kutora. mukufunga kusimbiswa kwemazwi, zvinotoshanda kuisa mashoko muchirongwa chemimhanzi, mutinhimira wacho wakasiyana zvikuru nemutinhimira wemhanzi mutsva uye unogona kunzi uwandu, kana kuti kuyera nguva. Commensurability inoreva kuvapo kwenguva yekutanga (chiGiriki xronos protos - "chronos protos", chiLatin mora - mora) sechikamu chekuyera kweiyo huru. manzwi (syllabic) durations ari mapundu eukoshi hwepakutanga. Kune mashoma marefu akadaro (kune mashanu awo mune rhythmics yekare - kubva l kusvika 5 mora), zviyero zvavo zvinogara zvichiongororwa zviri nyore nemaonero edu (kusiyana nekuenzaniswa kwezvinyorwa zvese nemasekondi makumi matatu, nezvimwewo, zvinotenderwa mu rhythmics itsva). Main metric iyo unit - tsoka - inoumbwa nekubatanidzwa kwenguva, zvose zvakaenzana uye zvisina kuenzana. Misanganiswa yezvimbo mundima (mitsara yemimhanzi) uye mavhesi kuita stanza (nguva dzenziyo) zvakare ine zvikamu zvakaenzanirana, asi kwete hazvo kuti zvakaenzana. Segadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa yenguva, mumbiriso yehuwandu, mutinhimira unoderedza mutinhimira kusvika patambanuko yokuti mudzidziso yekare kuti kuvhiringika kwahwo kwakapararira nerhythm kwakadzika midzi. Zvisinei, munguva dzekare pfungwa idzi dzakanga dzakasiyana zvakajeka, uye munhu anogona kutsanangura kududzirwa kwakawanda kwemusiyano uyu kuchiri kushanda nhasi:

1) Kusiyanisa kwakajeka kwemasyllables nelongitude inobvumirwa wok. mimhanzi hairatidzi hukama hwenyama, iyo yakanyatsoratidzwa muzvinyorwa zvenhetembo. Muses. rhythm, saka, inogona kuyerwa nemashoko ("Iyo kutaura uwandu hwakajeka: shure kwezvose, inopimwa nezwi pfupi uye refu" - Aristotle, "Categories", M., 1939, p. 14), uyo pachake akapa metric. chirongwa chakatorwa kubva kune zvimwe zvinhu zvemimhanzi. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kusiyanisa metrics kubva mudzidziso yemimhanzi sedzidziso yemavhesi metres. Nokudaro kushorwa kuri pakati penhetembo uye mutinhimira wenziyo zvichiri kuitika (semuenzaniso, mumabasa enganonyorwa dzemimhanzi naB. Bartok naKV Kvitka). R. Westphal, uyo akarondedzera M. seratidzirwo yerinhi muzvinyorwa zvokutaura, asi akaramba kushandiswa kweshoko rokuti “M.” kumimhanzi, asi akatenda kuti mune iyi nyaya inofanana nemutinhimira.

2) Antich. rhetoric, iyo yaida kuti pave nerhythm mu prose, asi kwete M., uyo anoishandura kuva vhesi, inopupurira musiyano pakati pematauriro ekutaura uye. M. - rhythmic. kurongeka kunowanikwa mundima iyi. Kupikisa kwakadaro kweM. yakarurama uye rhythm yakasununguka yakasangana kakawanda munguva dzemazuva ano (somuenzaniso, zita rechiGerman revhesi yemahara ndi freeie Rhythmen).

3) Mundima chaiyo, mutinhimira wakasiyaniswawo sepatani yekufamba uye mutinhimira semafambiro pachawo anozadza patani iyi. Mundima yekare, kufamba uku kwaive nekusimbisa uye, maererano neizvi, mukukamurwa kwemetric. mayunitsi mukukwira (arsis) uye kuburuka (thesis) zvikamu (kunzwisisa kweidzi nguva dzerhythmic kunodziviswa zvakanyanya nechishuwo chekuzvienzanisa nekurohwa kwakasimba uye kusina simba); rhythmic accents haina hukama nekusimbisa kwemazwi uye haina kuratidzwa zvakananga muzvinyorwa, kunyangwe kuiswa kwayo pasina mubvunzo kunoenderana nemetric. chirongwa.

4) Kupatsanurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwenhetembo kubva mumitsindo yayo. mafomu anotungamira nechekare pakupera kwecf. mazana emakore kusvika pakubuda kwerudzi rutsva rwenhetembo, apo kwete longitude inotorwa, asi nhamba yezvinyorwa uye kuiswa kwekusimbisa. Kusiyana neiyo yekare "mamita", nhetembo dzerudzi rutsva dzainzi "rhythms". Uku kungofanana kwemazwi, uko kwakasvika pakukura kwayo kuzere munguva dzazvino (apo nhetembo mumitauro mitsva yeEurope, zvakare, yakaparadzaniswa nemimhanzi), dzimwe nguva kunyangwe ikozvino (kunyanya nevanyori veFrance) inopokana nemetric se "rhythmic" (ona. , semuenzaniso, Zh. Maruso, Duramazwi remazwi emitauro, M., 1960, p. 253).

Kupesana kwekupedzisira kunotungamirira kune tsanangudzo dzinowanzowanikwa pakati pe philologists: M. - kugoverwa kwenguva, rhythm - kugoverwa kwemazwi. Kuumbwa kwakadaro kwakashandiswawo kumimhanzi, asi kubvira panguva yaM. Hauptmann naX. Riemann (muRussia kekutanga mubhuku rezvidzidzo zvepakutanga naGE Konyus, 1892), kunzwisisa kwakapesana kwemashoko aya kwakakunda, iyo zvinonyanya kuenderana ne rhythmic. Ini ndinovaka mimhanzi uye nhetembo panguva yekuvapo kwavo kwakasiyana. “Rhythmic” nhetembo, sedzimwe dzose, inosiyana neprose neimwe nzira ine mutinhimira. kurongeka, iyo inogamuchirawo zita rehukuru kana M. (izwi iri rakatowanikwa muG. de Machaux, 14th century), kunyangwe risingarevi kuyerwa kwenguva, asi kuverengera kwemazwi kana zvinosimbisa - kutaura chaiko. huwandu husina nguva yakatarwa . Basa raM. harisi mune aesthetic. mimhanzi yenguva dzose sezvakadaro, asi mukusimbisa mutinhimira uye kuwedzera manzwiro ayo. Kutakura metric yebasa rekuita. zvirongwa zvinorasikirwa nekuzvimiririra kwavo aesthetic. kufarira uye kuva murombo uye zvakanyanya monotonous. Panguva imwecheteyo, mukusiyana nevhesi yemetric uye zvinopesana nechirevo chaicho chezwi rokuti "versification", ndima (mutsara) haibatanidzi zvikamu zviduku, b.ch. zvisina kuenzana, asi zvakakamurwa kuita migove yakaenzana. Zita rokuti "dolniki", rinoshandiswa kune mavhesi ane nhamba inoramba ichinetseka uye nhamba yakasiyana-siyana yezvinyorwa zvisina kusimbiswa, inogona kuwedzerwa kune mamwe maitiro: mune syllabic. syllable imwe neimwe i "dule" mundima, syllabo-tonic verses, nekuda kwekuchinjana kwakarurama kwemazwi akasimbiswa uye asina kusimbiswa, akakamurwa kuva mapoka akafanana emasilabhiki - tsoka, dzinofanira kuonekwa sezvikamu zvekuverenga, uye kwete semashoko. Metric units inoumbwa nekudzokorora, kwete nekuenzanisa yezviyerero zvakakosha. Accent M., mukupesana neiyo yehuwandu, haidzore rhythm uye inoita kuti kwete kuvhiringika kwepfungwa idzi, asi kupikisa kwavo, kusvika pakuumbwa kweA. Bely: rhythm kutsauka kubva kuM. (inova yakabatana neakasarudzika eiyo syllabic-tonic system, apo, mune mamwe mamiriro, iyo chaiyo accentuation inotsauka kubva kune metric imwe). Uniform metric chirongwa chinotora chikamu chechipiri mundima zvichienzaniswa nemutinhimira. zvakasiyana-siyana, sezvinoratidzwa nekubuda kwezana remakore rechi18. vhesi remahara, apo chirongwa ichi chisipo zvachose uye mutsauko kubva kune prose unongori mumifananidzo chete. kupatsanura mumitsara, iyo isingaenderane ne syntax uye inogadzira "kuisa paM".

Kushanduka kwakafanana kuri kuitika mumimhanzi. Mensural rhythm yezana remakore rechi11-13. (iyo inonzi modal), seyekare, inomuka yakabatana nenhetembo (troubadours uye trouvers) uye inoumbwa nekudzokorora imwe nhevedzano yenguva (modus), yakafanana netsoka dzekare (inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye 3 modes, inounzwa pano. nezvinyorwa zvemazuva ano: 1-th

, 2nd

uye 3rd

) Kubva muzana ramakore rechi 14 kutevedzana kwenguva mumimhanzi, zvishoma nezvishoma kupatsanurwa kubva munhetembo, kunova kusununguka, uye kukura kwepolyphony kunotungamira mukubuda kwenguva diki, kuitira kuti diki kukosha kwekutanga mensural rhythmic semibrevis inoshanduka kuita "noti yakazara. ”, maererano nazvo zvinenge zvese zvimwe zvinyorwa hazvisisiri kuwanda, asi kupatsanura. "Chiyero" chenguva inoenderana neichi chinyorwa, chakamisikidzwa nekurohwa kwemaoko (Latin mensura), kana "chiyero", inoparadzaniswa nekurohwa kwesimba shoma, zvichingodaro. kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi17 kune chiyero chemazuva ano, apo kurohwa, kusiyana nezvikamu zviviri zvechiyero chekare, chimwe chinogona kunge chakakura zvakapetwa kaviri pane chimwe, chakaenzana, uye chinogona kuva chinopfuura 2 (mu. iyo yakajairika kesi - 2). Kuchinjana nguva dzose kwakasimba uye kusina simba (zvinorema uye zvishoma, zvinotsigira uye zvisingatsigiri) mumhanzi wemazuva ano zvinogadzira mita, kana mita, yakafanana nemamita evhesi - bhiti yepamutemo. chirongwa, kuzadza mupuru nemhando dzakasiyana dzenguva dzenoti zvinoumba mutinhimira. kudhirowa, kana kuti “rhythm” mupfungwa nhete.

Imwe mhando yemimhanzi yemimhanzi inyanzvi, iyo yakatora chimiro semumhanzi wakaparadzaniswa neunyanzvi hwakabatana. Kukanganisa kwakakura kwemafungiro akajairwa pamusoro pemimhanzi. M. inobva pakuziva kuti chimiro ichi chekare chinozivikanwa sechinowanikwa mumhanzi "nezvakasikwa". Kuchinjana nguva dzose kwenguva dzinorema uye dzakareruka kunonzi kune mimhanzi yekare, yekare, ngano, nezvimwe. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kunzwisisa kwete chete mimhanzi yepakutanga eras uye muses. ngano, asiwo maonero avo munziyo dzemazuva ano. MuchiRussian nar. rwiyo pl. folklorists vanoshandisa barline kuratidza kwete mabhiti akasimba (apo asipo), asi miganhu pakati pemitsara; akadaro "folk beats" (izwi rePP Sokalsky) rinowanzo kuwanikwa muchiRussia. Prof. mimhanzi, uye kwete chete nenzira yemamita asina kujairika (somuenzaniso, 11/4 naRimsky-Korsakov), asiwo muchimiro chezvikamu zviviri. tripartite, etc. cycles. Aya ndiwo madingindira emafainari ekutanga fp. concerto uye Tchaikovsky's 1nd symphony, apo kugamuchirwa kwebarline sechiratidziro chekurohwa kwakasimba kunotungamirira kukanganisa kwakakwana kwe rhythmic. zvimiro. Bar notation inofukidza mutinhimira wakasiyana. sangano uye mumadhanzi akawanda eWest Slavic, Hungarian, Spanish, uye mamwe mavambo (polonaise, mazurka, polka, bolero, habanera, nezvimwewo). Aya madhanzi anoratidzwa nekuvapo kwemafomula - imwe nhevedzano yenguva (kubvumira mutsauko mukati meimwe miganhu), mipendero haifanirwe kutorwa seine mutinhimira. chimiro chinozadza chiyero, asi seM. yemhando yehuwandu. Iyi fomula yakafanana neye metric tsoka. versification. Mukutamba kwakachena. East music. mafomula evanhu anogona kuve akaomarara kupfuura mundima (ona Usul), asi musimboti unoramba wakafanana.

Kusiyanisa melodic (accent ratios) ne rhythm (urefu reshiyo—Riemann), iyo isingashandiswe kune mutinhimira wehuwandu, inodawo gadziridzo mumutinhimira wenguva ino. Kureba mukutsinhirwa kwemazwi pachayo inova nzira yekusimbisa, iyo inozviratidza mugogics uye mune rhythmics. nhamba, chidzidzo chacho chakatangwa naRiemann. Agogic mukana. kusimbaradza kunobva pakuti pakuverenga mabhiti (akatsiva kuyerwa kwenguva seM.), nguva dzepakati-yekuvhundutsa, dzinotorwa zvakaenzana, dzinogona kutatamuka nekuderera mukati memiganhu yakakura. Chiyero sechimwe chikwata chezvipingamupinyi, zvakasiyana musimba, hazvibvi pane tempo uye kuchinja kwayo (kukurumidza, kuderera, fermat), zvose zvinoratidzwa mune zvinyorwa uye zvisina kuratidzwa, uye miganhu yekusununguka kwe tempo haigoni kusimbiswa. Formative rhythmic. kureba kwemanotsi, kuyerwa nenhamba yezvikamu pametric. grid zvisinei nekwavo chokwadi. nguva dzinoenderanawo nekudzika kwekunetseka: sekutonga, nguva yakareba inowira pamabhiti akasimba, madiki pane asina kusimba eyero, uye kutsauka kubva kune iyi kurongeka kunoonekwa se syncopations. Iko hakuna tsika yakadaro muhuwandu hwetinhi; ukuwo, mafomula ane accented chipfupi chinhu cherudzi

(antique iambic, 2nd maitiro emimhanzi yevarume),

(ancient anapaest), etc. hunhu hwake.

Iyo "metrical quality" inonzi naRiemann kune accent ratios ndeyavo chete nekuda kwehutsika hwavo. Iyo barline hairatidze mataurirwo, asi iyo yakajairika nzvimbo yekutaura uye nekudaro hunhu hwemataurirwo chaiwo, inoratidza kana iwo akajairwa kana kuchinjika (syncopes). "Zvakanaka" metric. matauriro anonyanya kuratidzwa mukudzokororwa kwechiyero. Asi kunze kwekuti kuenzana kwezviyero munguva hakuremekedzwi, pane kazhinji kuchinja kwehukuru. Saka, munhetembo yaScriabin op. 52 Kwete l ye49 mitsetse yekuchinja kwakadaro 42. Muzana remakore rechi20. "Mabhawa emahara" anooneka, apo pasina siginecha yenguva uye mitsetse yebhawa inokamura mimhanzi muzvikamu zvisina kuenzana. Ukuwo, zvichida periodic. kudzokorora nonmetric. matauriro, asingarasikirwe nehunhu hwe "rhythmic dissonances" (ona zvivakwa zvakakura zvaBeethoven zvine matauriro pakurova kusina simba mukupera kweiyo symphony yechinomwe, "akayambuka" maviri-beat rhythms mumatatu-beat mabara muchikamu chekutanga che 7rd symphony uye nezvimwe). Pakutsauka kubva kuM. muhl. mumanzwi, muzviitiko zvakawanda inochengetedzwa mukuperekedza, asi dzimwe nguva inoshanduka kuita nhevedzano yekufungidzira kuvhundutsa, kuwirirana kunopa ruzha rwechokwadi chimiro chakadzingwa.

Iyo "yekufungidzira yekuperekedza" inogona kutsigirwa ne rhythmic inertia, asi pakutanga kwe Schumann's "Manfred" kupfuudza, inomira yakaparadzana nechero hukama kune yakapfuura uye inotevera:

Syncopation yekutanga inogonekawo mumabhawa emahara:

SV Rakhmaninov. Romance "Usiku mubindu rangu", op. 38 no1.

Kukamurwa kuita zviyero mumimhanzi notation inoratidza mutinhimira. vavariro yemunyori, uye kuedza kwaRiemann nevateveri vake “kururamisa” gadziriro yomunyori mukuwirirana nokusimbisa chaikoiko, kunoratidzira kusanzwisisa kunokosha kwaM., musanganiswa wechiyero chakapiwa chine mutinhimira chaiwo.

Kuchinja uku kwakatungamirirawo (kwete pasina pesvedzero yeanalogies nevhesi) pakuwedzera kwechirevo cheM. kune chimiro chezvirevo, nguva, nezvimwewo chaizvo mukusavapo kwemametrics. kutaura. Mundima, uwandu hwezvinosimbisa hunoratidza panowanikwa miganhu yendima, kusapindirana kwe to-rykh ne syntactic (enjambements) kunoumba mundima “rhythmic. dissonances." Mumhanzi, apo M. inotonga chete accentuation (yakafanotemerwa nzvimbo dzekupera kwenguva mune mamwe madhanzi, semuenzaniso, mupolonaise, inhaka yehuwandu M.), enjambements haigoneki, asi basa iri rinoitwa ne masyncopations, asingafungiki mundima (apo pasina kuperekedzwa, chaiko kana fungidziro, izvo zvinogona kupesana nekusimbisa kwemazwi makuru). Musiyano uripo pakati penhetembo nemimhanzi. M. inoratidzwa zvakajeka nenzira dzakanyorwa dzekuvaratidza: mune imwe nyaya, kupatsanurwa mumitsara nemapoka avo (stanzas), kureva metric. kumbomira, mune imwe - kupatsanurwa kuita denderedzwa, zvichiratidza metric. matauriro. Kubatana pakati pemimhanzi yemimhanzi uye kuperekedza kunokonzerwa nekuti nguva yakasimba inotorwa sekutanga kwemetric. mayunitsi, nekuti inzvimbo yakajairika yekuchinja kuwirirana, magadzirirwo, nezvimwewo. Zvinorehwa nemitsara yebhawa se "skeletal" kana "architectural" miganhu yakaiswa pamberi (neimwe nzira yakawedzera kuwedzeredza) naKonus seanopikisa kune syntactic, " kuvhara" kutaura, iyo yakagamuchira zita rekuti "metric" muchikoro cheRiemann. Catoire inobvumirawo mutsauko pakati pemiganhu yezvirevo (syntactic) uye "zvivakwa" zvichitanga muchimiro chakasimba ("trocheus yerudzi rwechipiri" muchirevo chake). Kuunganidzwa kwezviyero muzvivakwa kunowanzo kuenderana nemaitiro e "squareness" uye kuchinjika kwakaringana kwezviyero zvakasimba uye zvisina simba, zvinoyeuchidza kuchinjana kwebhiti muchiyero, asi tsika iyi (psychophysiologically conditioned) haisi metric. zvinojairika, zvinokwanisa kupikisa muses. syntax inozopedzisira yaona saizi yezvivakwa. Zvakadaro, dzimwe nguva matanho madiki anoiswa muchikamu chaicho metric. kubatana - "mazariro emhando yepamusoro", sezvinoratidzwa nemukana we syncope. accents pamatanho asina simba:

L. Beethoven Sonata wepiyano, op. 110, chikamu II.

Dzimwe nguva vanyori vanoratidza zvakananga kuunganidzwa kwemabhawa; muchiitiko ichi, kwete mapoka emativi (ritmo di quattro battute) anogoneka, asiwo mabhawa matatu (ritmo di tre battute muBeethoven's 9th symphony, rythme ternaire muDuke's The Sorcerer's Apprentice). Kujekesa zviyero zvisina chinhu pakupera kwebasa, kupera pachiyero chakasimba, zvakare chikamu chezviyero zvezviyero zvehupamhi hwepamusoro, izvo zvinowanzoitika pakati peViennese classics, asi zvakare yakawanikwa gare gare (F. Liszt, "Mephisto Waltz ” No1, PI Tchaikovsky, kuguma kwe 1 symphony) , pamwe chete nenhamba yezviyero mukati meboka (Liszt, "Mephisto Waltz"), uye kuverenga kwavo kunotanga nechiyero chakasimba, uye kwete ne syntactic. miganhu. Misiyano yakakosha pakati pemimhanzi yenhetembo. M. bvisa kubatana kwakananga pakati pavo mu wok. nziyo dzenguva itsva. Panguva imwecheteyo, ese ari maviri ane maitiro akafanana anoasiyanisa kubva muhuwandu M.: mataurirwo echimiro, yebetsero basa uye dynamizing basa, kunyanya kuratidzwa mumhanzi, uko inoenderera wachi M. (iyo yakasimuka panguva imwe chete ne "bass inoenderera. ", basso continuo) haadimbura , asi, pane zvinopesana, inogadzira "zvisungo zviviri" zvisingabvumiri mimhanzi kuti iparare muzvinangwa, mitsara, nezvimwewo.

References: Sokalsky PP, Russian folk music, Great Russian and Little Russian, mune yayo melodic uye rhythmic chimiro uye kusiyana kwayo kubva panheyo dzemazuva ano harmonic music, Kharkov, 1888; Konyus G., Kuwedzera kuunganidzwa kwemabasa, maekisesaizi uye mibvunzo (1001) yezvidzidzo zvinoshanda zvekutanga mimhanzi theory, M., 1896; zvimwe chetezvo, M.-P., 1924; yake pachake, Kutsoropodzwa kwedzidziso yechinyakare mundima yechimiro chenziyo, M., 1932; Yavorsky B., Chimiro chekutaura kwemimhanzi Zvishandiso uye zvinyorwa, chikamu 2, M., 1908; yake pachake, The Basic Elements of Music, "Art", 1923, No l (kune kudhindwa kwakasiyana); Sabaneev L., Mimhanzi yekutaura Aesthetic research, M., 1923; Rinagin A., Systematics yeruzivo rwemimhanzi uye dzidziso, mubhuku. De musica Sat. Art., ed. I. Glebova, P., 1923; Mazel LA, Zukkerman VA, Kuongororwa kwemabasa emimhanzi. Zvinhu zvemuchyka uye nzira dzekuongorora mafomu maduku, M., 1967; Agarkov O., Pakukwana kwekuona kwemamita emimhanzi, muna Sat. Mimhanzi Art neSainzi, vol. 1, Moscow, 1970; Kholopova V., Mibvunzo ye rhythm mubasa revanyori vehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi1971, M., 1; Harlap M., Rhythm yaBeethoven, mubhuku. Beethoven Sat. st., nyaya. 1971, M., XNUMX. Onawo lit. paArt. Metrics.

MG Harlap