Benjamin Britten |

Bhenjamini akarohwa

Basa raB. Britten rakaratidza kumutsidzirwa kweopera muEngland, mutsva (mushure memazana matatu emakore ekunyarara) kupinda kwemimhanzi yeChirungu pasi rose. Zvichienderana netsika yenyika uye nekuziva huwandu hwakakura hwenzira dzemazuva ano dzekutaura, Britten akagadzira akawanda mabasa mumarudzi ese.

Britten akatanga kunyora aine makore masere. Pazera re12 akanyora "Simple Symphony" yetambo orchestra (2nd edition - 1934). Muna 1929, Britten akapinda muRoyal College of Music (Conservatory), uko vatungamiriri vake vaiva J. Ireland (muumbirwo) uye A. Benjamin (piano). Muna 1933, Sinfonietta yemunyori wemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe yakaitwa, iyo yakakwezva kutarisa kwevanhu. Yakateverwa nenhamba yemabasa emukamuri akaverengerwa muzvirongwa zvemitambo yemimhanzi yepasirese uye akaisa hwaro hwemukurumbira wekuEurope wemunyori wavo. Idzi nziyo dzekutanga dzeBritten dzakaratidzwa nekamuri ruzha, kujeka uye kupfupika kwechimiro, izvo zvakaunza munyori weChirungu pedyo nevamiriri veneoclassical direction (I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith). Mumakore makumi matatu. Britten anonyora mimhanzi yakawanda yeatheater uye cinema. Pamwe chete neizvi, kunyanya kutariswa kunobhadharwa kumakamuri ezwi emhando, uko maitiro emangwana opera anokura zvishoma nezvishoma. Madingindira, mavara, uye sarudzo yezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana: Madzitateguru Vedu Vavhimi (30) itsvimbo inoseka machinda; kutenderera "Illumination" pamavhesi A. Rimbaud (1936) uye "Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo" (1939). Britten anodzidza zvakanyanya mimhanzi yevanhu, anogadzirisa Chirungu, Scottish, nziyo dzeFrench.

Muna 1939, pakutanga kwehondo, Britten akaenda kuUnited States, kwaakapinda mudenderedzwa rekufambira mberi rekugadzira intelligentsia. Sekupindura kune zviitiko zvinosuruvarisa zvakaitika muEuropean continent, cantata Ballad yeHeroes (1939) yakasimuka, yakatsaurirwa kune vanorwisa fascism muSpain. Kunonoka 30s - kutanga 40s. mimhanzi yezviridzwa inokunda mubasa raBritten: panguva ino, piyano uye violin concertos, Symphony Requiem, "Canadian Carnival" yeorchestra, "Scottish Ballad" yepiyano mbiri uye orchestra, 2 quartets, nezvimwewo. SaI. Stravinsky, Britten anoshandisa zvakasununguka nhaka yekare: iyi ndiyo nzira iyo masutu kubva mumhanzi weG. Rossini ("Musical Evenings" uye "Musical Mornings") inomuka.

Muna 1942, munyori wacho akadzokera kunyika yake ndokugara muguta regungwa reAldborough, kumhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEngland. Achiri muAmerica, akagamuchira rairo yeoperation Peter Grimes, yaakapedzisa muna 1945. Kurongwa kweOpera yekutanga yaBritten kwainyanya kukosha: kwakaratidza kumutsidzirwa kwenhandare yemitambo yenyika, yakanga isati yabudisa mimhanzi yekare kubva panguva. nguva yePurcell. Nhau inosuruvarisa yemubati wehove Peter Grimes, akateverwa nemugumo (chirongwa chaJ. Crabbe), akafuridzira munyori kuti agadzire mutambo wemimhanzi une ruzha rwemazuva ano, rwakajeka. Iyo yakawanda yetsika inoteverwa naBritten inoita kuti mimhanzi ye opera yake ive yakasiyana uye ine simba maererano nemaitiro. Kugadzira mifananidzo yekusurukirwa kusina tariro, kuora mwoyo, munyori anovimba nemaitiro aG. Mahler, A. Berg, D. Shostakovich. Hunyanzvi hwekusiyanisa kunoshamisa, kusuma kwechokwadi kwemhando yezviratidziro kunoita kuti munhu arangarire G. Verdi. Iyo yakakwenenzverwa yemifananidzo, ruvara rweochestra mumakungwa anodzokera kumashure ekufungidzira kwaC. Debussy. Zvisinei, izvi zvose zvakabatanidzwa nemunyori wepakutanga, manzwiro emuvara chaiwo weBritish Isles.

Peter Grimes akateverwa nechamber operas: The Desecration of Lucretia (1946), satire Albert Herring (1947) pachirongwa cheH. Maupassant. Opera inoramba ichikwezva Britten kusvika kumagumo emazuva ake. Mumakore 50-60. Billy Budd (1951), Gloriana (1953), The Turn of the Screw (1954), Noah's Ark (1958), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, zvichibva pane imwe comedy yakaitwa naW. Shakespeare), chamber opera inooneka The Carlew River ( 1964), iyo opera The Prodigal Son (1968), yakatsaurirwa kuna Shostakovich, uye Rufu muVenice (1970, mushure meT. Mann).

Britten anozivikanwa zvakanyanya semuimbi anovhenekera. Kufanana naS. Prokofiev naK. Orff, anogadzira mimhanzi yakawanda yevana nevechidiki. Mumutambo wake wemumhanzi Ngatiitei Opera (1948), vateereri vanobatanidzwa zvakananga mukuita maitiro. "Kusiyana-siyana uye Fugue pane Dingindira rePurcell" rakanyorwa se "gwara kune orchestra yevechidiki", kuunza vateereri kumatare ezviridzwa zvakasiyana. Kubasa rePurcell, pamwe nemimhanzi yekare yeChirungu kazhinji, Britten akatendeuka kakawanda. Akagadzirisa opera yake "Dido naAeneas" nemamwe mabasa, pamwe chete neshanduro itsva ye "The Beggar's Opera" naJ. Gay naJ. Pepusch.

Imwe yemadingindira makuru ebasa raBritten - kuratidzira kupokana nemhirizhonga, hondo, kutaura kwekukosha kwenyika isina kusimba uye isina kuchengetedzwa - yakagamuchira kutaura kwayo kwepamusoro mu "War Requiem" (1961), uko, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvechinyakare. sevhisi yeKatorike, nhetembo dzaW. Auden dzinorwisa hondo dzinoshandiswa.

Pamusoro pekunyora, Britten akaita semupiyano uye kondakita, achitenderera munyika dzakasiyana. Akashanyira kakawanda USSR (1963, 1964, 1971). Mhedzisiro yeimwe yenzendo dzake kuRussia yaive kutenderera kwenziyo kumashoko aA. Pushkin (1965) uye Third Cello Suite (1971), iyo inoshandisa nziyo dzechiRussia. Nekumutsidzirwa kweChirungu opera, Britten akave mumwe wevagadziri vemhando iyi muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. “Chishuwo changu chandinofarira ndechekugadzira opera fomu rinofanana nemadhirama eChekhov… Ndinoona mutambo wepakamuri unokwanisa kuchinjika pakutaura manzwiro emukati-kati. Inopa mukana wekutarisa pane psychology yemunhu. Asi izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvave dingindira rekudhirowa kwemazuva ano. "

K. Zenkin