Piano History

Piano izita rakajairika rezviridzwa zvetambo zvine sando chiito. Kugona kuitamba chiratidzo chekunaka kwakanaka. Mufananidzo wemuimbi anoshingaira, ane tarenda wezana rino unoperekedza piano wese. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ichi chiridzwa chevakuru, kunyangwe kugona mutambo pairi chikamu chakakosha chechero dzidzo yemimhanzi.

Kudzidza kwenhoroondo kunobatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani chimiro uye zvakanangana nemabasa enguva yakapfuura.

Nhoroondo yepiyano

Nhoroondo yepiyano inodarika mazana maviri emakore. Chaizvoizvo, piyano yekutanga yakagadzirwa panguva imwe chete muAmerica (J. Hawkins pakupera kwa1800) uye Austria (M. Müller pakutanga kwe1801). Nokufamba kwenguva, chiridzwa chirikudziridzwa chakagamuchira pedals. Iyo chaiyo fomu ine cast-iron furemu, tambo dzemuchinjikwa, uye kurongeka kwemazinga akawanda emadhamu akagadzirwa pakati pezana remakore rechi19.

Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye "armchair pianos". Vane saizi yemuviri yakajairwa 1400 × 1200 mm, huwandu hwe7 octaves, pedal mechanism yakaiswa pauriri hwepasi, vertical console yakabatana negumbo repiyano uye danda. Saka, nhoroondo yekusikwa kwepiyano inenge makore zana ipfupi pane nguva yekuvandudzwa kwechiridzwa ichi.

Mutangiri wepiyano akanga ari monochord

Zvese zviridzwa zvemimhanzi zvinogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka matatu zvichienderana nenzira yekugadzira ruzha. Izvi zviridzwa zvine tambo, zviridzwa zvinofuridza uye zviridzwa zvinorira. Zviridzwa zvakaita se clavichord, harpsichord uye dulcimer zvinogona kutorwa sevanotungamira piyano. Asi kana tikatarisa zvakatowanda, zvinova pachena kuti piyano muzukuru wemonochord. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvichienderana nenhoroondo yekwakabva piyano, inogona kuverengerwa kuboka rezviridzwa zvine tambo.

Kwakabva piyano

Muitiro wepiyano wakafanana neuyo wedulcimer

Piyano inogona kuverengerwa sechiridzwa chine tambo, zvichibva pakuti ruzha rwunobva pakudedera kwetambo. Asi zvinogona zvakare kunzi ndezvekuridza zviridzwa, nekuti ruzha rwunonzwika nekuda kwekurova kwesando patambo. Izvi zvinoita kuti piyano ienderane nedulcimer.

Dulcimer yakaonekwa kuMiddle East uye yakapararira muEurope muzana remakore rechi11. Muviri une tambo dzakatambanudzwa kubva kumusoro. Somupiyano, sando duku inorova tambo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero dulcimer ichionekwa seyakatangira piyano.

Clavichord - danho rakakura kune piyano

Iyo piyano zvakare ndeyemhuri yezviridzwa zve keyboard. Keyboard zviridzwa zvave zviripo kubva kuMiddle Ages. Dzinobva munhengo inotumirwa mhepo nemamwe machubhu kuti ibudise inzwi. Vatenzi vakavandudza nhengo uye vakagadzira chiridzwa chakava nhanho imwe pedyo nepiyano - clavichord.

Clavichord yakatanga kuonekwa muzana remakore rechi14 uye yakawana mukurumbira munguva yeRenaissance. Kana kiyi ikadzvanywa, pini yesimbi ine musoro wakatsetseka - tangent - inorova tambo, ichikonzera kuzunguzika. Nokudaro, zvinokwanisika kubvisa inzwi mumutsara kubva kune mana kusvika mashanu octaves.

Kufanana pakati pepiyano uye harpsichord

Iyo harpsichord yakagadzirwa muItaly makore ekuma1500 uye yakazopararira kuFrance, Germany, Flanders neGreat Britain. Apo kiyi yakadzvinyirirwa, tsvimbo chaiyo (spiller) yakasimuka kusvika patambo, ichisunda plectrum, iyo yaiita kuti tambo dzifambe.

Hurongwa hwetambo uye bhodhi rekurira, pamwe chete nechimiro chechiridzwa ichi, chakafanana nechimiro chepiyano yemazuva ano.

Cristofori, mugadziri wepiyano yekutanga

Iyo piyano yakagadzirwa naBartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731) muItaly.

Mune harpsichord, Cristofori haana kufarira chokwadi chokuti vaimbi vakanga vasina simba guru pahuwandu hwezwi. Muna 1709, akatsiva nzira yakadzurwa nesando uye akagadzira piyano yemazuva ano.

Chiridzwa ichi chakatanga kunzi "clavicembalo col piano e forte" (harpsichord ine ruzha rwakapfava uye rwakanyanya). Gare gare, zita iri mumitauro yeEurope rakapfupikiswa kumazuva ano anogamuchirwa "piano". MuchiRussia, zita riri pedyo nepakutanga rakachengetedzwa - pianoforte.

Madzitateguru echiridzwa chemazuva ano

Vamiririri vekare vekirasi iyi ndeye clavichord uye harpsichord. Ndiani uye mugore ripi akagadzira kana kugadzira zviridzwa izvi zvakadzvanywa kiibhodhi zvakatangira piyano hazvizivikanwe. Kubva muzana remakore rechi14, dzakapararira muEurope muzana remakore rechi16-18.

Musiyano uri pakati pe harpsichord inzwi rinoratidza. Inowanikwa nekuda kwetsvimbo ine feather yakanamatira kumagumo ekiyi. Mudziyo uyu unodhonza tambo, zvichikonzera ruzha. Iyo peculiarity ndeye yakaderera melodiousness, iyo isingatenderi kukudziridza ine simba siyana, zvichidikanwa mudziyo wemakiyibhodhi maviri, ane ruzha uye akanyarara. Zvimiro zvekushongedza kwekunze kweharpsichord: kunaka uye mavara epakutanga emakiyi. Kiibhodhi yepamusoro ichena, yepasi itema.

Mumwe akatangira piyano aiva clavichord. Zvinoreva midziyo yemhando yekamuri. Tsanga dzacho dzinotsiviwa nemarata esimbi asingadhonze, asi kubata tambo. Izvi zvinosarudza ruzha rwakanaka, zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuita basa rakapfuma zvine simba.

Simba uye kupenya kwezwi rakaderera, saka chiridzwa chainyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira mimhanzi yepamba, uye kwete pamakonzati.

Nhoroondo yekusikwa kwechiridzwa chitsva nekushanduka kwayo

Nekufamba kwenguva, hunyanzvi hwemimhanzi hwave huchida pamhando yesimba. Zviridzwa zvekare zvekeyboard zvakagadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Aya ndiwo matangiro akaita piyano. Muvambi wayo ndiye Florentine Bartalameo Cristofori. Muna 1709, mugadziri wepiyano wekuItaly akaisa sando pasi petambo. Magadzirirwo aya ainzi gravicembalo col piano e forte. MuFrance, humwe hutsva hwakafanana hwakagadzirwa naJ. Marius muna 1716, kuGermany naKG Schroeter muna 1717. Nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwaErar kwekudzokorora kaviri, zvakakwanisika kukurumidza kutema makiyi, kumutsa inzwi rakanatswa uye rine simba. . Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18, yakatsiva zvine chivimbo harpsichords uye clavichords izvo zvaive zvakajairika kare. Panguva imwecheteyo, mahybrids akasiyana akamuka, achibatanidza nhengo, harpsichord uye piano furs.nisms.

Musiyano pakati pechiridzwa chitsva kuvepo kwemarata esimbi pachinzvimbo chetsanga. Izvi zvakakanganisa ruzha, zvichiita kuti uchinje inzwi. Iko kusanganiswa kweruzha (forte) uye kunyarara (piano) inorira pane imwechete keyboard yakapa chiridzwa zita rayo. Mafekitari epiano akatanga kukura zvishoma nezvishoma. Mabhizinesi anozivikanwa zvikuru ndiStreicher naStein.

MuMambo weRussia, Tischner naWirta vakabatanidzwa mukukura kwayo muma1818-1820s.

Nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwakasarudzika, kuvandudzwa kwechiridzwa chakatanga, icho chakanyatsotora nzvimbo yayo mutsika yemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Magadzirirwo ayo akachinja kakawanda. Muzana remakore rose, mhizha dzeItaly, German, Chirungu dzakavandudza chigadzirwa. Mupiro unokosha wakanga uri basa raSilbermann, Zumpe, Schroeter naStein. Parizvino, tsika dzakasiyana dzekugadzira piyano dzakagadzirwa, dzakasiyana mumakanika. Uyezve, pahwaro hwechiridzwa chekirasi, zvitsva zvakaonekwa: synthesizer, electronic pianos.

Kusunungurwa kwezviridzwa muUSSR, pasinei nenhamba huru, yakanga isiri yemhando yepamusoro. Mafekitari "Red Gumiguru", "Zarya", "Accord", "Lira", "Kama", "Rostov-Don", "Nocturne", "Swallow" akagadzira zvigadzirwa zvisingadhuri zvemhando yepamusoro kubva kune zvakasikwa, zvakaderera kune vamwe vekuEurope. Mushure mekuparara kweMubatanidzwa, kugadzirwa kwepianoforte muRussia kwakanyangarika.

Zvishandiso zvakakosha munhoroondo

Kugadzirwa kwepiyano kwakachinja nhoroondo yemimhanzi. Nekuda kwechitarisiko chake, makonzati aakatora chinzvimbo chekutungamira achinja. Izvi zvakasarudza kukurumidza kukura mukuzivikanwa panguva ye classicism uye romanticism. Boka renyeredzi revanyori rakamuka avo vakapira basa ravo kuchiridzwa ichi chete. Mumwe wevakatanga kuibata aiva WA Mozart, J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, C. Gounod. Mimhanzi yakawanda yepiyano inozivikanwa. Kunyangwe zvidimbu zvisina kuitirwa piyano inonzwika zvakanyanya kunakidza pairi kupfuura pane zvimwe zviridzwa.

Piano History muVhidhiyo

mhedziso

Kuonekwa kwepiyano imhando yemhinduro yehunyanzvi kune kudiwa kwekukurumidzira mutsika yemimhanzi yechiridzwa chitsva chekiibhodhi chine ruzha rwakasimba uye huwandu hwakawanda hwemithunzi ine simba. Kuve akakodzera kuridza nziyo dzakanakisa uye dzakaoma kunzwisisa, chave hunhu husingachinjiki hwenzvimbo dzakanaka uye dzimba dzevakangwara vemazuva ano. Uye nhoroondo yekusikwa kwepiyano kufora kwekukunda kwechiridzwa chakakodzera.