Maurice Ravel |

Maurice ravel

Mimhanzi mikuru, ndine chokwadi neizvi, nguva dzose inobva pamwoyo ... Mimhanzi, ndinoomerera pane izvi, zvisinei, inofanira kuva yakanaka. M. Ravel

Mimhanzi yaM. Ravel - muimbi mukuru wechiFrench, shasha yeruvara rwenziyo - inosanganisa kupfava kwekufungidzira uye kusajeka kwemanzwi nekujeka kwechinyakare uye kuwirirana kwemafomu. Akanyora 2 operas (The Spanish Hour, The Child and the Magic), 3 ballets (kusanganisira Daphnis naChloe), anoshandira orchestra (Spanish Rhapsody, Waltz, Bolero) , 2 piano concertos, rhapsody ye violin "Gypsy", Quartet, Trio, sonatas (yeviolin uye cello, violin uye piyano), nziyo dzepiyano (kusanganisira Sonatina, "Mvura Play", mitsetse "Night Gaspar", "Noble and sentimental waltzes", "Reflections", iyo suite "Tomb of Couperin" , zvikamu zvaro zvakatsaurirwa kundangariro yeshamwari dzemunyori dzakafa munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga), makwaya, rudo. Muvambi akashinga, Ravel aive nesimba guru kune vazhinji vaimbi vezvizvarwa zvakatevera.

Akaberekerwa mumhuri yeSwitzerland injiniya Joseph Ravel. Baba vangu vaive nechipo chemimhanzi, vairidza bhosvo nenyere zvakanaka. Akatanga Maurice wechidiki kune tekinoroji. Kufarira michina, matoyi, wachi dzakaramba dziri pamwe nemunyori muhupenyu hwake hwose uye zvakatoratidzwa mune akati wandei mabasa ake (ngatirangarirei, semuenzaniso, sumo yeOpera Spanish Hour nemufananidzo wechitoro chemugadziri wewachi). Amai vemunyori vakabva kumhuri yeBasque, iyo munyori aidada nayo. Ravel akadzokorora kushandisa mhanzi yerudzi urwu rusingawanikwe aine chiitiko chisina kujairika mubasa rake (piano Trio) uye akatotora Piano Concerto pamadingindira eBasque. Amai vakakwanisa kuumba mamiriro ekuwirirana uye kunzwisisana mumhuri, zvichiita kuti pave nekusimudzirwa kwechisikigo kwematarenda echisikigo evana. Nechekare muna June 1875 mhuri yakatamira kuParis, iyo yakabatana nayo hupenyu hwose hwemunyori.

Ravel akatanga kudzidza mimhanzi pazera remakore 7. Muna 1889, akapinda muParis Conservatoire, kwaakapedza kudzidza mukirasi yepiyano yaC. Berio (mwanakomana wemuimbi ane mukurumbira weviolinist) nemubairo wekutanga pamakwikwi muna 1891 (wechipiri. mubairo wakahwinwa gore iroro nemuimbi mukuru wepiyano wechiFrench A. Cortot). Kupedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory mukirasi yekunyora hakuna kufara zvakanyanya kuna Ravel. Zvaakatanga kudzidza mukirasi yokunzwanana yaE. Pressar, aodzwa mwoyo nokufungira kwakanyanyisa kwomudzidzi wake nokuda kwokusanzwisisana, akapfuuridzira zvidzidzo zvake mukirasi yeA. Gedalzh, uye kubvira muna 1896 akadzidza zvekunyora naG. Fauré, uyo, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro anga asiri wevamiriri vezvinyowani zvakanyanyisa, akatenda tarenda raRavel, kuravira kwake uye pfungwa yechimiro, uye akachengeta hunhu hunodziya kumudzidzi wake kusvika pakupera kwemazuva ake. Nekuda kwekupedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory nemubairo uye kuwana bhezari yekugara kwemakore mana muItari, Ravel akapinda mumakwikwi kashanu (5-1900), asi haana kumbopihwa mubairo wekutanga, uye muna 05, mushure preliminary audition, haana kana kubvumirwa kutora chikamu mumakwikwi makuru. Kana tikayeuka kuti panguva ino Ravel akanga atonyora zvidimbu zvepiyano zvakadai seakakurumbira "Pavane for the Death of the Infanta", "The Play of Water", pamwe neString Quartet - mabasa akajeka uye anonakidza akabva akunda rudo. yeruzhinji uye akaramba kusvika nhasi imwe yeakanyanya repertoire yemabasa ake, sarudzo yejury ichaita seyakajairika. Izvi hazvina kusiya vanhu vasina hanya nenharaunda yemimhanzi yeParis. Hurukuro yakamuka pamapeji epepanhau, umo Fauré naR. Rolland vakatora rutivi rwaRavel. Somugumisiro weiyi "Ravel case", T. Dubois akamanikidzwa kusiya chigaro chemutungamiriri wekuchengetedza, Fauré akava mutsivi wake. Ravel pachake haana kuyeuka chiitiko ichi chisingafadzi, kunyange pakati peshamwari dzepedyo.

Kusada kutariswa zvakanyanya neruzhinji uye mhemberero dzepamutemo zvaive zvagara maari muhupenyu hwake hwose. Saka, muna 1920, akaramba kugamuchira Order of the Legion of Honor, kunyange zvazvo zita rake rakabudiswa mumazita eavo vakapiwa. Iyi nyowani "Ravel kesi" yakakonzera zvakare maungira makuru mumapepanhau. Aisada kutaura nezvazvo. Zvisinei, kuramba kurongeka uye kusada rukudzo hakuratidzi zvachose kusava nehanya kwemunyori kuupenyu hweveruzhinji. Saka, panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, achinzi haana kukodzera kuita basa rechiuto, anotsvaka kutumirwa kumberi, kutanga somunhu akarongeka, uye ipapo somutyairi werori. Kuedza kwake chete kuenda kundege kwakakundikana (nekuda kwemoyo unorwara). Akanga asinawo hanya nesangano muna 1914 re "National League for the Defense of French Music" uye kudiwa kwayo kusaita mabasa nevanyori veGermany muFrance. Akanyorera "League" tsamba achipokana nemafungiro akadaro enyika.

Zviitiko zvakawedzera kusiyanisa hupenyu hwaRavel aive mafambiro. Aifarira kuzivana nedzimwe nyika, achiri muduku akanga ava kutoenda kunoshumira kuMabvazuva. Chiroto chekushanyira Mabvazuva chaifanira kuzadzikiswa pamagumo ehupenyu. Muna 1935 akashanyira Morocco, akaona nyika inonakidza, inoshamisa yeAfrica. Ari munzira kuenda kuFrance, akapfuura maguta akati wandei muSpain, kusanganisira Seville nemapindu ayo, mhomho ine upenyu, mabhuru. Kakawanda munyori wacho akashanyira nyika yake, akaenda kumhemberero yekuremekedza kuiswa kwedombo rechirangaridzo paimba yaakaberekerwa. Nekuseka, Ravel akatsanangura mhemberero yekuzvitsaurira kune zita rachiremba weOxford University. Panzendo dzekonzati, dzainyanya kunakidza, dzakasiyana uye dzakabudirira dzaive rwendo rwemwedzi mina rweAmerica neCanada. Muimbi akayambuka nyika kubva kumabvazuva kuenda kumadokero uye kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, makonti kwese kwaiitwa mukukunda, Ravel akabudirira semuimbi, piano, conductor uye kunyange mudzidzisi. Muhurukuro yake pamusoro pemimhanzi yemazuva ano, iye, kunyanya, akakurudzira vanyori vekuAmerica kuti vagadzire zvinhu zvejazz zvakanyanya, kuratidza kunyanya kutarisa kublues. Kunyangwe asati ashanyira America, Ravel akawana mubasa rake ichi chitsva uye chine mavara chiitiko chezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Chinhu chekutamba chagara chichikwezva Ravel. Iyo monumental yenhoroondo canvas yeake anoyevedza uye anotyisa "Waltz", iyo isina kusimba uye yakakwenenzverwa "Noble uye Sentimental Waltzes", rwiyo rwakajeka rweakakurumbira "Bolero", Malagueña naHabaner kubva ku "Spanish Rhapsody", Pavane, Minuet, Forlan uye. Rigaudon kubva ku "Tomb of Couperin" - matambiro emazuva ano uye echinyakare emarudzi akasiyana-siyana anodzokororwa mukuziva kwemumhanzi mumhanzi kuita madikidiki erunako rusingawanzo.

Muimbi wacho haana kuramba asinganzwi kutsika dzedzimwe nyika ("Five Greek Melodies", "Two Jewish Songs", "Four Folk Songs" yezwi nepiyano). Kuda kwetsika yeRussia kusingafi mune chiridzwa chakajeka che "Mifananidzo paChiratidziro" naM. Mussorgsky. Asi hunyanzvi hweSpain neFrance hwakagara huri munzvimbo yekutanga kwaari.

Ravel ari wetsika yechiFrench anoratidzwa munzvimbo yake yerunako, mukusarudza zvidzidzo zvemabasa ake, uye mune hunhu hwekutaura. Kuchinjika uye kurongeka kwechimiro nekujeka kwekunzwisisa uye kupinza kunoita kuti ave nehukama naJF Rameau naF. Couperin. Mabviro emaitiro chaiwo aRavel kune chimiro chekutaura akadzika midzi muhunyanzvi hweFrance. Mukusarudza magwaro emabasa ake ezwi, akanongedzera kuvadetembi kunyanya pedyo naye. Ava ndivo vanofananidzira S. Mallarme naP. Verlaine, pedyo neunyanzvi hweParnassians C. Baudelaire, E. Guys nekukwana kwakajeka kwevhesi yake, vamiririri veFrench Renaissance C. Maro naP. Ronsard. Ravel akave mutorwa kune vadetembi verudo, vanotyora mafomu ehunyanzvi nekuwanda kwemhepo.

Muchimiro cheRavel, munhu chaiye wechiFrench maficha akanyatsoratidzwa, basa rake nemasikirwo uye nemasikirwo rinopinda mune yakajairika panorama yeFrench art. Ndinoda kuisa A. Watteau pamwe chete naye nerunako rwakapfava rwemapoka ake mupaki uye kusuruvara kwaPierrot kwakavanzwa kubva pasirese, N. Poussin nerunako rwakadzikama rwakadzikama rwe“vafudzi veArcadian” vake, kufamba kunofadza kwe mifananidzo yakapfava yeO. Renoir.

Kunyangwe Ravel achinyatso kunzi impressionist muimbi, hunhu hwekufungidzira hunoonekwa chete mune mamwe emabasa ake, nepo mune mamwe ese, kujeka kwekirasi uye chikamu chezvimiro, kuchena kwechimiro, kujeka kwemitsara uye zvishongo mukushongedza kwezvinyorwa zvinokunda. .

Semurume wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX Ravel akapa mutero kukuda kwake tekinoroji. Miti mikuru yemiti yakaita kuti afare zvechokwadi paaifamba neshamwari muchikepe: “Zvinomera zvakaisvonaka, zvinoshamisa. Kunyanya imwe - inoratidzika sekereke yeRomanesque yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakakandwa ... Matauriro ekuita kwauri maonero enzvimbo iyi yesimbi, macathedrals aya azere nemoto, iyi symphony inoshamisa yekuridza muridzo, ruzha rwemabhandi ekutyaira, kurira kwesando. kuwira pauri. Pamusoro pavo pane denga dzvuku, rakasviba uye rinopfuta… Chokwadi ndichaishandisa.” Kutsikwa kwesimbi kwemazuva ano uye kugeda-geda kwesimbi kunogona kunzwika mune rimwe remabhuku anonyanya kushamisa emunyori, rinonzi Concerto for the Left Hand, rakanyorerwa mutambi wepiyano wokuAustria P. Wittgenstein, uyo akarasikirwa noruoko rwake rworudyi muhondo.

Nhaka yekugadzira yemunyori haisi kurova muhuwandu hwemabasa, huwandu hwavo hunowanzove hudiki. Miniaturism yakadaro inobatanidzwa nekunatswa kwechirevo, kusavapo kwe "mamwe mazwi". Kusiyana neBalzac, Ravel aive nenguva ye "kunyora nyaya pfupi". Tinogona kungofungidzira pamusoro pezvinhu zvose zvine chokuita nekugadzira, nokuti munyori akasiyaniswa nekuvanzika zvose munyaya dzekugadzira uye mumunda wezviitiko zvehupenyu hwemweya. Hapana akaona manyorero aakaita, hapana mifananidzo kana zvidhori zvakawanikwa, mabasa ake haana kuburitsa zvisaririra zvekuchinja. Zvisinei, kushamisa kunoshamisa, kururamisa kwezvinhu zvose uye mimvuri, kuchena kwakanyanya uye zvisikwa zvemitsara - zvinhu zvose zvinotaura nezvekutarisa kune "chinhu chiduku" chimwe nechimwe, chebasa renguva refu.

Ravel haasi mumwe wevagadziri vevanyori vakanyatso shandura nzira dzekutaura uye nekuvandudza madingindira ehunyanzvi. Chishuvo chekutaura kuvanhu zvakadzama, zvepedyo, izvo zvaaisada kutaura nemashoko, zvakamumanikidza kutaura mumutauro wepasi rose, wakaumbwa uye unonzwisisika wenziyo. Huwandu hwemisoro yekusika kwaRavel hwakakura kwazvo. Kazhinji munyori anotendeukira kumanzwiro akadzama, akajeka uye anoshamisa. Mimhanzi yake inogara ichishamisa vanhu, kunaka kwayo uye nzira dziri padyo nevanhu. Ravel haatsvage kugadzirisa mibvunzo yehuzivi nematambudziko epasirese, kuvhara huwandu hwakawanda hwemisoro mune rimwe basa uye kuwana kubatana kwese zviitiko. Dzimwe nguva anoisa pfungwa dzake kwete pane imwe chete - manzwiro akakosha, akadzama uye akawanda, mune dzimwe nguva, nerunyoro rwekusuwa kwakavanzika uye kunobaya, anotaura nezvekunaka kwenyika. Ini ndinogara ndichida kutaura nemuimbi uyu nekunzwa uye nekuchenjerera, ane hunyanzvi hwepedyo uye husina kusimba hwakawana nzira yavo kune vanhu uye vakakunda rudo rwavo rwechokwadi.

V. Bazarnova

• Zvimiro zvechimiro chekugadzira cheRavel →
• Piano inoshanda naRavel →
• French mumhanzi impressionism →

Zvinyorwa:

opareta – The Spanish Hour (L'heure espagnole, comic opera, free by M. Frank-Noen, 1907, post. 1911, Opera Comic, Paris), Child and Magic (L'enfant et les sortilèges, lyric fantasy, opera-ballet , pasina GS Colet, 1920-25, yakaiswa muna 1925, Monte Carlo); ballet – Daphnis naChloe (Daphnis et Chloé, choreographic symphony muzvikamu zvitatu, lib. MM Fokina, 3-1907, yakagadzwa muna 12, Chatelet shopping mall, Paris), Florine's Dream, kana Amai Goose (Ma mère l 'oye, yakabva pa. zvidimbu zvepiyano zvezita rimwe chetero, rakasununguka R., rakapepetwa 1912 “Tr of the Arts”, Paris), Adelaide, kana Mutauro Wemaruva (Adelaide ou Le langage des fleurs, zvichibva pamutambo wepiyano Noble and Sentimental Waltzes, free R., 1912, rakapepetwa 1911, Châtelet store, Paris); cantatas - Mirra (1901, isina kubudiswa), Alsion (1902, isina kubudiswa), Alice (1903, isina kubudiswa); yeorchestra – Scheherazade Overture (1898), Spanish Rhapsody (Rapsodie espagnole: Prelude of the Night – Prélude à la nuit, Malagenya, Habanera, Feeria; 1907), Waltz (choreographic poem, 1920), Jeanne's Fan (L eventail de Jeanne). fanfare , 1927), Bolero (1928); makonzati neorchestra - 2 ye pianoforte (D-dur, yeruboshwe, 1931; G-dur, 1931); chamber instrumental ensembles - 2 sonatas yeviolin uye piano (1897, 1923-27), Lullaby muzita raFaure (Berceuse sur le nom de Faure, yeviolin nepiyano, 1922), sonata yeviolin uye cello (1920-22), piano trio (a-moll, 1914), tambo quartet (F-dur, 1902-03), Nhanganyaya uye Allegro yembira, tambo quartet, nyere uye clarinet (1905-06); yepiyano 2 maoko – Grotesque Serenade (Sérénade grotesque, 1893), Antique Minuet (Menuet antique, 1895, also orc. version), Pavane of the deceased infante (Pavane pour une infante défunte, 1899, also orc. version), Kutamba mvura (Jeux d') eau, 1901), sonatina (1905), Reflections (Miroirs: Night butterflies - Noctuelles, Shiri dzinosiririsa - Oiseaux tristes, Boat in the océan - Une barque sur l océan (zvakare orc. shanduro), Alborada, kana Morning serenade of the jester - Alborada del gracioso (zvakare Orc. shanduro), Mupata weRingings - La vallée des cloches; 1905), Gaspard yeHusiku (Nhetembo nhatu dzinotevera Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la nuit, trois poémes d aprés Aloysius Bertrand, iyo anozivikanwawo seGhosts of the Night: Ondine, Gallows - Le gibet, Scarbo; 1908), Minuet muzita raHaydn (Menuet sur le nom d Haydn, 1909), Noble and sentimental waltzes (Valses nobles et sentimentales, 1911), Prelude (1913), In the manner of … Borodin, Chabrier (A la maniére de … Borodine, Chabrier, 1913), Suite Couperin's Tomb (Le tombeau de Couperin, prelude, fugue (zvakare e orchestral version), forlana, rigaudon, minuet (zvakare orchestral version), toccata, 1917); yepiyano 4 maoko – Mai vangu hanzi (Ma mère l'oye: Pavane kuna Runako vakarara musango – Pavane de la belle au bois dormant, Thumb boy – Petit poucet, Akashata, Empress of the Pagodas – Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes, Runako uye Chikara – Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête, Fairy Garden – Le jardin féerique; 1908), Frontispiece (1919); ye2 piano – Auditory landscapes (Les sites auriculaires: Habanera, Pakati pemabhero – Entre cloches; 1895-1896); ye violin nepiyano - konzati fantasy Gypsy (Tzigane, 1924; uyewo orchestra); kwaya – Nziyo nhatu (Trois chansons, for mixed choir a cappella, lyrics by Ravel: Nicoleta, Shiri nhatu dzakanaka dzeparadhiso, Usaenda kusango reOrmonda; 1916); yezwi rine orchestra kana chiridzwa ensemble - Scheherazade (ine orchestra, mazwi aT. Klingsor, 1903), Nhetembo nhatu naStefan Mallarmé (ane piyano, tambo quartet, 2 nyere uye 2 clarinets: Gomera - Soupir, hazvina maturo kukumbira - Nzvimbo isina maturo, Pamukombe webhiza rinomhanya. - Surgi de la croupe et du bond; 1913), nziyo dzeMadagascar (Chansons madécasses, nenyere, cello uye piano, mazwi naED Guys: Beauty Naandova, Usavimbe nevachena, Rara zvakanaka mukupisa; 1926); yezwi nepiyano – Ballad of a Queen akafa nerudo (Ballade de la reine morte d aimer, lyrics by Mare, 1894), Dark Dream (Un grand sommeil noir, lyrics by P. Verlaine, 1895), Holy (Sainte, lyrics by Mallarme, 1896), Two epigrams (lyrics by Marot, 1898), Song of the spinning wheel (Chanson du ronet, lyrics by L. de Lisle, 1898), Gloominess (Si morne, lyrics by E. Verharn, 1899), Cloak of flowers (Manteau de fleurs, lyrics by Gravolle, 1903, also with orc.), Kisimusi yematoyi (Noël des jouets, lyrics by R., 1905, uyewo neorchestra.), Mhepo huru dzemhiri kwemakungwa (Les grands vents venus d'outre- mer, mazwi akanyorwa naAFJ de Regnier, 1906), Natural History (Histoires naturelles, lyrics by J. Renard, 1906, uyewo neorchestra), On the Grass (Sur l'herbe, mazwi aVerlaine, 1907), Vocalise muchimiro of Habanera (1907), 5 folk Greek melodies (yakashandurwa naM. Calvocoressi, 1906), Nar. nziyo (Spanish, French, Italian, Jewish, Scottish, Flemish, Russian; 1910), nziyo mbiri dzechiJudha (1914), Ronsard - kumweya wake (Ronsard à son âme, lyrics naP. de Ronsard, 1924), Dreams (Reves , lyrics by LP Farga, 1927), Three Songs of Don Quixote to Dulciné (Don Quichotte a Dulciné, lyrics by P. Moran, 1932, also with orchestra); rwiyo - Antar, zvimedu zve symphony. suites "Antar" uye opera-ballet "Mlada" naRimsky-Korsakov (1910, isina kubudiswa), Prelude ku "Mwanakomana Wenyeredzi" naSati (1913, isina kubudiswa), Chopin's Nocturne, Etude naWaltz (isina kubudiswa) , "Carnival" naSchumann (1914), "Pompous Minuet" naChabrier (1918), "Sarabande" uye "Dance" naDebussy (1922), "Mifananidzo paChiratidziro" naMussorgsky (1922); gadziriro (ye2 pianos) - "Nocturnes" uye "Kutangira Masikati eFaun" naDebussy (1909, 1910).