Madrigal |

French madrigal, ital. madrigale, Old Italian. madriale, mandriale, kubva kuLate Lat. matricale (kubva ku lat. mater - mother)

Rwiyo mumutauro wekuzvarwa (waamai) - mimhanzi yenyika uye nhetembo. Renaissance rudzi. Mabviro aM. anodzokera kuNar. nhetembo, kuItaly yekare. rwiyo rwemufudzi we monophonic. Muprof. Nhetembo dzaM. dzakaoneka muzana ramakore rechi 14, ndiko kuti, munguva yeRenaissance Yokutanga. Kubva pamhando dzenhetembo dzakasimba dzenguva iyoyo (sonnets, sextines, etc.) yakasiyaniswa nerusununguko rwechimiro (nhamba yakasiyana yemitsara, rhyming, nezvimwewo). Kazhinji yaisanganisira mbiri kana kupfuura mitsara mitatu-mitsara, ichiteverwa nemhedziso yemitsara miviri (coppia). M. akanyora vadetembi vakurusa veRenaissance Early F. Petrarch naJ. Boccaccio. Kubva muzana ramakore rechi 3 mumhanzi wenhetembo unowanzo kureva mabasa akagadzirirwa mamuseum. kuva munhu. Mumwe wevadetembi vekutanga vakanyora mimhanzi sezvinyorwa zvemimhanzi aive F. Sacchetti. Pakati pevanyori vanotungamira vemimhanzi. M. 2th century G. da Firenze, G. da Bologna, F. Landino. M. yavo inonzwika (dzimwe nguva nekubatanidzwa kwezviridzwa) 14-14-izwi rekugadzira. parudo-lyric, comic-household, mythological. nemamwe madingindira, munziyo dzavo vhesi nechirevo chinobuda (pamashoko ekupedzisira); inoratidzirwa nehupfumi hwemelismatic. zvishongo muzwi repamusoro. M. canonical yakagadzirwawo. matura ane chekuita nekachcha. Muzana ramakore rechi 2 M. anomanikidzwa kubva mukuita kwemunyori nevazhinji. mhando dze frottola - ital. secular polygon. nziyo. Mumakore makumi matatu. Muzana remakore rechi3, kureva, munguva yeHigh Renaissance, M. inooneka zvakare, inokurumidza kupararira muEurope. nyika uye kusvika pakuuya kwe opera kunoramba kuchinyanya kukosha. genre Prof. mimhanzi yenyika.

M. akazova muimbi. chimiro chinogona kupfava-chinjika mithunzi yenhetembo. text; saka, ainyanya kuenderana nehunyanzvi hutsva. zvinodiwa pane frottola nekuoma kwayo kwechimiro. Kubuda kwemimhanzi M. mushure memakore anopfuura zana ekuvhiringidzwa kwakakurudzirwa nerumutsiriro rwenhetembo dzenziyo. Zvimiro zvezana remakore rechi14 ("petrarchism"). Mukurumbira we "Petrarchists," P. Bembo, akasimbisa uye akakoshesa M. sechimiro chemahara. Ichi chimiro chekunyora - kusavapo kweakaomesera zvimiro canons - inova iyo inonyanya hunhu hwemamuse matsva. genre. Zita rokuti "M." muzana remakore rechi16, chaizvoizvo, yakanga yakabatanidzwa kwete nechimiro chakati, asi neunyanzvi. musimboti wekusununguka kutaura pfungwa nemanzwiro. Nokudaro, M. akakwanisa kuona zvishuvo zvakakura zvikuru zvenguva yake, achiva "nzvimbo yekushandiswa kwemasimba akawanda anoshanda" (BV Asafiev). Basa rakakosha pakusikwa kweItaly. M. 16th century ndeyaA. Willart naF. Verdelot, Flemings nemabviro. Pakati pevanyori veM. - Italian. vanyori C. de Pope, H. Vicentino, V. Galilei, L. Marenzio, C. Gesualdo di Venosa, nevamwe. Palestrina zvakare akadzokorora kutaura M.. Mienzaniso yekupedzisira yakasarudzika yerudzi urwu, ichiri yakabatana zvakananga netsika dzezana ramakore rechi 16, ndeyaC. Monteverdi. MuEngland, madrigalists makuru aiva W. Bird, T. Morley, T. Wilks, J. Wilby, muGermany - HL Hasler, G. Schutz, IG Shein.

M. muzana remakore rechi16. - 4-, 5-izwi wok. essay prime. lyric character; stylistically, inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kuM. 14th century. Zvinyorwa M. 16th century. akashumira mukurumbira lyric. inoshanda naF. Petrarch, G. Boccaccio, J. Sannazaro, B. Guarini, gare gare - T. Tasso, G. Marino, uyewo stanzas kubva kumadhirama. nhetembo naT. Tasso naL. Ariosto.

Mumakore 30-50. 16th century yakapetwa nepakati. Zvikoro zveMoscow: Venetian (A. Willart), Roman (K. Festa), Florentine (J. Arkadelt). M. yenguva ino inoburitsa yakasarudzika yekunyora uye maitiro. kubatana nepakutanga diki lyric. mhando - frottola uye motet. M. ye motet mavambo (Villart) inoratidzirwa ne kuburikidza nefomu, 5-izwi polyphonic. dura, kuvimba nehurongwa hwekereke. frets. MuM., nekwakabva kwakabatana nefrottola, kune 4-izwi homophonic-harmonic. warehouse, vhara zvemazuva ano. mahombe kana madiki modes, pamwe necouplet uye reprise mafomu (J. Gero, FB Kortechcha, K. Festa). M. yenguva yekutanga inoendeswa kuCh. arr. zvakadzikama kufungisisa mafungiro, hapana misiyano yakajeka mumimhanzi yavo. Nguva inotevera mukuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi, inomiririrwa nemabasa aO. Lasso, A. Gabrieli, nevamwe vanyori (50s-80s yezana remakore rechi16), inosiyaniswa nekutsvaga kwakasimba kwemazwi matsva. mari. Mhando nyowani dzemasvomhu dziri kuumbwa, rwiyo rutsva rwuri kusimukira. hunyanzvi ("noti negre"), kukurudzira kwaive kuvandudzwa kwenziyo notation. Aesthetic kururamiswa kunogamuchirwa ne dissonance, iyo mutsamba yemaitiro akasimba yakanga isina chimiro chakazvimirira. values. "Kuwanikwa" kunonyanya kukosha kwenguva ino ichromatism, yakamutswa semugumisiro wekudzidza kwechimwe chiGiriki. fret dzidziso. Kururamisa kwayo kwakapiwa mugwaro raN. Vicentino rinoti “Mimhanzi Yekare Yakachinjirwa Kuchiito Chazvino” (“L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica”, 1555), iyo inopawo “muenzaniso wekuumbwa muchromatic. kunetseka.” Vaimbi vainyanya kukosha vakashandisa zvakanyanya machromatisms munziyo dzavo dzenziyo vaive C. de Pope uye, gare gare, C. Gesualdo di Venosa. Tsika dzemadrigal chromaticism dzakagadzikana kare muzana ramakore rechi 17, uye pesvedzero yadzo inowanikwa mumitambo yaC. Monteverdi, G. Caccini, uye M. da Galliano. Kuvandudzwa kwechromatism kwakatungamira mukupfumiswa kweiyo modhi uye nzira dzekugadzirisa uye kuumbwa kwekutaura kutsva. intonation spheres. Mukufambirana nechromatism, chimwe chiGiriki chiri kudzidzwa. dzidziso yeanharmonism, zvichiita kuti ishande. tsvaga kuenzana kwehunhu. Mumwe wemienzaniso inonakidza yekuziva kwehumwe hunhu hwakafanana kubva muzana ramakore rechi 16. – madrigal L. Marenzio “O, imi munogomera…” (“On voi che sospirate”, 1580).

Nguva yechitatu (yekupedzisira 16th-kutanga kwezana remakore rechi17) ndiyo "nguva yegoridhe" yerudzi rwemasvomhu, yakabatana nemazita aL. Marenzio, C. Gesualdo di Venosa, uye C. Monteverdi. M. yeiyi pore yakazara neakajeka kutaura. misiyano, inoburitsa zvakadzama magadzirirwo enhetembo. pfungwa. Pane maitiro akajeka kune rudzi rwemimhanzi. chiratidzo: kumbomira pakati pezwi kunodudzirwa se "kugomera", chromatism uye dissonance zvinosanganiswa nepfungwa yeu1611bu1611bkuchema, kukurumidza rhythmic. kufamba uye melodic yakatsetseka. kudhirowa – nehova dzemisodzi, mhepo, nezvimwe. MuGesualdo's ane mukurumbira madrigal "Ndiri kufa, nhamo" ("Moro lasso", XNUMX), diatonic uye chromatic inomiririra hupenyu nerufu.

In con. 16th century M. yave kusvika mutambo. uye conc. mhando dzenguva yake. Madrigal comedies anooneka, sezviri pachena akaitirwa dariro. kuva munhu. Pane tsika yekuita M. muurongwa hwezwi roga uye zviridzwa zvinoperekedza. Montoverdi, kutanga kubva mubhuku rechishanu remadrigals (5), rinoshandisa Dec. inoperekedza zviridzwa, inosuma instr. episode ("symphonies"), inoderedza nhamba yemazwi kusvika ku1605, 2 uye kunyange inzwi rimwe chete nebasso continuo. A generalization ye stylistic Italian maitiro. M. 3th century aive 16th uye 7th mabhuku eMonteverdi's madrigals ("Concert", 8, uye "Militant and Love Madrigals", 1619), kusanganisira akasiyana woks. mafomu - kubva kucouplet canzonets kusvika kumadhirama makuru. mifananidzo ine orchestra inoperekedza. Mhedzisiro yakakosha yenguva ye madrigal ndeyekubvumirwa kwehomophonic warehouse, kubuda kwenheyo dzehurmonic inoshanda. modal system, aesthetic. kusimbiswa kwemonody, kuiswa kwechromatism, kusunungurwa kweushingi kwe dissonance kwaive kwakakosha zvikuru kumimhanzi yemazana emakore akatevera, kunyanya, vakagadzirira kubuda kwe opera. Mukutanga kwe1638-17 mazana emakore. M. mukugadzirisa kwayo kwakasiyana-siyana inokura mubasa raA. Lotti, JKM Clari, B. Marcello. Muzana remakore rechi18 M. zvakare inopinda muimbi (P. Hindemith, IF Stravinsky, B. Martin, etc.) uye kunyanya mumutambo wekonti. tsika (mazhinji ensembles emimhanzi yekutanga muCzechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, Poland, nezvimwewo, muUSSR - iyo Madrigal Ensemble; muGreat Britain kune Madrigal Society - Madrigal Society).

References: Livanova T., Nhoroondo yemimhanzi yeWestern Europe kusvika 1789, M.-L., 1940, p. 111, 155-60; Gruber R., Nhoroondo yemimhanzi tsika, vol. 2, chikamu 1, M., 1953, p. 124-145; Konen V., Claudio Monteverdi, M., 1971; Dubravskaya T., Italian madrigal yezana ramakore rechipiri, mu: Mibvunzo yemhando yemimhanzi, kwete. 2, M., 1972.

TH Dubravska