Carl Orff |

Carl Orff

Chiitiko chaOrff, anoona nyika nyowani mutsika dzekare, chinogona kufananidzwa nebasa remudetembi-muturikiri anochengetedza hunhu hwetsika kubva mukukanganwa, kududzira zvisizvo, kusanzwisisa, kuvamutsa kubva mukurara kwerufu. O. Leontieva

Kupesana nemashure ehupenyu hwemimhanzi hwezana remakore reXX. hunyanzvi hweK. Orff hunokatyamadza mukutanga kwayo. Kunyorwa kwega kwega kwemunyori kwakava musoro wenharo nekurukurirano. Vatsoropodzi, sekutonga, vakamupomera nezvekuputsika kwechokwadi netsika yemimhanzi yeGermany inobva kuna R. Wagner kuenda kuchikoro cheA. Schoenberg. Nekudaro, kucherechedzwa kwechokwadi uye kwepasirese kwemimhanzi yaOrff kwakazova gakava rakanakisa munhaurirano pakati pemunyori nemutsoropodzi. Mabhuku pamusoro pemunyori anonyima ane data rehupenyu. Orff pachake akatenda kuti mamiriro uye ruzivo rwehupenyu hwake hwega hahukwanisi kuva nehanya nevatsvakurudzi, uye unhu hwemunhu hwemunyori wemimhanzi hauna kubatsira kunzwisisa mabasa ake zvachose.

Orff akaberekerwa mumhuri yeBavarian officer, umo mimhanzi yaigara ichiperekedza hupenyu kumba. Mumwe wekuMunich, Orff akadzidza ipapo paAcademy of Musical Art. Makore akati kuti gare gare vakazvipira kuita zviitiko - kutanga kuKammerspiele theatre muMunich, uye gare gare mumadhirama eMannheim neDarmstadt. Munguva iyi, mabasa ekutanga emunyori anooneka, asi akatozadzwa nemweya wekuedza kugadzira, chishuwo chekubatanidza hunyanzvi hwakasiyana-siyana pasi pesimba remimhanzi. Orff haatore runyoro rwake nekukurumidza. Kufanana nevanyori vechidiki vazhinji, anofamba nemakore ekutsvaga uye zvekuzvivaraidza nazvo: iyo yakazove yefashoni chiratidzo chekunyora, mabasa aC. Monteverdi, G. Schutz, JS Bach, nyika inoshamisa yemimhanzi yelute yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Muimbi anoratidza kuda kusingapedziki pamusoro pezvinhu zvese zvehupenyu hwemazuva ano hwehunyanzvi. Zvaanofarira zvinosanganisira mitambo yemitambo uye masitudiyo e-ballet, hupenyu hwemimhanzi hwakasiyana, ngano yekare yeBavaria uye zviridzwa zvenyika zvevanhu veAsia neAfrica.

Iyo yekutanga yedanho cantata Carmina Burana (1937), iyo yakazove chikamu chekutanga cheTriumphs triptych, yakaunza Orff budiriro chaiyo uye kuzivikanwa. Uku kuumbwa kwekwaya, soloists, vatambi uye orchestra kwaive kwakavakirwa pamavhesi erwiyo kubva muunganidzwa wemazuva ese echiGerman mazwi ezana ramakore re1942. Kutanga neiyi cantata, Orff anoramba achigadzira rudzi rutsva rwechimhanzi chiitiko chemumhanzi, kubatanidza zvinhu zve oratorio, opera uye ballet, drama theatre uye chakavanzika chekare, mitambo yecarnival yemumugwagwa uye medhiya yeItaly yemasiki. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo zvikamu zvinotevera zve triptych "Catulli Carmine" (1950) uye "Kukunda kweAphrodite" (51-XNUMX) zvinogadziriswa.

Iyo nhanho cantata genre yakava nhanho munzira yemunyori yekugadzira operas Luna (zvichienderana nengano dzehama Grimm, 1937-38) uye Good Girl (1941-42, satire pahutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwe "Third Reich". ”), vane hutsva muchimiro chavo chemitambo uye mutauro wemimhanzi. . Munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Orff, kufanana nevazhinji veGerman maartist, akasiya kutora chikamu muhupenyu hwemagariro netsika yenyika. Opera Bernauerin (1943-45) yakava rudzi rwekuita kune zviitiko zvinosuruvarisa zvehondo. Nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzenziyo dzemuimbi uye dzinoshamisa dzinosanganisira: "Antigone" (1947-49), "Oedipus Rex" (1957-59), "Prometheus" (1963-65), kugadzira rudzi rwekare, uye "The Chakavanzika cheKupera Kwenguva ”(1972). Kunyorwa kwekupedzisira kwaOrff kwaiva “Mitambo” yemuverengi, kwaya inotaura uye kurovana pamavhesi aB. Brecht (1975).

Iyo yakakosha nyika yekufananidzira yemumhanzi waOrff, kukwezva kwake kune ekare, ngano-ngano marongero, echinyakare - zvese izvi kwaisangova kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi uye hwekunaka mafambiro enguva iyoyo. Bato rekuti “kudzokera kumadzitateguru” rinopupurira, kutanga pane zvose, pfungwa dzemunyori wezvemagariro evanhu. Orff akafunga kuti chinangwa chake ndechekugadzira theatre yepasirese inonzwisisika kumunhu wese munyika dzese. “Naizvozvo,” munyori akasimbisa kudaro, “uye ndakasarudza madingindira ekusingaperi, anonzwisisika munzvimbo dzese dzepasi…

Mumhanzi wemumhanzi uye nhanho nziyo dzinoumba mukubatana kwavo "Orff Theatre" - chiitiko chepakutanga mumhanzi tsika yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. “Iyi imba yemitambo yakakwana,” akanyora kudaro E. Doflein. - "Inoratidza nenzira yakakosha kubatana kwenhoroondo yeEuropean theatre - kubva kuvaGiriki, kubva kuTerence, kubva kumutambo webaroque kusvika kuopera yazvino." Orff akasvika pamhinduro yebasa rega rega nenzira yepakutanga, asingazvinyadzise nemhando kana stylistic tsika. Rusununguko rwekusika runoshamisa rweOrff runonyanya kukonzerwa nehukuru hwetarenda rake uye nhanho yepamusoro yekugadzira maitiro. Munziyo dzenziyo dzake, munyori anowana kuburitsa kwekupedzisira, zvinoita sekunge nenzira iri nyore. Uye chete kuongorora kwepedyo kwezvikoro zvake kunoratidza kuti sei zvisingawanzoitiki, zvakaoma, zvakanatswa uye panguva imwechete zvakakwana tekinoroji yekureruka uku.

Orff akaita mupiro unokosha mumunda wedzidzo yemimhanzi yevana. Atova mumakore ake echidiki, paakatanga chikoro chegymnastics, mimhanzi uye kutamba muMunich, Orff akanga akabatikana nepfungwa yekugadzira hurongwa hwekudzidzisa. Nzira yake yekugadzira yakavakirwa pakuvandudza, kugadzira mimhanzi yemahara yevana, yakasanganiswa nezvinhu zvepurasitiki, choreography, uye theatre. "Chero ani achazova mwana mune ramangwana," Orff akadaro, "basa revadzidzisi ndere kumudzidzisa kugona, kufunga kwekugadzira ... Chido chakaiswa uye kugona kugadzira zvinokanganisa chero nzvimbo yezviitwa zvemwana ramangwana." Yakagadzirwa naOrff muna 1962, iyo Institute of Musical Education muSalzburg yave nzvimbo huru yepasirese yekudzidziswa kwevarairidzi vemimhanzi kuzvikoro zvepreschool nesekondari.

Kubudirira kwaOrff mumunda weunyanzvi hwemimhanzi kwakahwina kuzivikanwa pasi rese. Akasarudzwa senhengo yeBavarian Academy of Arts (1950), Academy yeSanta Cecilia muRome (1957) nemamwe masangano emimhanzi ane chiremera munyika. Mumakore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake (1975-81), munyori wacho akanga akabatikana kugadzirira edition yemavhoriyamu masere ezvinyorwa kubva mudura rake amene.

I. Vetlitsyna