Symphonism

Symphonism ishoko rekuita rinobva paizwi rekuti “symphony” (ona Symphony), asi risingazivikanwe naro. Mupfungwa yakafaranuka, symphonism ndiyo musimboti wehunyanzvi hwehuzivi hwakajairwa dialectical kuratidza hupenyu muhunyanzvi hwemimhanzi.

Symphony sechinhu chinoyevedza musimboti uyu unoratidzwa nekutarisisa kumatambudziko makuru ehupenyu hwevanhu mukuparara kwayo. zvikamu (socio-historical, emotional-psychological, etc.). Mupfungwa iyi, symphonism inobatanidzwa neiyo ideological uye yemukati chikamu chemimhanzi. Panguva imwecheteyo, pfungwa ye "symphonism" inosanganisira unhu hunokosha hwesangano remukati remuses. kugadzirwa, dramaturgy yake, kuumba. Muchiitiko ichi, zvimiro zvesymphonism zvinouya pamberi senzira inogona kunyanya kuburitsa zvakadzama uye zvinobudirira maitiro ekuumbwa nekukura, kurwira kwemisimboti inopokana kuburikidza nenyika-thematic. misiyano nekubatana, dynamism uye organicity yemamuses. kukura, unhu hwayo. mhedzisiro.

Kuvandudzwa kwechirevo che "symphonism" ndiko kukodzera kweSoviet musicology, uye pamusoro pezvose BV Asafiev, uyo akazviisa mberi sechikamu chemuses. kufunga. Kekutanga, Asafiev akaunza pfungwa ye symphonism muchinyorwa "Nzira dzeRamangwana" (1918), ichitsanangura hunhu hwayo se "kuenderera mberi kwekuziva mumhanzi, kana pasina kana chinhu chimwe chete chinoumbwa kana kuonekwa sechakazvimirira pakati pevamwe. ” Zvadaro, Asafiev akagadzira nheyo dzedzidziso ye symphonism mumashoko ake pamusoro peL. Beethoven, anoshanda paPI Tchaikovsky, MI Glinka, chidzidzo che "Musical Form as a Process", kuratidza kuti symphonism "shanduko huru mukuziva uye maitiro. yemunyori , ... nguva yekusimudzira yakazvimirira nemimhanzi yemafungiro uye pfungwa dzinokosheswa dzevanhu "(BV Asafiev," Glinka ", 1947). Pfungwa dzeAsafiev dzakaumba hwaro hwekudzidza kwezvinetso zve symphonism nemamwe mazizi. vanyori.

Symphonism iboka renhoroondo rakapfuura nemunguva refu yekuumbwa, yakagadziriswa munguva yekuvhenekerwa classicism ine chekuita necrystallization yesonata-symphony cycle uye maitiro ayo chaiwo. Mukuita uku, kukosha kwechikoro cheViennese classical kwakanyanya. Kusvetuka kwakasimba mukukunda kwenzira itsva yekufunga kwakaitika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi18 nerechi19. Mushure mekugamuchira kurudziro ine simba mune pfungwa uye zvakaitwa neGreat French. shanduko ye1789-94, mukuvandudzwa kwayo. uzivi, uhwo hwakatsunga kutendeukira kune dialectics (kukudziridza kwehuzivi uye aesthetic pfungwa kubva kuzvinhu zve dialectics muna I. Kant kusvika GWF Hegel), S. akanyanya kukoshesa basa raBeethoven uye akava hwaro hwehunyanzvi hwake. kufunga. S. senzira yakagadzirwa zvikuru muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20.

S. ipfungwa yakawanda, yakabatana nehuwandu hwemamwe maitiro akajairika. uye theoretical concepts, uye pamusoro pezvose nepfungwa yemimhanzi. dramaturgy. Mukunyanya kushanda kwayo, kuratidzwa kwakanyanyisa (somuenzaniso, muBeethoven, Tchaikovsky), S. inoratidzira maitiro emutambo (kupesana, kukura kwayo, kupinda muchikamu chekukakavadzana, kuguma, kugadzirisa). Zvisinei, kazhinji, S. yakanyatsonanga. pfungwa huru ye "dramatology", iyo inomira pamusoro pemutambo seS. pamusoro pesymphony, ine hukama. Symp. iyo nzira inoratidzwa kuburikidza neizvi kana iyo mhando yemamuses. dramaturgy, kureva, hurongwa hwekudyidzana kwemifananidzo mukukura kwayo, kusimbisa chimiro chekusiyanisa uye kubatana, kutevedzana kwematanho echiito uye mhedzisiro yacho. Panguva imwecheteyo, mu symphony dramaturgy, apo pasina chirongwa chakananga, mavara-vatambi, concretization iyi inoramba iri mukati megadziriro yemutauro-generalized expression (pasina purogiramu, chinyorwa chemashoko).

Mimhanzi mhando. dramaturgy inogona kunge yakasiyana, asi kuunza mumwe nomumwe wavo kusvika pamwero we symphony. nzira dzinodiwa. quality. Symp. budiriro inogona kukurumidza uye yakapokana zvakanyanya kana, ukuwo, inononoka uye zvishoma nezvishoma, asi inogara iri maitiro ekuwana mhedzisiro nyowani, ichiratidza mafambiro ehupenyu pachahwo.

Budiriro, inova musimboti weS., inosanganisire kwete chete kuenderana maitiro ekuvandudza, asiwo kukosha kwehunhu. kushandurwa kwemimhanzi yepakutanga. pfungwa (madingindira kana madingindira), zvimiro zvirimo. Mukupesana neiyo suite juxtaposition yemadingindira anosiyana-mifananidzo, juxtaposition yavo, yesymphony. Dramaturgy inoratidzirwa nemafungiro akadaro (kutungamirira), iyo imwe neimwe inotevera chikamu - kusiyana kana kudzokorora pane imwe nhanho - inotevera kubva kune yakapfuura se "imwe yayo" (Hegel), ichikura "mumhepo". Kushanda "kutungamira kwechimiro" kunogadzirwa kune mhedzisiro, mhedzisiro, kuenderera kwekuumbwa kwayo, "inotikwevera isu tisinganeti kubva pakati kuenda pakati, kubva pakubudirira kusvika pakubudirira - kusvika pakupera kwekupedzisira" (Igor Glebov, 1922). Imwe yemhando dzakakosha dze symphony. dramaturgy inobva pakudhumhana nekuvandudzwa kwemisimboti inopikisa. Makakatanwa anokwira, anoguma nekudzikira, misiyano uye zvizivikanwe, kukakavara uye kugadziriswa kwayo kunoumba dhizaini yakabatana hurongwa hwehukama mairi, chinangwa chayo chinosimbiswa nezwi. zvisungo-arches, nzira ye "kupfuura" mhedziso, etc. Symptom process. budiriro pano ndiyo inonyanya kutaura, pfungwa dzayo dziri pasi pevatatu: thesis - antithesis - synthesis. Chirevo chakanyanya che dialectic ye symph. nzira - fp. sonata No. 23 naBeethoven, sonata-drama, yakazadzwa nepfungwa yehugamba. struggle. Chikamu chikuru chechikamu chekutanga chine mune potency mifananidzo yese inosiyana, iyo inozopinda mukukonana (iyo musimboti we "umwe wako"), uye kudzidza kwavo kunoumba kutenderera kwemukati kwekusimudzira (kuratidzwa, kusimudzira, kudzokorora) izvo kuwedzera asi kukakavara, zvichitungamira kudanho rekupedzisira - kuumbwa kwemisimboti yekunetsana mukodhi. Pane imwe nhanho, iyo logic ye dramaturgy. kusiyana kwechikwata che1 chinowanikwa mukuumbwa kwesonata yose (kubatanidzwa kweAndante yakakura nerutivi rwechikamu chekufamba kwe1, kuguma kwechamupupuri nechikamu chekupedzisira). Dimikira remusiyano wakadaro ndiwo musimboti uri pasi pesimphony. Kufunga kwaBeethoven. Anosvika pachiyero chakakosha mumutambo wake wegamba. symphonies - 1th uye 5th. Muenzaniso wakajeka weS. mumunda werudo. sonatas - Chopin's b-moll sonata, zvakare yakavakirwa pakuvandudzwa kwedramaturgy. kukakavara kwechikamu chekutanga mukati mekutenderera kwese (zvisinei, negwara rakasiyana reiyo nzira yebudiriro kupfuura yeBeethoven - kwete kune iyo heroic yekupedzisira - kumagumo, asi kune pfupi pfupi inosuruvarisa epilogue).

Sezvinoratidzwa nezwi racho, S. inopfupisa maitiro akanyanya kukosha ayo akakwenenzverwa kuita sonata-symphony. kutenderera uye mimhanzi. mafomu ezvikamu zvayo (izvo, zvakare, zvakatora nzira dzakasiyana dzekusimudzira dziri mune mamwe maitiro, semuenzaniso, kusiyanisa, polyphonic), - nenzira yekufananidzira-thematic. kusungirirwa, kazhinji mumativi maviri epolar, kutsamirana kwekusiyana uye kubatana, chinangwa chebudiriro kubva mukusiyana kuenda kune synthesis. Zvisinei, pfungwa yeS. haina kuderedzwa kune sonata chirongwa; symp. nzira iri kunze kwemiganhu. marudzi uye mafomu, sezvinonyanya kuratidza zvakakosha zvemimhanzi zvakajairika senzira, yenguva hunyanzvi (iyo pfungwa chaiyo yaAsafiev, anoona chimiro chemimhanzi senzira, inoratidza). S. anowana kuratidzwa mune zvakasiyana-siyana. marudzi uye mafomu - kubva kune symphony, opera, ballet kusvika kurudo kana diki instr. mitambo (somuenzaniso, rudo rwaTchaikovsky "Zvakare, sepakutanga ..." kana Chopin's prelude mu d-moll inoratidzirwa nekuwedzera kwe symphonic mukushungurudzika kwepfungwa uye kwepfungwa, kuchiunza kumagumo), kubva ku sonata, kusiyana kukuru kusvika kudiki strophic. mafomu (semuenzaniso, rwiyo rwaSchubert "Double").

Akadana zvidzidzo zvake-kusiyana kwepiyano symphonic. R. Schumann (gare gare akatumidzawo misiyano yake yepiyano neokestra S. Frank). Mienzaniso yakajeka yesymphony yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nemusimboti wekusimudzira kwemifananidzo ndeyekupedzisira kweBeethoven's 3rd uye 9th symphonies, yekupedzisira passacaglia yeBrahms's 4th symphony, Ravel's Bolero, iyo passacaglia mu sonata-symphony. kutenderera kwaDD Shostakovich.

Symp. nzira inoratidzwa zvakare mune yakakura vocal-instr. marudzi; Saka, kukudziridzwa kwemazano ehupenyu nerufu muBach's h-moll mass ndeye symphonic maererano nekugadzirisa: kupesana kwemifananidzo hakuitirwi pano nesonata nzira, zvisinei, simba uye chimiro chekusiyana kwezwi uye tonal zvinogona. kuunzwa pedyo ne sonatas. Izvo hazvigumiri pakupfuura (muchimiro chesonata) cheMozart's S. opera Don Giovanni, iyo dramaturgy iyo yakazara nekukakavadzana kunoshamisa kweRenaissance rudo rwehupenyu uye zvinosuruvarisa kusungwa kwesimba redombo, kutsiva. Deep S. "The Queen of Spades" naTchaikovsky, achienderera mberi kubva pakupikisa kwerudo uye chido-kutamba, mupfungwa "nharo" uye anotungamirira nzira yose yemunyori wemitambo. budiriro kusvika kunhamo. denouement. Mumwe muenzaniso wakapesana waS., unoratidzwa kuburikidza nedramaturgy kwete yebicentric, asi yeanocentric kurongeka, ndeye Wagner's opera Tristan uye Isolde, nekuenderera kwayo kusiririsa kukura kushushikana mupfungwa, iyo isingaite sarudzo uye kudzikira. Kubudirira kwese kunotangira kubva pakatanga kunonoka kuimba - "nhungirwa" inozvarwa kubva papfungwa yakatarisana ne "Queen of Spades" - iyo pfungwa yekubatanidzwa kusingadzivisike kwerudo nerufu. Def. mhando yeS., inoratidzwa mune isingawanzo organic melodic. kukura, mune diki wok. fomu, iri mune aria "Casta diva" kubva kuopera "Norma" naBellini. Nokudaro, S. mumhando ye opera, mienzaniso yakajeka zvikuru iyo inowanikwa mubasa revanyori vemitambo ye opera - WA Mozart naMI Glinka, J. Verdi, R. Wagner, PI Tchaikovsky uye MP Mussorgsky, SS Prokofiev uye DD Shostakovich - haina kuderedzwa kuita orc. music. Mune opera, sezvakaita musymphony. prod., Mitemo yekusangana kwemamuses inoshanda. dramaturgy yakavakirwa pane yakakosha pfungwa yezvekuita (semuenzaniso, iyo pfungwa ye folk-heroic muGlinka's Ivan Susanin, iyo inosuruvarisa kuguma kwevanhu muMussorgsky's Khovanshchina), masimba ekuiswa kwayo, ayo anoumba mapfundo emakakatanwa (kunyanya. mu ensembles) uye kugadzirisa kwavo. Imwe yeakakosha uye hunhu kuratidzwa kwesecularism mune opera ndeye organic uye isingachinjiki yekuitwa kweiyo leitmotif musimboti (ona Leitmotif). Iyi nheyo inowanzokura kuva hurongwa hwose hwekudzokorora manzwi. maumbirwo, kupindirana kweiyo uye kushandurwa kwavo kunoratidza masimba ekufambisa emutambo, hukama hwakadzama hwechikonzero-uye-mhedzisiro yemasimba aya (semu symphony). Mune imwe nzira yakagadziridzwa, symph. Kurongeka kwedramaturgy nenzira yeleitmotif system inoratidzwa mumitambo yaWagner.

Zviratidzo zvezviratidzo. nzira, mafomu ayo chaiwo akasiyana zvakanyanya. Mukugadzira marudzi akasiyana-siyana, masitayipi, lstorich. eras uye zvikoro zvenyika pachirongwa chekutanga ndizvo kana humwe hunhu hwesymph. nzira - kukakavara kuputika, kupinza kwekusiyanisa kana kukura kwehupenyu, kubatana kwezvipikisi (kana kusiyana-siyana mukubatana), kusimba kwemaitiro ekuita kana kupararira kwayo, zvishoma nezvishoma. Kusiyana kwemaitiro e symphony. zviitiko zvinonyanya kutaurwa kana tichienzanisa mitambo yekurwisana. uye lyric monologue. zviratidzo zvemhando. dramaturgy. Kutara mutsetse pakati pemhando dzenhoroondo dzezviratidzo. dramaturgy, II Sollertinsky akadana mumwe wavo Shakespearean, dialogic (L. Beethoven), mumwe - monologue (F. Schubert). Pasinei nekuzivikanwa kunozivikanwa kwemusiyano wakadaro, inoratidza zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvechiitiko ichi: S. semutambo wemakakatanwa. chiito uye S. as a lyric. kana kuti enich. kurondedzera. Mune imwe nguva, masimba ekusiyana, kupesana, ari mberi, mune imwe, kukura kwemukati, kubatana kwekukura kwepfungwa kwemifananidzo kana yavo yakawanda-channel branching (epic S.); mune imwe - kusimbiswa pamisimboti ye sonata dramaturgy, motive-thematic. kusimudzira, kutarisana kwenhaurirano yemisimboti inopokana (symphonism yaBeethoven, Tchaikovsky, Shostakovich), mune imwe - pakusiyana, kumera zvishoma nezvishoma kwemazwi matsva. maumbirwo, semuenzaniso, mune sonatas uye symphonies yeSchubert, uye mune mamwe akawanda. prod. I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, SV Rachmaninov, SS Prokofiev.

Kusiyana kwemhando dzesymphony. dramaturgy inotemerwawo nekuti inotongwa neyakaomarara inoshanda logic kana rusununguko rune hukama hweiyo nzira yebudiriro (senge, semuenzaniso, munhetembo dzeLiszt's symphonic, Chopin's ballads uye fantasies muf-moll), ingave chiitiko chinoiswa mu sonata. -symphony. kutenderera kana kudzika mune imwe-chikamu fomu (ona, semuenzaniso, chikuru-chikamu chinoshanda naLiszt). Zvichienderana nemufananidzo wemukati uye maitiro emimhanzi. dramaturgy, tinogona kutaura nezvaDecember. mhando dzeS - zvinoshamisa, nziyo, epic, genre, nezvimwe.

Chiyero che concretization ye ideological art. kugadzirwa pfungwa. nerubatsiro rwezwi, hunhu hwezvisungo zvinosanganisirwa zvemumuse. mifananidzo ine zviitiko zvehupenyu zvinogadzirisa kusiyanisa kweS. kupinda purogiramu uye isina-programmed, inowanzobatanidzwa (symphonism naTchaikovsky, Shostakovich, A. Honegger).

Muchidzidzo chemhando dzeS, mubvunzo wekuratidzwa musymphony wakakosha. kufunga kweiyo theatre musimboti - kwete chete maererano nemitemo yakawanda yemutambo, asi dzimwe nguva zvakanyanya, mumhando yemukati chirongwa, "fabularity" ye symphonies. kukura (somuenzaniso, mumabasa aG. Berlioz naG. Mahler) kana kuratidzwa kwemitambo yechimiro chekufananidzira (symphonism naProkofiev, Stravinsky).

Mhando dzeS. Hongu, dhirama. S. muzana remakore rechi19. yakagadzirwa nenzira dze heroic-dramatic (Beethoven) uye lyrical-dramatic (kuguma kwemutsara uyu ndiTchaikovsky's symphonism). Mumumhanzi weAustria wakavheneka mhando yelyric-epic S., kubva kune symphony muC-dur naSchubert kuenda kubasa. Brahms uye Bruckner. Epic uye mutambo unopindirana mune symphony yaMahler. Iyo synthesis ye epic, genre uye mazwi ane hunhu hweRussia. classical S. (MI Glinka, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Glazunov), iyo inokonzerwa neRussia. nat. thematic, melodic element. rwiyo, ruzha rwemufananidzo. Synthesis decomp. zviratidzo zvemhando. dramaturgy - maitiro ari kusimukira nenzira itsva muzana remakore rechi20. Saka, semuenzaniso, Shostakovich's civic-philosophical symphonism yakagadzira dzinenge mhando dzese dzesymphonies dzakamutangira kare. dramaturgy ine simbiso yakakosha pakuumbwa kweiyo dramatic uye epic. Muzana remakore rechi20 S. semusimboti wemimhanzi. kufunga kunonyanya kuratidzirwa kune zvimiro zvemamwe marudzi ehunyanzvi, anoratidzirwa nemhando nyowani dzekubatana neshoko, netiyeta. chiito, kuenzanisa maitiro e cinematography. dramaturgy (iyo inowanzo tungamirira ku deconcentration, kuderera kwechikamu che symphonic logic chaiyo mubasa), nezvimwewo. Haigadziriswi kune imwe nzira isina kujeka, S. sechikwata chemuses. kufunga kunoratidzwa mune zvitsva zvinogona kuitika munhambo yega yega yekukura kwayo.

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HS Nikolaeva