Harpsichord: tsananguro chiridzwa, kuumbwa, nhoroondo, ruzha, siyana

Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kuridza harpsichord kwaionekwa sechiratidzo chetsika dzakanatswa, kuravira kwakanatswa, uye aristocratic gallantry. Apo vaenzi vakatanhamara vakaungana mudzimba dzokugara dzevapfumi bourgeois, mimhanzi yainyatsorira. Nhasi, kiibhodhi chine tambo yemimhanzi chiridzwa chinongomiririra tsika dzekare. Asi zvibodzwa zvakanyorerwa iye nevaimbi vane mukurumbira we harpsichord zvinoshandiswa nevaimbi vemazuva ano sechikamu chekonzati dzemukamuri.

Harpsichord mudziyo

Muviri wechiridzwa chinotaridzika sepiyano huru. Pakugadzirwa kwayo, matanda anokosha akashandiswa. Nzvimbo yacho yakashongedzwa nezvishongo, mifananidzo, mifananidzo, inopindirana nemafashoni emafashoni. Mutumbi wakanga wakaiswa pamakumbo. Marudimbwa ekare akanga ane rectangular, akaiswa patafura kana kuti chigadziko.

Chigadzirwa uye nheyo yekushanda yakafanana ne clavichord. Musiyano uri muhurefu hwetambo hwakasiyana uye imwe nzira yakaoma. Tambo dzacho dzakagadzirwa netsinga dzemhuka, gare gare dzakava simbi. Iyo keyboard ine makiyi machena nematema. Kana wadzvinyirirwa, munhenga wegunguwo wakanamirwa pamudziyo wakabvutwa nechisuni unorovera tambo yacho. Iyo harpsichord inogona kunge iine imwe kana maviri kiyibhodhi akaiswa pamusoro peimwe.

Ko harpsichord inonzwika sei?

Makopi ekutanga aive neruzha rudiki - chete 3 octaves. Special switches ndidzo dzaive nebasa rekuchinja vhoriyamu uye toni. Muzana ramakore rechi 18, huwandu hwakawedzera kusvika ku5 octaves, pakanga paine maviri keyboard zvinyorwa. Ruzha rwe harpsichord yekare rwunotyisa. Zvidimbu zvekunzwa zvakanamirwa pandimi zvakabatsira kuisiyanisa, kuita kuti runyararo kana ruzha.

Kuedza kuvandudza magadzirirwo, vatenzi vakapa chiridzwa nemaseti etambo maviri, mana, masere patoni imwe neimwe, senhengo. Malever anochinja maregister akaiswa kumativi ari pedyo nekeyboard. Gare gare, dzakava mapedali etsoka, semapiyano. Pasinei nesimba guru, ruzha rwacho rwaityisa.

Nhoroondo yekusikwa kwe harpsichord

Zvinozivikanwa kuti kare muzana remakore rechi15 muItaly vairidza chiridzwa chine muviri mupfupi, unorema. Ndiani chaizvo akazvigadzira haazivikanwi. Inogona kunge yakagadzirwa muGermany, England, France. Iyo yekare yakasara yakasikwa muna 1515 muLigivimeno.

Pane humbowo hwakanyorwa kubva ku1397, sekureva kwaHerman Poll akataura nezve clavicembalum chiridzwa chaakagadzira. Manongedzero mazhinji anotangira kuzana ramakore rechi 15 nerechi 16. Ipapo mambakwedza e harpsichords akatanga, izvo zvinogona kusiyana muhukuru, rudzi rwemashini. Mazita aive akasiyana zvakare:

• clavicembalo - muItaly;
• musana - muFrance;
• archchord - muEngland.

Zita rokuti harpsichord rinobva pazwi rokuti clavis - key, key. Muzana remakore rechi16, mhizha dzeItaly Venice dzakabatanidzwa mukugadzira chiridzwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, dzakapihwa kuNorthern Europe neFlemish mhizha dzinonzi Ruckers kubva kuAntwerp.

Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, mutangiri wepiyano akanga ari chiridzwa chikuru chiri oga. Airidza mimhanzi mumitambo yeopera. Vakuru veAristocrat vakazviona semutoro kutenga harpsichord yemakamuri avo ekugara, vaibhadharira kudzidziswa kunodhura kuti vairidzire nhengo dzemhuri. Mimhanzi yakakwenenzverwa yave chikamu chakakosha chemabhora edare.

Kupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX kwakaratidzwa nekuzivikanwa kwepiyano, iyo yainzwika zvakasiyana-siyana, ichikubvumira kuti utambe nekushandura simba rekurira. Iyo harpsichord chiridzwa chakabuda mukugadzirwa, nhoroondo yayo yakaguma.

Mhando

Iro boka re keyboard chordophones rinosanganisira akati wandei ezviridzwa. Vakabatana nezita rimwe chete, vaiva nemisiyano inokosha. Saizi yekesi inogona kusiyana. Iyo classical harpsichord yaive nekurira kwekurira kwe5 octaves. Asi kwete zvishoma zvakakurumbira zvaive mamwe marudzi, akasiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe muchimiro chemuviri, kurongeka kwetambo.

Muvirginal, yaive rectangular, bhuku racho raive kurudyi. Tambo dzakanga dzakatambanudzwa dzichienda kumakiyi. Chimiro chimwechete uye maumbirwo ehull aive ane muselar. Imwe yakasiyana-siyana ndeye spinet. Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, yakave yakakurumbira muEngland. Chiridzwa chacho chaiva nebhuku rimwe chete, tambo dzakanga dzakatambanudzwa diagonally. Imwe yemhando dzekare ndeye clavicitherium ine vertically inowanikwa muviri.

Vaimbi vane mukurumbira uye harpsichords

Kufarira kwevaimbi muchiridzwa chacho kwakagara kwemazana emakore akawanda. Panguva ino, mabhuku emimhanzi akazadzwa nemabasa mazhinji akanyorwa nevanyori vane mukurumbira. Vaigara vachinyunyuta kuti kana vachinyora zvibodzwa vakazviwana vari munzvimbo yakamanikidzika, nekuti vaisakwanisa kuratidza mwero wefortissimo kana pianissimo. Asi havana kuramba mukana wekugadzira mimhanzi ye harpsichord inoshamisa ine ruzha rwakanaka.

MuFrance, kunyange chikoro chenyika chokuridza chiridzwa chacho chakaumbwa. Muvambi wayo aiva munyori weBaroque J. Chambonière. Aive dare harpsichordist kuna Kings Louis XIII naLouis XIV. MuItaly, D. Scarlatti aionekwa nenzira yakarurama sechimiro che<em>harpsichord. Nhoroondo yemimhanzi yenyika inosanganisira zvibodzwa zvemunhu oga nevanyori vane mukurumbira vakaita saA. Vivaldi, VA Mozart, Henry Purcell, D. Zipoli, G. Handel.

Pakatanga 1896th-XNUMXth century, chiridzwa ichi chaiita sechinyakare. Arnold Dolmech ndiye akatanga kuedza kumupa hupenyu hutsva. Muna XNUMX, tenzi wemimhanzi akapedza basa pane yake harpsichord muLondon, akavhura mashopu matsva muAmerica neFrance.

Muridzi wepiyano Wanda Landdowska akava munhu akakosha mukumutsiridza chiridzwa. Akaraira mufananidzo wemakonzati kubva kumusangano weParisian, akateerera zvakanyanya kune harpsichord aesthetics, uye akadzidza zvibodzwa zvekare. MuNetherlands, Gustav Leonhardt aishingaira mukudzoka kwekufarira mimhanzi yechokwadi. Kwenguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake, akashanda pakurekodha mimhanzi yechechi yaBach, mabasa evanyori veBaroque neViennese classics.

Muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, kufarira zviridzwa zvekare kwakawedzera. Vashoma vanhu vanoziva kuti mwanakomana wemuimbi ane mukurumbira opera, Prince AM Volkonsky akashandisa nguva yakawanda kudzoreredza mimhanzi yekare uye akatogadzira ensemble yechokwadi. Nhasi unogona kudzidza kuridza harpsichord munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza muMoscow, Kazan, St.