Leo Delibes |

Léo Delibes

Delib. "Lakme". Stanzas of Nilakanta (Fyodor Chaliapin)

Nyasha dzakadai, hupfumi hwakadaro hwemimhanzi uye rhythms, chiridzwa chakanakisa chakadaro hachina kumboonekwa muballet. P. Tchaikovsky

Vaimbi veFrance vezana ramakore rechi XNUMX L. Delibes 'basa rinosiyaniswa nekuchena kwakasarudzika kwechiFrench chimiro: mimhanzi yake yakapfupika uye ine mavara, melodic uye rhythmically flexible, hungwaru uye kurevesa. Chinhu chemuimbi chaive mimhanzi yemitambo, uye zita rake rakafanana nehunyanzvi hwekuita mumhanzi we ballet wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX.

Delibes akaberekerwa mumhuri yemimhanzi: sekuru vake B. Batiste vaiva soloist paParis Opera-Comique, uye babamunini vake E. Batiste vaiva nhengo uye purofesa paParis Conservatory. Amai vakapa muvambi weramangwana dzidzo yepakutanga yemimhanzi. Pazera remakore gumi nemaviri, Delibes akauya kuParis uye akapinda muimba yekuchengetedza mukirasi yekunyora yaA. Adam. Panguva imwe cheteyo, akadzidza naF. Le Coupet mukirasi yepiyano uye naF. Benois mukirasi yeogani.

Hupenyu hwehunyanzvi hwemuimbi wechidiki hwakatanga muna 1853 aine chinzvimbo chemupiyano-muperekedzi paLyric Opera House (Theatre Lyrique). Magadzirirwo eDelibes 'anofarira zveunyanzvi akanyanya kutsanangurwa neaesthetics yeFrench lyric opera: chimiro chayo chekufananidzira, mimhanzi yakazara nenziyo dzemazuva ese. Panguva ino, munyori "anonyora zvakawanda. Anokwezvwa nemhanzi stage art - operettas, one-act comic miniatures. Iri munziyo idzi ndimo umo maitiro anokudzwa, hunyanzvi hwechokwadi, hwakapfupika uye hwakajeka hunhu, hune mavara, hwakajeka, hunofadza mimhanzi mharidzo inogadzirwa, iyo yemitambo fomu inovandudzwa.

Pakati pe60s. mimhanzi uye yemitambo mifananidzo yeParis yakafarira muimbi wechidiki. Akakokwa kushanda sechipiri choirmaster paGrand Opera (1865-1872). Panguva imwecheteyo, pamwe naL. Minkus, akanyora mimhanzi ye ballet "The Stream" uye divertissement "Iyo Nzira Yakaiswa Maruva" yeBallet yaAdam "Le Corsair". Aya mabasa, ane tarenda uye ekugadzira, akaunza Delibes budiriro yakafanira. Zvisinei, Grand Opera yakagamuchira basa rinotevera remunyori wekugadzira makore mana chete gare gare. Vakave ballet "Coppelia, kana Musikana ane Enamel Eyes" (4, zvichibva pane pfupi nyaya naTA Hoffmann "The Sandman"). Ndiye akaunza mukurumbira weEurope kuDelibes uye akava basa rinokosha mubasa rake. Mubhuku iri, munyori akaratidza kunzwisisa kwakadzama kweunyanzvi hweballet. Mimhanzi yake inoratidzirwa nelaconism yekutaura uye simba, plastiki uye mavara, kushanduka uye kujekesa kwemaitiro ekutamba.

Mukurumbira wemunyori wakatowedzera kusimba mushure mekunge agadzira bhareti Sylvia (1876, zvichibva paMufundisi weT. Tasso anoshamisa Aminta). P. Tchaikovsky akanyora nezvebasa iri kuti: “Ndakanzwa ballet yaSylvia yakaitwa naLeo Delibes, ndakainzwa, nokuti iyi ndiyo ballet yokutanga umo mumhanzi usiri iwo chete mukuru, asiwo kufarira chete. Irunako rwakadini, inyasha dzakadii, hupfumi hwakadii hwemhanzi, mutinhimira uye unowirirana!

Delibes 'operas: "Zvakadaro Mambo" (1873), "Jean de Nivel" (1880), "Lakmé" (1883) akawanawo mukurumbira wakawanda. Iro rekupedzisira rakanga riri iro rakanyanya kukosha basa rekuvhiya remunyori. Mu "Lakma" tsika dze lyrical opera dzakagadzirwa, izvo zvakakwezva vateereri mumabhuku enziyo uye anoshamisa eCh. Gounod, J. Vize, J. Massenet, C. Saint-Saens. Yakanyorwa pachirongwa chekumabvazuva, icho chakavakirwa panhau yerudo inotyisa yemusikana wechiIndia Lakme uye murwi wechiRungu Gerald, opera iyi izere nemifananidzo yechokwadi, yechokwadi. Mapeji anonyanya kutaura ezvibodzwa zvebasa akazvipira kuburitsa nyika yemweya yegamba.

Pamwe chete nekunyora, Delibes aikoshesa zvikuru kudzidzisa. Kubva 1881 aive purofesa paParis Conservatory. Munhu ane mutsa uye anonzwira tsitsi, mudzidzisi akachenjera, Delibes akapa rubatsiro rukuru kuvaimbi vechidiki. Muna 1884 akava nhengo yeFrench Academy yeFine Arts. Delibes 'yekupedzisira kuumbwa yaive opera Cassia (isina kupera). Akaratidza zvakare kuti munyori haana kumbotengesa nheyo dzake dzekusika, kunatsiridza uye kunaka kwemaitiro.

Delibes 'nhaka inotariswa zvakanyanya mundima yemhando dzemimhanzi. Akanyora anopfuura makumi matatu mabasa emumhanzi theatre: 30 operas, 6 ballets uye akawanda operettas. Muimbi akasvika pakusikwa kukurusa mumunda we ballet. Achivandudza mimhanzi ye ballet nehupamhi hwekufema kwe symphonic, kuvimbika kwedramaturgy, akazviratidza kuva mutsigiri akashinga. Izvi zvakacherechedzwa nevatsoropodzi venguva iyoyo. Saka, E. Hanslik ane mashoko anoti: “Anogona kudada neidi rokuti akanga ari wokutanga kuva nemavambo anoshamisa mukutamba uye muna ikoku akapfuura vakwikwidzi vake vose.” Delibes akanga ari shasha yekwainzi. Zvizhinji zvema ballet ake, maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, "gungwa remavara." Muimbi akatora nzira dzakawanda dzekunyora orchestral yechikoro cheFrench. Kuridza kwake kunosiyaniswa nekufanofungidzira kwematimbu akachena, akawanda emhando dzakanakisa dzinowanikwa.

Delibes yakave nepesvedzero isina mubvunzo pakuwedzera kuvandudzwa kweunyanzvi hweballet kwete muFrance chete, asiwo muRussia. Pano kubudirira kwetenzi weFrance kwakaenderera mberi mumabasa echoreographic aP. Tchaikovsky naA. Glazunov.

I. Vetlitsyna

Tchaikovsky akanyora nezveDelibes: "... mushure meBizet, ndinomuona seane tarenda zvakanyanya ...". Muimbi mukuru wekuRussia haana kutaura zvine hushamwari kunyangwe nezveGounod, tisingatauri nezvevamwe vaimbi vemazuva ano vekuFrance. Nekuda kwedemocracy hunyanzvi zvishuwo zveDelibes, ruzha rwuri mumimhanzi yake, kukurumidza kwemanzwiro, kusimukira kwechisikigo uye kuvimba nemhando dziripo zvaive pedyo naTchaikovsky.

Leo Delibes akaberekwa mumapurovhinzi muna Kukadzi 21, 1836, akasvika muParis muna 1848; apedza kudzidza kubva kuConservatory muna 1853, akapinda muLyric Theatre semuimbi wepiyano, uye makore gumi gare gare ari muimbi wekwaya kuGrand Opera. Delibes inoumba zvakawanda, zvakanyanya pakunzwa kwekunzwa pane kutevera mamwe maitiro ehunyanzvi. Pakutanga, ainyanya kunyora operettas uye imwe-chiito zvidiki nenzira inosetsa (anenge makumi matatu mabasa akazara). Pano kugona kwake kwechimiro chakarurama uye chakarurama, mharidzo yakajeka uye ine upenyu yakakwenenzverwa, chimiro chakajeka uye chinonzwisisika chetiyeri chakavandudzwa. Democratism yemutauro wemimhanzi weDelibes, pamwe neBizet, yakaumbwa mukusangana kwakanangana nemazuva ese emhando dzemadhorobha. (Delibes aive mumwe weshamwari dzepedyo dzaBizet. Kunyanya, pamwe chete nevamwe vanyori vaviri, vakanyora operetta Malbrook Going on a Campaign (1867).

Mimhanzi yakawanda yakakwevera pfungwa kuna Delibes apo iye, pamwe chete naLudwig Minkus, munyori akazoshanda kuRussia kwemakore akawanda, akapa kutanga kwebheti The Stream (1866). Kubudirira kwakasimbiswa neDelibes 'anotevera ballets, Coppelia (1870) uye Sylvia (1876). Pakati pemamwe mabasa ake mazhinji anobuda pachena: komedhi isingayerere, inoyevedza mumhanzi, kunyanya muChiito I, "Zvakadaro Mambo" (1873), opera "Jean de Nivelle" (1880; "chiedza, chinoyevedza, chine rudo kumusoro. dhigirii, "akanyora Tchaikovsky nezvake) uye opera Lakme (1883). Kubva 1881, Delibes ndiye purofesa paParis Conservatory. Ane ushamwari kuna vose, akavimbika uye achinzwira tsitsi, akagovera betsero huru kuvaduku. Delibes akafa muna Ndira 16, 1891.

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Pakati pema operas aLeo Delibes, anonyanya kuzivikanwa aiva Lakme, iyo chirongwa chinotorwa kubva muupenyu hwevaIndia. Chinonyanya kufarirwa ndeye ballet mamakisi eDelibes: pano anoita seakashinga innovator.

Kwenguva refu, kutanga neLully's opera ballets, choreography yakapihwa nzvimbo yakakosha muFrance musical theatre. Iyi tsika yakachengetedzwa mumitambo yeGrand Opera. Saka, muna 1861, Wagner akamanikidzwa kunyora zvidhori zveballet zvegrotto yeVenus kunyanya kugadzirwa kweParis kweTannhäuser, uye Gounod, apo Faust akatamira padanho reGrand Opera, akanyora Walpurgis Night; nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete, divertissement yechiito chekupedzisira chakawedzerwa kuna Carmen, etc. Zvisinei, mitambo yakazvimirira yechoreographic yakave yakakurumbira chete kubva kuma30s ezana remakore re1841, apo bheti yerudo yakatangwa. "Giselle" naAdolphe Adam (XNUMX) ndiko kubudirira kwake kwepamusoro. Munhetembo uye genre chaiyo yemimhanzi yebhallet iyi, zvakawanikwa zveFrench comic opera zvinoshandiswa. Saka kutsamira pazviridzwa zviripo, kuwanikwa kwese kwenzira dzekutaura, nekushaikwa kwemutambo.

Kuitwa kweParisian choreographic ye50s uye 60s, zvisinei, yakawedzera kuzara nekusiyana kwerudo, dzimwe nguva nemelodrama; vakapiwa zvinhu zvechitarisiko, magnificent monumentality (mabasa anokosha zvikuru Esmeralda naC. Pugni, 1844, uye Corsair naA. Adam, 1856). Mimhanzi yemitambo iyi, sekutonga, haina kusangana nepamusoro pezvido zveunyanzvi - yakashaya kuvimbika kwedramaturgy, hupamhi hwekufema kwe symphonic. Mumakore makumi manomwe, Delibes akaunza hunhu hutsva uhwu kuBallet theatre.

Contemporaries akati: “Anogona kudada neidi rokuti akanga ari wokutanga kuva nemavambo anoshamisa mukutamba uye muna ikoku akapfuura vakwikwidzi vake vose.” Tchaikovsky akanyora muna 1877 kuti: “Munguva pfupi yapfuura ndakanzwa mimhanzi inoyevedza yerudzi rwayo Delibes ballet "Sylvia". Ndakanga ndagara ndajairana nouyu mumhanzi unoshamisa kupfurikidza ne<em>clavier, asi mukuridza kunoshamisa kwekwaimbwa yeViennese, zvakangondifadza, zvikurukuru mumutambo wokutanga. Mune imwe tsamba, akawedzera kuti: “... Chii chinoyevedza, inyasha dzakadii, hupfumi hwakadii, melodic, rhythmic uye harmonic.

Nehunhu hwake hwekuzvininipisa uye kuzviomesera, Tchaikovsky akataura zvisingafadzi nezve ballet yake ichangopedzwa Swan Lake, achipa muchindwe kuna Sylvia. Nekudaro, munhu haagone kubvumirana neizvi, kunyangwe mimhanzi yaDelibes pasina mubvunzo ine yakanaka kwazvo.

Panyaya yezvinyorwa uye dramaturgy, mabasa ake ari panjodzi, kunyanya "Sylvia": kana "Coppelia" (yakavakirwa panyaya pfupi yakaitwa naETA Hoffmann "The Sandman") inotsamira pachirongwa chemazuva ese, kunyangwe chisina kugadziridzwa, ipapo mu "Sylvia". ” (maererano neanoshamisa mufundisi naT. Tasso "Aminta", 1572), zvinyorwa zvengano zvinogadzirwa zvakanyanya nemamiriro uye chaotically. Kunyanya kukosha ndiko kunaka kwemunyori, uyo, kunyangwe izvi zviri kure kure nezvokwadi, mamiriro asina simba anoshamisa, akagadzira chibodzwa chine muto, chakakosha mukutaura. (Mabheti ose ari maviri akaitwa muSoviet Union. Asi kana muCoppelia script yakangoshandurwa zvishoma kuti ibudise zvinyorwa zvechokwadi, zvino nokuda kwemimhanzi yaSylvia, yakatumidzwa zita rokuti Fadetta (mune dzimwe shanduro - Savage), imwe nzira yakawanikwa - yakakweretwa kubva munyaya yaGeorge Sand (premiere yeFadette - 1934).

Mimhanzi yema ballet ese ari maviri akapihwa akajeka echivanhu maficha. Mu "Coppelia", maererano nechirongwa, kwete chete French melodics uye rhythms inoshandiswa, asiwo Polish (mazurka, Krakowiak in act I), uye Hungarian (Svanilda's ballad, czadas); pano kuwirirana nemhando uye zvinhu zvezuva nezuva zvekomic opera zvinonyanya kuoneka. MuSylvia, hunhu hunofumiswa ne psychologism yenziyo opera (ona waltz yeChiito I).

Laconism uye simba rekutaura, plastiki uye kubwinya, kushanduka uye kujekesa kwemaitiro ekutamba - izvi ndizvo zvakanakisisa zvemimhanzi yeDelibes. Iye inyanzvi huru mukuvaka masutu ekutamba, nhamba dzega dzega dzakabatana ne "recitatives" inoshandiswa - pantomime mifananidzo. Dhirama, zvemukati zvekutamba zvinosanganiswa nemhando uye kuyevedza, zvinogutsa mamakirwo neanoshanda symphonic kukura. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, mufananidzo wesango usiku iyo Sylvia anovhura nayo, kana kuguma kunoshamisa kweAction I. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutambo wekutamba wefestive wechiitiko chekupedzisira, nekuzara kwakakosha kwemimhanzi yayo, inoswedera pedyo. mapikicha anoshamisa ekukunda kwevanhu uye kunakidzwa, akatorwa muBizet's Arlesian kana Carmen.

Kuwedzera chikamu cherwiyo uye zvepfungwa kuratidzwa kwekutamba, kugadzira mavara ane mavara-emhando yemhando, kutanga munzira ye symphonizing mimhanzi ye ballet, Delibes yakagadziridza nzira yekuratidzira ye choreographic art. Pasina panikiro, pesvedzero yake pakuwedzera kukudziridzwa kweimba yemitambo yeFrench ballet, iyo pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 1882 yakapfumiswa nezviverengero zvakawanda zvinokosha; pakati pavo "Namuna" naEdouard Lalo (XNUMX, zvichibva padetembo raAlfred Musset, iro zano rakashandiswawo naWiese mu opera "Jamile"). Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, rudzi rwenhetembo dzechoreographic dzakamuka; mavari, kutanga kwesymphonic kwakatowedzera kusimba nekuda kwechirongwa uye kukura kunoshamisa. Pakati pevanyori venhetembo dzakadaro, avo vakave vakakurumbira pamutambo wekonzati kupfuura munhandare, vanofanira kutanga vataura Claude Debussy naMaurice Ravel, pamwe naPaul Dukas naFlorent Schmitt.

M. Druskin

Rondedzero pfupi yezvinyorwa

Inoshanda mumhanzi theatre (mazuva ari mumaparenthes)

Anopfuura makumi matatu opera uye operettas. Anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeaya: "Zvakadaro Mambo", opera, libretto naGondine (1873) "Jean de Nivelle", opera, libretto naGondinet (1880) Lakme, opera, libretto naGondinet naGilles (1883)

Ballet "Brook" (pamwe chete naMinkus) (1866) "Coppelia" (1870) "Sylvia" (1876)

Mumhanzi wenzwi 20 dzerudo, 4-voice male choirs nevamwe