Mensural notation |
kubva muchiLatin mensura - mera; mavara - dimensional notation
Sisitimu yekurekodha kurira kwemimhanzi yakashandiswa muzana remakore rechi13-16. Kusiyana neaimbova asiri epfungwa notation (ona Nevmy), mipendero yaingoratidza kutungamira kwekufamba kwerwiyo, uye notation yekwaya yakaitsiva, umo chete kureba kwemanzwi kwairatidzwa, M. n. akaita kuti zvikwanisike kugadzirisa zvose zviri zviviri nzwi uye kureba kwenguva yemanzwi. Izvi zvakava madikanwa nekuvandudzwa kwepolyphony, apo mumamoteti pakanga paine kusimuka kubva pakududzwa panguva imwe chete yesyllable yega yega yezvinyorwa mumanzwi ese. M. i. yakagadzirwa uye yakatsanangurwa naJohannes de Garlandia, Franco weCologne, Walter Odington, Hieronymus weMoravia (zana remakore rechi13), Philippe de Vitry, de Muris, Marchetto wePadua (zana remakore rechi14), Johannes Tinctoris (15th-16th century), Francino Gaffori ( 16th c.), nezvimwewo.
To con. 13th c. kuratidza nguva yemanzwi uye kumbomira muM. n. zviratidzo zvinotevera zvakashandiswa (zvichipihwa mukudzika kwehurefu hwenguva; mazwi ese ndeechiLatin):
Muzana remakore rechi14 kunyange zviduku zvishoma zvakatanga kushandiswa - minima
(diki) uye semiminima
(hafu shoma).
Nhamba yekuverenga yenguva pakutanga yaive chinyorwa longa. Paive ne longa perfecta note (yakakwana), yakaenzana nemabrevis matatu, uye longa imperfecta note (isina kukwana), yakaenzana nemabrevis maviri. Kubva kuSer. 14 c. pfungwa dze perfecta, kupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvitatu, uye imperfecta, kupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zviviri, zvakawedzerwawo kune reshiyo dzemamwe manotsi e“muvakidzani” panzvimbo munhevedzano yenguva dzenoti; chete manotsi duplex longa (gare gare maxima) uye minima aigara achirova kaviri. Aya marudzi ekupatsanura mutinhimira ainzi zvikero. Paiva nemazita anokosha ezvikero zvenguva imwe neimwe. Saka, chiyero che longa chainzi modus, brevis scale yainzi tempus, semibrevis scale yainzi prolatio. Gare gare, noti brevis yakava nguva yekuverenga, inoenderana neyazvino. whole note; marudzi ezvikero zvayo, kureva tempus perfectum (inopatsanurwa kuita semibrevis mitatu) uye tempus imperfectum (inopatsanurwa kuita semibrevis mbiri) zvairatidzwa zvakatevedzana nezviratidzo.
и
; iyo yekupedzisira zita richiri kushandiswa nhasi kune saizi 4/4. Izvi zviratidzo zvakaiswa pakutanga kwemutsara wemimhanzi kana pakati mumamiriro ekuchinja chiyero. Kubva muzana remakore rechi14 chikamu chekuverenga kwenguva yakareba muM. n. yakava chinyorwa semibrevis. Kupatsanurwa kwayo kuita matatu minima shares yakasarudzwa neizwi prolatio chikuru (perfecta), kuita maviri - nezwi rokuti prolatio minor (imperfecta). Doti muchiratidzo che tempus rakashandiswa sechiratidzo chakasiyana. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kudonongodza muchidimbu zvese zvina zvakazoshandiswa. rudzi rwekuzviisa pasi kwenguva:
1) brevis uye semibrevis - tripartite, kureva tempus perfectum, prolatio huru (inoenderana nehukuru hwemazuva ano 9/4, 9/8) - chiratidzo
; 2) brevis - tripartite, semibrevis - bipartite, kureva tempus perfectum, prolatio minor (inoenderana nehukuru hwemazuva ano 3/4, 3/8) - chiratidzo
;
3) brevis - zvikamu zviviri, semibrevis - zvikamu zvitatu, kureva tempus imperfectum, prolatio huru (inoenderana nehukuru hwemazuva ano 6/4, 6/8) - chiratidzo
; 4) brevis - bipartite, semibrevis - bipartite, kureva tempus imperfectum, prolatio minor (inoenderana nehukuru hwemazuva ano 2/4, 4/4).
Zviratidzo zviri pamusoro uye notation hazvina kupa rekodhi yemhando dzese dzinobvira dzerhythmic. kurongeka kwemanzwi. Panyaya iyi, mitemo yakagadziridzwa yaibatanidza nguva chaiyo yenoti uye pakati pemanotsi api. Saka, mutemo weimperfectio waiti kana muchikamu chevatatu chinyorwa chakareba chichiteverwa nenoti yenguva pfupi iri pedyo, uye yozouya zvakare yakaenzana nehurefu hwakafanana neyekutanga, kana kuti inotewerwa inodarika manotsi matatu. yenguva pfupi yakatarisana, ipapo nguva yenoti iyi inoderera chikamu chimwe muzvitatu:
The alteration mutemo (shanduko, shanduko) yakaraira kupetwa kwenguva yechipiri yezvinyorwa zviviri zviri padyo zvenguva imwe chete, brevis, gare gare uye semibrevis, ine chirevo chetatu:
Dep. manzwi akawanda. nziyo dzaiwanzonyorwa panguva iyoyo nenzira yokuti zvikamu zvokuverenga mazviri zvakabva zvasiyana. Naizvozvo, pakuderedza manzwi kuva chinhu chimwe chete, mutinhimira waidiwa. kushandurwa kwemavhoti. Panguva imwecheteyo, manzwi akarekodhwa nehurefu hwakareba akaiswa pasi pe "diminutio" (diminutio). Chakanyanya kunyanyozivikanwa kwaive kudzikiswa kwenguva dzese dzeizwi rakapihwa nehafu (proportio dupla). Yairatidzwa nemutsara wakatwasuka uchipfuura nepakati pechiratidzo chechiyero - , kana kupinduka kwechiratidzo ichi - , kana chikamu chenhamba 2/1. Mamwe marudzi e diminutio akashandiswawo. Kudzimwa kwediminuti inoratidzwa nechikamu chakaitwa nekufambisa nhamba uye denominator (semuenzaniso, 1/2 mushure me2/1). Diminutio 2/1, ichireva manzwi ese, inomiririra kukwidziridzwa kwe tempo.
Nekuda kwekuti mashandisirwo emhando dzeimperfectio uye diminutio akaomesera mimhanzi, kuyedzwa kwakaitwa kufambisa kuverengwa kwenoti nekuunza zviratidzo zvitsva zvemimhanzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, maererano nekuchinja kubva pamatehwe kusvika papepa, vakatanga kutsiva zviratidzo zvemimhanzi "dema" ne "chena". Kuita uku kwakange kwakanyanya muItaly. Pakazosvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16. Heino inotevera sisitimu yemimhanzi notation:
Zvishoma nezvishoma, zviratidzo zvemimhanzi zvitema zvakasimbiswa kuti zviratidze semiminim uye nguva diki, uye yekumira inoenderana nefuze uye semifuze, yekutanga yezviratidzo zviviri. Iyi nzira yezviratidzo yakagadzira hwaro hwemazuva ano. zvinyorwa zvekunyora zvinyorwa. Nechekare muzana remakore rechi15. yaiwanzoshandiswa yakatenderedzwa notation yezvinyorwa, muzana remakore rechi16. akatamirawo mukudhinda mimhanzi. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 16 kuzviisa pasi kwedurations maererano nel: 2 yakakunda kwose kwose; kwakaratidza kurambwa kwaM. n. uye shanduko kuenda kune yemazuva ano notation system.
References: Saketti LA, Essay pamusoro penhau huru yemimhanzi, St. Petersburg, 1912; Gruber RI, Nhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, vol. 1, chikamu 2, M.-L., 1941; Bellermann H., Die Mensuralnoten und Takteeichen des XV. uye XVI. Jahrhunderts, W., 1858, 1963; Jacobsthal G., Die Mensuralnotenschrift des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts, B., 1871; Riemann, H. Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; Wolf J., Geschichte der Mensuralnotation von 1250-1460, Bd 1-3, Lpz., 1904, Hildesheim-Wiesbaden, 1965; zvakafanana, Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1, Lpz., 1913; yake, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Chybinski A., Teoria mensuralna…, Kr., 1910; Michalitschke AM, Studien zur Entstehung und Fhrhentwicklung der Mensuralnotation, “ZfMw”, 1930, Jahrg. 12, H. 5; Rarrish C., The notation of polyphonie music, NY, 1958; Fischer K. v., Zur Entwicklung der italienischen Trecento-Notation, “AfMw”, 1959, Jahrg. 16; Apel W., Die Notation der polyphonen Musik, 900-1600, Lpz., 1962; Genther R., Die Mensuralnotation des Ars nova, “AfMw”, 1962-63. (Jahrg. 20), H. 1.
VA Vakhromeev
