Italian Folk Music: A Folk Quilt

Nyaya yanhasi yakatsaurirwa kumimhanzi yechivanhu yekuItaly - nziyo nemadhanzi enyika ino, pamwe nezviridzwa.

Avo vatakajaira kudana maItaly ndivo vagari venhaka yetsika dzevanhu vakuru uye vaduku vakagara kubva kare kare munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeApennine Peninsula. VaGiriki nevaEtruscan, Kutsveyamisa mabhii (VaRoma) uye vaGaul vakasiya chiratidzo chavo pamimhanzi yechivanhu yeItaly.

Nhoroondo ine zviitiko uye yakanakisa hunhu, basa rekurima uye mafaro emitambo, kutendeseka uye manzwiro, mutauro wakanaka uye kuravira mumhanzi, hupfumi hwemimhanzi kutanga uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemitambo, tsika yekuimba yepamusoro uye hunyanzvi hwezviridzwa ensembles - zvese izvi zvakazviratidza mumhanzi weItaly. Uye izvi zvose zvakakunda mwoyo yevamwe vanhu kunze kwepeninsula.

Nziyo dzevanhu vekuItaly

Sezvavanotaura, mujee rimwe nerimwe kune chikamu chejoke: kutaura kusinganzwisisiki kwevaItaly pamusoro pavo pachavo sevatenzi vekugadzira uye kuimba nziyo kunosimbiswa nemukurumbira wenyika. Naizvozvo, mimhanzi yerudzi rweItaly inonyanya kumiririrwa nenziyo. Ehe, isu tinoziva zvishoma nezve tsika yerwiyo rwemuromo, sezvo mienzaniso yayo yekutanga yakanyorwa mukupera kweMiddle Ages.

Kuonekwa kwenziyo dzechiItaly mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX kune chekuita neshanduko kuenda kuRenaissance. Ipapo kune fariro muupenyu hwenyika, mukati mezororo vanhu vomutaundi vanoteerera nomufaro kuvatambi vemitsindo nenjuzu vanoimba nezvorudo, vanotaura nhau dzemhuri uye dzemazuva ose. Uye vagari vomumisha nemaguta vamene havarambi kuimba nokutamba mukuperekedzwa kuri nyore.

Gare gare, mhando huru dzenziyo dzakaumbwa. Frottola (yakashandurwa se "rwiyo rwevanhu, fiction") yave ichizivikanwa kuchamhembe kweItari kubva mukupera kwezana ramakore re3. Urwu ndirwo rwiyo rwemanzwi e4-XNUMX ane zvinhu zvekutevedzera polyphony uye inopenya metrical accents.

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechiXNUMX, chiedza, kutamba, nerwiyo mumanzwi matatu villanella (yakashandurwa se "rwiyo rwemusha") yakagoverwa muItaly yose, asi guta rimwe nerimwe rakaritumidza nenzira yaro: Venetian, Neapolitan, Padovan, Roman, Toscanella nevamwe.

Anotsiviwa canzonet (mukushandura zvinoreva "rwiyo") - rwiyo ruduku runoitwa mune rimwe kana kupfuura inzwi. Ndiye iye akazova tateguru weramangwana rakakurumbira rudzi rweAria. Uye kutamba kwevillanella kwakatamira kune iyo genre ballet, - nziyo dzakareruka mukuumbwa uye hunhu, dzakakodzera kutamba.

Rudzi rwunonyanya kuzivikanwa rwenziyo dzechiItaly nhasi Neapolitan rwiyo (South Italy nzvimbo yeCampania). Rwiyo rwekuimba, rwekufara kana rwekusuwa rwaiperekedzwa nemandolin, gitare kana kuti Neapolitan lute. Ndiani asati anzwa rwiyo rwerudo “Iwe zuva rangu” kana kuti rwiyo rwoupenyu "Sendi Rusiya", kana rwiyo rwekunakidzwa "Funiculi Funicula"ndiani anotakura vadikani kusvika pamusoro peVesuvius? Kureruka kwavo kunongoonekwa chete: kuita kunoratidza kwete chete hunyanzvi hwemuimbi, asiwo hupfumi hwemweya wake.

Nguva yegoridhe yerudzi yakatanga pakati pezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Uye nhasi muNaples, guta guru remimhanzi reItaly, mutambo-makwikwi erwiyo rwenziyo Piedigrotta (Festa di Piedigrotta) ari kuitwa.

Imwe mhando inozivikanwa ndeyenzvimbo yekuchamhembe yeVeneto. Venetian rwiyo pamusoro pemvura or kakawanda (barca inoshandurwa se "chikepe"), inoitwa nekumhanya-mhanya. Siginecha yenguva yemimhanzi 6/8 uye kuumbwa kwekuperekedza kunowanzo fambisa kuzununguka pamafungu, uye kuita kwakanaka kwenziyo kunodzokororwa nekurova kwezvikwasvi, zviri nyore kupinda mumvura.

Folk kutamba kweItaly

Tsika yekutamba yeItaly yakagadziridzwa mumhando dzekumba, dzakatarwa kutamba uye nepagungwa (vaMorisco). Moreski akatamba nemaArabu (avo vakadanwa kuti - mukushandura, shoko iri rinoreva "vaMoor vadiki"), avo vakatendeukira kuchiKristu ndokugara muApennines mushure mekudzingwa kubva kuSpain. Madhanzi akarongwa akashevedzwa, ayo aiitirwa mazororo. Uye rudzi rwemadhanzi emumba kana emagariro ndiwo akanyanya kuwanda.

Kwakatangira mhando kunonzi kuMiddle Ages, uye dhizaini yavo - kusvika kuzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kutanga kweRenaissance. Nguva iyi yakaunza runako nenyasha kumadhanzi akakasharara uye anofadza echiItaly. Kukurumidza nyore uye rhythmic mafambiro nekuchinja kune kusvetuka kwakareruka, kusimuka kubva kune yakazara tsoka kuenda kuchigunwe (sechiratidzo chekusimudzira pamweya kubva kune yepasi kusvika kune yamwari), iyo yekufara yemhando yekuperekedza mimhanzi - aya ndiwo maitiro emitambo iyi. .

Kufara kwakasimba gallard inoitwa nevaviri kana vatambi vega. Mune mazwi ekutamba - iyo huru-nhanho shanu kufamba, kusvetuka kwakawanda, kusvetuka. Nokufamba kwenguva, kumhanya kwekutamba kwakava kunonokera.

Pedyo mumweya kune galliard ndeimwe kutamba - saltarella - akaberekerwa pakati peItaly (matunhu eAbruzzo, Molise neLazio). Zita racho rakapiwa nezwi rechiito saltare - "kusvetuka". Kutamba vaviri uku kwakaperekedzwa nemimhanzi mu6/8 nguva. Yakaitwa pamazororo akanaka - michato kana pakupera kwegoho. Izwi rekutamba rinosanganisira nhevedzano yenhanho mbiri uye uta, nekuchinja kune cadence. Inoitwa pamitambo yemazuva ano.

Nyika yeimwe kutamba yekare bergamaska (bargamasca) iri muguta uye mudunhu reBergamo (Lombardy, kuchamhembe kweItari). Kutamba kwevarimi uku kwaidiwa nevagari veGermany, France, England. Mumhanzi unofadza uye une mutinhimira une quadruple mita, kufamba kwakasimba kwakakunda vanhu vemakirasi ese. Kutamba kwakataurwa naW. Shakespeare mumutambo weA Midsummer Night's Dream.

tarantella - iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yemitambo yevanhu. Vainyanya kufarira munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba kweItaly dzeCalabria neSicily. Uye zita rinobva kuguta reTaranto (Apulia dunhu). Guta racho rakapawo zita kune spider dzine chepfu - tarantulas, kubva pakurumwa iyo iyo yakareba, kusvika pakuneta, kushanda kwetarantella inonzi yakaponeswa.

Iri nyore kudzokorora motif yekuperekedza pamatatu, hupenyu hunofadza hwemimhanzi uye yakakosha pateni yemafambiro ane shanduko yakapinza mugwara siyanisa kutamba uku, kunoitwa vaviri vaviri, zvishoma kazhinji wega. Kuda kutamba kwakakunda kutambudzwa kwake: Kadhinari Barberini akamubvumira kuita mudare.

Mamwe madhanzi echivanhu akakurumidza kukunda Europe yese uye akatouya kudare remadzimambo eEurope. Somuenzaniso, Galliard aiyemurwa nemutongi weEngland, Elizabeth I, uye muupenyu hwake hwose akatamba kuti azvifadze. Uye bergamasca akakurudzira Louis XIII nevashandi vake.

Mhando nenziyo dzekutamba kwakawanda zvakaenderera mberi nehupenyu hwavo munziyo dzezviridzwa.

Musical Instruments

Nekuperekedza, mabhegi, nyere, muromo uye nguva dzose harmonicas, tambo dzakadzurwa zviridzwa - magitare, violin uye mandolins zvakashandiswa.

Muuchapupu hwakanyorwa, mandala yakataurwa kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, inogona kunge yakagadzirwa senge yakapusa vhezheni yelute (inoshandura kubva muchiGiriki se "diki lute"). Yainziwo mandora, mandole, pandurina, bandurina, uye mandola diki yainzi mandolin. Ichi chiridzwa chine muviri wakatsetseka chaive netambo ina mbiri dzewaya dzakabatanidzwa pamwe chete kwete muoctave.

Violin, pakati pezvimwe zviridzwa zvechivanhu zveItaly, yave imwe yeanodiwa zvakanyanya. Uye yakaunzwa mukukwana nevatenzi vekuItaly kubva kumhuri dzeAmati, Guarneri uye Stradivari mune yechiXNUMX - yekutanga kota yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Muzana remakore rechitanhatu, vaifamba-famba, kuitira kuti vasanetseka nekutamba mimhanzi, vakatanga kushandisa hurdy-gurdy - mechanical wind instrument yakaburitsa 6-8 yakanyorwa yaidiwa mabasa. Chakangosara kushandura mubato uye kutakura kana kuutakura nemumigwagwa. Pakutanga, chirongo chebhari chakagadzirwa neItaly Barbieri kudzidzisa shiri dzenziyo, asi nekufamba kwenguva yakatanga kufadza nzeve dzevanhu veguta kunze kweItaly.

Vatambi vaiwanzozvibatsira kuti varove rhythm yakajeka yetarantella nerubatsiro rwetamborini - rudzi rwetamborini yakauya kuApennines kubva kuProvence. Kazhinji vaimbi vaishandisa nyere pamwe chete nengoma.

Mhando dzakadaro uye mimhanzi yakasiyana-siyana, tarenda uye hupfumi hwemimhanzi yevanhu veItaly yakavimbisa kwete chete kukwira kwezvidzidzo, kunyanya opera, uye mimhanzi yepop muItaly, asi yakakweretwa zvakabudirira nevanyori vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Kuongorora kwakanakisisa kweunyanzvi hwevanhu kwakapiwa nemunyori weRussia MI Glinka, uyo akambotaura kuti musiki chaiye wemimhanzi ndiye vanhu, uye munyori anotamba basa remurongi.

Munyori – Elifeya