Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich |

Dmitriy Shostakovich

D. Shostakovich ndeyekirasi yemumhanzi wezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Hapana mumwe wevatenzi vayo vakuru aive akabatana zvakanyanya nedambudziko rakaoma renyika yake yekuzvarwa, aisakwanisa kutaura kupokana kwekupopota kwepanguva yake nesimba rakadaro uye neshungu, kuiongorora nekutonga kwakashata kwetsika. Zviri mukuwirirana uku kwemunyori mukurwadziwa uye matambudziko evanhu vake ndiko kukosha kukuru kwechipo chake munhoroondo yemimhanzi muzana remakore rehondo dzenyika uye kusagadzikana kukuru kwevanhu kunoreva nhema, izvo vanhu vakanga vasingazivi kare.

Shostakovich nechisikigo inyanzvi yetarenda yepasirese. Hapana kana genre rimwechete raasina kutaura izwi rake rinorema. Akasvika pakusongana norudzi rwenziyo dzimwe nguva dzaiitirwa manyawi nevaimbi vakakomba. Ndiye munyori wenziyo dzinoverengeka dzakatorwa nemhomho yevanhu, uye nanhasi maitiro ake akajeka emimhanzi yakakurumbira uye yejazz, iyo yaainyanya kufarira panguva yekuumbwa kwemaitiro - mu20- 30s, kufara. Asi munda mukuru wekushandiswa kwemasimba ekusika kwaari waiva symphony. Kwete nokuti mamwe marudzi emimhanzi yakakomba akanga asinganzwisisike kwaari - akapiwa tarenda risingaenzaniswi semunyori wemitambo yechokwadi, uye basa remufirimu rakamupa nzira huru yekurarama nayo. Asi kupopotera kwaakaitwa muna 1936 munhau yebepanhau rePravda pasi pemusoro unoti “Muddle pachinzvimbo chemimhanzi” kwakamuodza mwoyo kuti asapinda murudzi rweopera kwenguva yakareba – kuedza kwakaitwa (opera “Vatambi” naN. Gogol) yakaramba isati yapera, uye zvirongwa hazvina kusvika padanho rekuita.

Zvichida izvi ndizvo chaizvo izvo hunhu hwaShostakovich hwakakonzera - nemasikirwo akange asingade kuvhura nzira dzekuratidzira, aibvuma zviri nyore kune zvisizvo zvakasindimara nekuda kwehungwaru hwake hwakakosha, hunyoro uye kusazvidzivirira pakupokana nehutsinye. Asi izvi zvaingova muhupenyu - muunyanzvi hwake aive akatendeka kumitemo yake yekusika uye akazvisimbisa mumhando yaakanzwa akasununguka zvachose. Saka, iyo conceptual symphony yakava pakati pekutsvaga kwaShostakovich, kwaaigona kutaura pachena chokwadi nezvenguva yake pasina kukanganisa. Zvisinei, haana kuramba kutora chikamu mumakambani eunyanzvi akaberekwa pasi pekumanikidzwa kwezvinodiwa zvakasimba zveunyanzvi hwakatemerwa nemirairo-yekutonga system, yakadai sefirimu yaM. Chiaureli "Kuwa kweBerlin", uko kurumbidzwa kusingadzorwi kwehukuru. uye uchenjeri hwa“baba vamarudzi” hwakasvika pamugumo wakanyanyisa. Asi kubatanidzwa mumhando iyi yezviyeuchidzo zvefirimu, kana zvimwe, dzimwe nguva kunyange mabasa ane tarenda akavhiringidza chokwadi chezvakaitika kare uye akagadzira ngano inofadza kuhutungamiri hwezvematongerwo enyika, haana kudzivirira muiti kubva pakutsiviwa kweutsinye kwakaitwa muna 1948. Mutungamiriri wepfungwa dzeStalinist hurumende , A. Zhdanov, akadzokorora kurwiswa kwakashata kuri munyaya yekare mupepanhau rePravda ndokupomera munyori wacho, pamwe chete navamwe vatenzi venziyo dzeSoviet dzenguva iyoyo, kuomerera kumuitiro unorwisana navanhu.

Zvadaro, panguva yeKhrushchev "thaw", mhosva dzakadaro dzakadonhedzwa uye mabasa akakurumbira emunyori, maitiro ehurumende akarambidzwa, akawana nzira yavo kumuteereri. Asi mutambo wezvaizoitika kumunyori pachake, uyo akapona munguva yekutambudzwa kusina kururama, akasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki paunhu hwake uye akatsunga gwara rekuda kwake kwekusika, rakanangana nezvinetso zvetsika zvekuvapo kwevanhu pasi pano. Ichi chaive uye chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chinosiyanisa Shostakovich pakati pevagadziri vemimhanzi muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Nzira yake yehupenyu yakanga isina kupfuma muzviitiko. Mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza kubva kuLeningrad Conservatory ane debut yakaisvonaka - yakaisvonaka First Symphony, akatanga hupenyu hwemunyori wenyanzvi, kutanga muguta reNeva, uye panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri muMoscow. Chiito chake semudzidzisi paimba inochengeterwa zvinhu chakanga chiri chipfupi - akazvisiya asingadi. Asi kusvikira nhasi, vadzidzi vake vakachengetedza chiyeuchidzo chetenzi mukuru, uyo akaita basa rakasimba mukuumbwa kwehupenyu hwavo hwekugadzira. Nechekare muFirst Symphony (1925), zvinhu zviviri zvemimhanzi yaShostakovich zvinonzwisisika zvakajeka. Imwe yacho yairatidzwa mukuumbwa kwechiridzwa chitsva chine nyore, kureruka kwekukwikwidza kwezviridzwa zvekonti. Imwe yakazviratidza muchishuvo chinopfuurira chekupa mhanzi hurevo hwepamusoro-soro, kuratidza pfungwa yakadzama yekukosha kwehuzivi kuburikidza nemhando yesymphonic.

Mazhinji emabasa emunyori akatevera mavambo akaisvonaka akadaro airatidzira mugariro usingadzoreki wenguva iyoyo, umo muitiro mutsva wenguva yacho wakaumbwa mukurwisana kwezvimiro zvendangariro zvinorwisana. Saka muSecond and Third Symphonies ("October" - 1927, "May Day" - 1929) Shostakovich akapa mutero kune chinyorwa chemimhanzi, vakaratidza zvakajeka simba rehondo, propaganda art ye20s. (Hazvina kuitika kuti munyori akabatanidza mavari zvimedu zvekwaya kune nhetembo nevadetembi vechidiki A. Bezymensky uye S. Kirsanov). Panguva imwecheteyo, vakaratidzawo hunyanzvi hwemitambo, hwakakwezva zvakanyanya muzvigadzirwa zveE. Vakhtangov uye Vs. Meyerhold. Kwakanga kuri kuita kwavo kwakapesvedzera musambo weOpera yekutanga yaShostakovich The Nose (1928), yakavakirwa panhau yakakurumbira yaGogol. Kubva pano kunouya kwete chete kunyomba kwakapinza, parody, kusvika kune inotyisa muratidziro yevatambi vega uye vanonyengereka, vanokasira kutya uye vanokasira kutonga chaunga, asiwo iyo inoshungurudza matauriro e "kuseka nemisodzi", iyo inotibatsira kuziva munhu. kunyangwe mune zvakashata zvakadaro uye zvisiri zvemaune, senge Gogol's mukuru Kovalev.

Chimiro chaShostakovich hachina kungotora hunhu hunobva muruzivo rwetsika dzemumhanzi wepasirese (pano akanyanya kukosha kumuimbi aive M. Mussorgsky, P. Tchaikovsky naG. Mahler), asi akabatawo manzwi ehupenyu hwemimhanzi panguva iyoyo - izvo zvakajairika. inosvikika tsika yemhando ye "chiedza" iyo yaitonga pfungwa dzeruzhinji. Mafungiro emunyori pamusoro payo haana kujeka - dzimwe nguva anowedzeredza, parodies maitiro emhando dzenziyo dzemafashoni nemadhanzi, asi panguva imwechete anodzikudza, anodzisimudza kusvika pakakwirira pehunyanzvi chaihwo. Mafungiro aya akanyanya kutaurwa mumabhareti ekutanga The Golden Age (1930) uye The Bolt (1931), muFirst Piano Concerto (1933), apo hwamanda yega inova mukwikwidzi akakodzera wepiyano pamwe chete nerwiyo, uye gare gare mu iyo scherzo uye yekupedzisira yeSixth symphonies (1939). Kubwinya kwakanaka, zvisizvo zvisizvo zvinosanganiswa mukuumbwa uku nemashoko anobva pamwoyo, zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa zvekutumirwa kwe "kusingaperi" rwiyo muchikamu chekutanga che symphony.

Uye pakupedzisira, munhu haagoni kukundikana kutaura kune rumwe rutivi rwekuita kwemuumbi wechidiki - akashanda nesimba uye nesimba mufirimu, kutanga semufananidzi wekuratidzira mafirimu akanyarara, uye semumwe wevasiki veSoviet sound films. Rwiyo rwake rwemufirimu "Ocoming" (1932) rwakawana mukurumbira munyika yose. Panguva imwecheteyo, pesvedzero ye "mudiki muse" yakakanganisawo maitiro, mutauro, uye misimboti yemisimboti yekonti-philharmonic nziyo.

Chishuwo chekuisa kurwisana kwakanyanya kwenyika yemazuva ano nekusagadzikana kwayo kukuru uye kurwisana kunotyisa kwemauto anopikisa kwakaratidzwa kunyanya mumabasa makuru etenzi wenguva ye30s. Nhanho inokosha panzira iyi yaiva opera Katerina Izmailova (1932), yakabva pachirongwa cheN. Leskov nyaya Lady Macbeth weMtsensk District. Mumufananidzo wemunhu mukuru, kurwisana kwemukati kwakaoma kunoratidzwa mumweya wezvisikwa zvakakwana uye zvakapfuma zvipo nenzira yaro - pasi pejoko re "kutungamirira zvinonyangadza zvehupenyu", pasi pesimba remapofu, asingafungi. shungu, anopara mhosva dzakakomba, dzinoteverwa nekutsiva zvine utsinye.

Zvisinei, munyori akawana kubudirira kukuru muFifth Symphony (1937), iyo yakakosha uye yakakosha kubudirira mukugadzirwa kweSoviet symphony muma30s. (kutendeuka kune hutsva hwemhando yakatsanangurwa muFourth Symphony yakanyorwa kare, asi haina kunzwika - 1936). Simba reFifth Symphony riri muchokwadi chekuti zviitiko zvegamba rayo renziyo zvinoratidzwa muhukama hwepedyo nehupenyu hwevanhu uye, zvakanyanya, zvevanhu vese manheru ekuvhunduka kukuru kwakamboitika nevanhu verudzi. nyika - Hondo Yenyika II. Izvi zvakasarudza mutambo wakasimbiswa wemumhanzi, hunhu hwawo hwakakwidziridzwa - gamba renziyo haaite munhu anongofunga mune iyi symphony, anotonga zviri kuitika uye izvo zvinouya nedare repamusoro-soro. Mukusava nehanya neramangwana renyika, chinzvimbo chevagari vemuimbi, kutaridzika kwevanhu kwemimhanzi yake, zvakakanganisawo. Inogona kunzwika mune akati wandei mamwe mabasa ari emhando dzekamuri yemidziyo yekugadzira, pakati payo iyo Piano Quintet (1940) inomira pachena.

Munguva yeGreat Patriotic War, Shostakovich akava mumwe wepamberi pevanyori - varwi vanopikisa fascism. Yake Yechinomwe ("Leningrad") Symphony (1941) yakaonekwa pasi rose sezwi rinorarama revanhu vanorwa, vakapinda muhondo yehupenyu nerufu muzita rekodzero yekuvepo, mukudzivirira munhu wepamusoro-soro. values. Mubasa iri, sepashure peEighth Symphony (1943), kupokana kwemisasa miviri inopokana kwakawana kutaura kwakananga, kwekukurumidza. Muunyanzvi hwenziyo hazvisati zvamboita kuti masimba ezvakaipa aratidzirwe zvakajeka kudaro, kushanya kwakaoma kwe“muchina wokuparadza” wevaFascist unoshanda wakafumurwa nehasha uye chido chakadaro. Asi mimhanzi ye "mauto" emuimbi (pamwe chete nemamwe mabasa ake akati wandei, semuenzaniso, muPiano Trio mukurangarira I. Sollertinsky - 1944) anomiririrwa zvakajeka munziyo dze "hondo" dzemunyori, dzemweya. kunaka uye hupfumi hwenyika yemukati memunhu anotambura nenhamo dzenguva yake.

Mumakore epashure pehondo, basa rekugadzira raShostakovich rakazarurwa nesimba idzva. Sepakutanga, mutsara unotungamira wekutsvaga kwake kwehunyanzvi wakaunzwa mumachira makuru e symphonic. Mushure meimwe yakareruka yeNine (1945), rudzi rweintermezzo, iyo, zvisinei, yakanga isina mhedziso yakajeka yehondo ichangopera, munyori akagadzira yakafemerwa Tenth Symphony (1953), iyo yakasimudza dingindira renhamo yakaipa yehondo. muimbi, chiyero chepamusoro chemutoro wake munyika yanhasi. Zvisinei, iyo itsva yakanga iri chibereko chekuedza kwezvizvarwa zvakapfuura - ndicho chikonzero munyori wacho akakwezva zvikuru nezviitiko zvekuchinja munhoroondo yeRussia. Shanduko ye1905, yakanyorwa neRopa Svondo muna Ndira 9, inouya muhupenyu muyakakura programmatic Eleventh Symphony (1957), uye zvakabudirira zveakakunda 1917 akafuridzira Shostakovich kugadzira Gumi nembiri Symphony (1961).

Kufunga nezvezvinorehwa nenhoroondo, pamusoro pekukosha kwezviito zvemagamba ayo, zvakaratidzwawo mune imwe-chikamu chezwi-symphonic nhetembo "Kuurayiwa kwaStepan Razin" (1964), iyo yakavakirwa pachidimbu kubva E. Yevtushenko's nhetembo "The Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station". Asi zviitiko zvenguva yedu, zvakakonzerwa nekushanduka kukuru kwehupenyu hwevanhu uye mumaonero avo enyika, zvakaziviswa neXX Congress yeCPSU, hazvina kusiya vasina hanya tenzi mukuru wemimhanzi yeSoviet - kufema kwavo kwehupenyu kunonzwika muGumi neMatatu. Symphony (1962), yakanyorwawo kumashoko aE. Yevtushenko. Mune yegumi nechina Symphony, munyori akatendeukira kune nhetembo dzevadetembi venguva dzakasiyana nevanhu (FG Lorca, G. Apollinaire, W. Kuchelbecker, RM Rilke) - akakwezvwa nedingindira rekupfuura kwehupenyu hwevanhu uye nekusingaperi kwe. zvisikwa zveunyanzvi hwechokwadi, izvo zvisati zvaitika kunyange changamire rufu. Dingindira rimwe chetero rakagadzira hwaro hwepfungwa yezwi-symphonic cycle yakavakirwa panhetembo nemukuru weItaly muimbi Michelangelo Buonarroti (1974). Uye pakupedzisira, mukupedzisira, Fifteenth Symphony (1971), mifananidzo yehudiki inorarama zvakare, yakagadzirwazve pamberi pekutarisa kwemusiki akachenjera muhupenyu, uyo akasvika pakuziva chiyero chisingayereki chekutambura kwevanhu.

Nezvese kukosha kweiyo symphony mubasa repashure pehondo yaShostakovich, iri kure nekupedza zvese zvinonyanya kukosha izvo zvakagadzirwa nemunyori mumakore makumi matatu ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake uye nzira yekusika. Akanyatsoteerera kune konzati uye chamber-instrumental genres. Akagadzira 2 violin concertos (1948 na1967), maviri cello concerto (1959 na1966), uye yechipiri Piano Concerto (1957). Mabasa akanakisa erudzi urwu anosanganisira pfungwa dzakadzama dzehuzivi hunokosha, hunofananidzwa neaya anoratidzwa nesimba rinokatyamadza munziyo dzake dzemimhanzi. Iko kupinza kwekudhumhana kwezvemweya uye zvisiri zvemweya, manyawi epamusoro ehungwaru hwevanhu uye kurwisa zvine hutsinye, husimbe hwemaune hunooneka muSecond Cello Concerto, umo chinangwa chiri nyore, "mumugwagwa" chinoshandurwa kupfuura kucherechedzwa, kuburitsa pachena. human essence.

Nekudaro, mumakonzati uye mumhanzi wekamuri, kunaka kwaShostakovich kunoratidzwa mukugadzira nziyo dzinovhura mukana wemakwikwi emahara pakati pevaimbi. Pano rudzi rukuru rwakakwezva kutarisa kwatenzi kwaiva tsika yetambo quartet (kune dzakawanda dzakanyorwa nemunyori se symphonies - 15). Shostakovich's quartets inokatyamadzwa nemhinduro dzakasiyana kubva kune dzakawanda-chikamu kutenderera (Eleventh - 1966) kune imwechete-movement nziyo (Yegumi netatu - 1970). Mune akati wandei emakamuri ake anoshanda (muEighth Quartet - 1960, muSonata yeViola nePiano - 1975), munyori anodzokera kumumhanzi weakaimba ake apfuura, achiupa ruzha rutsva.

Pakati pemabasa emamwe marudzi, munhu anogona kutaura kutenderera kwakakosha kwePreludes uye Fugues yepiyano (1951), yakafemerwa nemhemberero dzeBach muLeipzig, oratorio Rwiyo rweMasango (1949), uko kekutanga mumhanzi weSoviet. dingindira rebasa romunhu rokuchengetedza zvisikwa zvakamupoteredza zvakasimudzwa. Iwe unogona zvakare kutumidza Gumi Nhetembo dzekwaya cappella (1951), kutenderera kwezwi "Kubva kuchiJudha Folk Poetry" (1948), denderedzwa panhetembo nenhetembo Sasha Cherny ("Satires" - 1960), Marina Tsvetaeva (1973).

Basa mubhaisikopo rakaenderera mberi mumakore ekupedzisira kwehondo - mimhanzi yaShostakovich yemafirimu "The Gadfly" (yakavakirwa pabhuku raE. Voynich - 1955), pamwe nekugadziriswa kwematambudziko aShakespeare "Hamlet" (1964) uye "King Lear" (1971) yakazivikanwa zvikuru. )

Shostakovich ane simba guru pakukura kwemimhanzi yeSoviet. Izvo zvakaratidzwa kwete zvakanyanya mukupesvedzera kwakananga kwemaitiro tenzi uye hunyanzvi nzira yehunhu hwake, asi muchishuvo chepamusoro zvemimhanzi, kubatana kwayo nezvinetso zvakakosha zvehupenyu hwevanhu pasi pano. Hunhu muhunhu hwayo, hunyanzvi hwechokwadi muchimiro, basa raShostakovich rakakunda kucherechedzwa pasirese, rakava kuratidzwa kwakajeka kweitsva iyo mimhanzi yeNyika yeSoviet yakapa nyika.

M. Tarakanov