Johannes Brahms |
Johannes Brahms
Chero bedzi kune vanhu vanokwanisa kupindura mimhanzi nemwoyo yavo yose, uye chero bedzi iri mhinduro chaiyo iyo mimhanzi yeBrahms ichaita mavari, mimhanzi iyi icharamba ichirarama. G. Moto
Achipinda muhupenyu hwemimhanzi semutsivi waR. Schumann murudo, J. Brahms akatevera nzira yekupamhamha uye yega yega kuita tsika dzenguva dzakasiyana dzemumhanzi weGerman-Austrian uye tsika dzeGerman zvachose. Munguva yekuvandudzwa kwemhando itsva dzezvirongwa uye mimhanzi yemitambo (naF. Liszt, R. Wagner), Brahms, avo vakanyanya kutendeukira kumhando dzechinyakare dzezviridzwa nemhando, vaiita sekuratidza kugona kwavo uye maonero, vachivapfumisa nehunyanzvi uye. mafungiro enyanzvi yemazuva ano. Nziyo dzezwi (solo, ensemble, choral) hadzina kushomeka, umo huwandu hwekufukidzwa kwetsika hunonyanya kunzwika - kubva pane zvakaitika kune veRenaissance masters kusvika kumimhanzi yemazuva ano yemazuva ese uye mazwi erudo.
Brahms akaberekerwa mumhuri yemimhanzi. Baba vake, avo vakapfuura nenzira yakaoma kubva kune muimbi anodzungaira kuenda kune kaviri bassist neHamburg Philharmonic Orchestra, vakapa mwanakomana wavo hunyanzvi hwekutanga mukuridza tambo dzakasiyana-siyana uye zviridzwa zvemhepo, asi Johannes akanyanya kukwezva piyano. Kubudirira muzvidzidzo naF. Kossel (gare gare - nemudzidzisi akakurumbira E. Marksen) akamubvumira kuti atore chikamu mumusangano wekamuri pazera remakore gumi, uye pa10 - kuti ape koniti yega. Kubva paudiki, Brahms akabatsira baba vake kutsigira mhuri yavo nekuridza piyano mumatavheni echiteshi, achigadzirira muparidzi Kranz, achishanda semupiyano paimba yeopera, nezvimwewo. Asati abva kuHamburg (Kubvumbi 15) parwendo nekambani Hungarian violinist E. Remenyi (kubva kumitambo yevanhu yakaitwa mumakonzati, iyo yakakurumbira "Hungarian Dances" yepiyano mu1853 uye 4 maoko akazoberekwa), akanga atove munyori wemabasa akawanda mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakawanda dzakaparadzwa.
Nziyo dzakatanga kuburitswa (3 sonatas uye scherzo yepianoforte, nziyo) dzakaratidza hukuru hwekutanga hwekugadzira hwemunyori ane makore makumi maviri. Vakamutsa kuyemurwa kwaSchumann, musangano uyo naye mumatsutso e1853 muDüsseldorf akaronga hupenyu hwese hwaitevera hweBrahms. Mumhanzi waSchumann (pesvedzero yaro yaive yakananga muTatu Sonata - 1853, muMusiyano paDingindira reSchumann - 1854 uye mune yekupedzisira yechina mabharadhi - 1854), mamiriro ese eimba yake, kuswedera kwezvido zvehunyanzvi ( muhuduku hwake, Brahms, saSchumann, aifarira mabhuku erudo - Jean-Paul, TA Hoffmann, naEichendorff, nezvimwewo) vane simba guru kune munyori wechidiki. Panguva imwecheteyo, basa rekupedzisira kwemimhanzi yeGermany, sekunge yakapiwa naSchumann kuna Brahms (akamukurudzira kuvabudisi veLeipzig, akanyora nyaya inofadza pamusoro pake "Nzira Itsva"), yakateverwa nenjodzi (kuzviuraya). kuedza kwakaitwa naSchumann muna 1854, kugara kwake muchipatara kune vanorwara nepfungwa, uko Brahms akamushanyira, pakupedzisira, kufa kwaSchumann muna 1856), manzwiro erudo erudo rwekuda kwaClara Schumann, uyo Brahms akabatsira nekuzvipira mumazuva ano akaoma - zvose izvi. yakawedzera kusimba kunoshamisa kwemumhanzi weBrahms, kupenga kwayo (Kutanga konsati yepiyano uye orchestra - 1854-59; zvikeche zveFirst Symphony, Yetatu Piano Quartet, yakapera gare gare).
Zvinoenderana nemafungiro, maBrahms panguva imwe chete aive ari mukuda kwechinangwa, chekurongeka kwakasimba, hunhu hwehunyanzvi hwekirasi. Zvinhu izvi zvakasimbiswa zvakanyanya nekufamba kwaBrahms kuenda kuDetmold (1857), kwaakatora chinzvimbo chemuimbi mudare remuchinda, akatungamira kwaya, akadzidza zvibodzwa zvevatenzi vekare, GF Handel, JS Bach, J. Haydn. uye WA Mozart, akagadzira mabasa mumhando yemhando yemimhanzi ye2th century. (1857 orchestral serenades - 59-1860, nziyo dzekwaya). Kufarira mumhanzi wekwaya kwakasimudzirwawo nemakirasi nekwaya yevakadzi vasingaite muHamburg, uko Brahms akadzoka aine makore makumi mashanu (aive akanamatirana nevabereki vake neguta rake rekuzvarwa, asi haana kumbobvira awana basa rechigarire ikoko raigutsa zvido zvake). Mhedzisiro yekugadzira mu50s - yekutanga 60s. Chamber ensembles pamwe nekutora chikamu kwepiyano yakava mabasa makuru, sekunge kutsiva Brahms nema symphonies (2 quartets - 1862, Quintet - 1864), pamwe nekusiyana-siyana (Kusiyana uye Fugue paDingindira reHandel - 1861, 2 notebook yeKusiyana paDingindira rePaganini - 1862-63) mienzaniso inoshamisa yemaitiro ake epiyano.
Muna 1862, Brahms akaenda kuVienna, kwaakazogara zvishoma nezvishoma kuti agare zvachose. Mutero kuViennese (kusanganisira Schubert) tsika yemimhanzi yemazuva ese yaive waltzes yepiyano mu4 uye 2 maoko (1867), pamwe ne "Songs of Love" (1869) uye "Nziyo Itsva dzeRudo" (1874) - waltzes for piano mu 4 maoko uye quartet yezwi, apo Brahms dzimwe nguva inosangana nemaitiro e "mambo we waltzes" - I. Strauss (mwanakomana), ane mimhanzi yaakakoshesa zvikuru. Brahms ari kuwanawo mukurumbira semuimbi wepiyano (akaita kubvira 1854, kunyanya achida kuridza piyano mukamuri rake ensembles, akaridza Bach, Beethoven, Schumann, mabasa ake, akaperekedza vaimbi, akaenda kuGerman Switzerland, Denmark, Holland, Hungary. , kuguta reGermany rakasiyana-siyana), uye mushure mekuita muna 1868 muBremen ye "German Requiem" - basa rake guru (kuimba, soloists uye orchestra pamagwaro eBhaibheri) - uye semunyori. Kusimbisa chiremera cheBrahms muVienna kwakaparira kubasa rake somukuru wekwaya yeSinging Academy (1863-64), uye ipapo kwaya neorchestra yeSosaiti Yevanofarira Mimhanzi (1872-75). Zviitwa zvaBrahms zvaive zvakakura mukugadzirisa mabasa epiyano naWF Bach, F. Couperin, F. Chopin, R. Schumann wekambani inotsikisa Breitkopf naHertel. Akabatsira pakubudiswa kwemabasa aA. Dvorak, uyo panguva iyoyo aiva munyori asinganyanyozivikanwa, aiva nechikwereti naBrahms chekutsigira kwake kwoushamwari uye kubatanidzwa mune ramangwana rake.
Kukura kwekugadzira kwakazara kwakaratidzwa nekukwezva kweBrahms kune symphony (Yekutanga - 1876, Yechipiri - 1877, Yetatu - 1883, Yechina - 1884-85). Pamatanho ekuitwa kweiyi basa guru rehupenyu hwake, Brahms anokwenenzvera hunyanzvi hwake mumatatu etambo quartets (Yekutanga, Yechipiri - 1873, Yetatu - 1875), mune orchestral Kusiyana kweDingindira reHaydn (1873). Mifananidzo iri padyo nesymphonies inowanikwa mu "Song of Fate" (mushure meF. Hölderlin, 1868-71) uye mu "Rwiyo rwePaki" (mushure meIV Goethe, 1882). Chiedza uye kurudziro kuwirirana kweViolin Concerto (1878) uye Yechipiri Piano Concerto (1881) yakaratidza zvinoonekwa zvenzendo dzekuItari. Nechimiro chayo, pamwe chete nechimiro cheAustria, Switzerland, Germany (Brahms inowanzonyorwa mumwedzi yezhizha), pfungwa dzeakawanda emabasa eBrahms dzakabatana. Kupararira kwavo muGermany nokune dzimwe nyika kwakafambiswa nemabasa evatambi vakatanhamara: G. Bülow, mutungamiriri weimwe yedzakanakisisa muGermany, Meiningen Orchestra; mutambi we<em>violinist I. Joachim (shamwari yepedyo yaBrahms), mutungamiriri we<em>quartet uye mutambi ari oga; muimbi J. Stockhausen nevamwe. Chamber ensembles emhando dzakasiyana siyana (3 sonatas yeviolin uye piano - 1878-79, 1886, 1886-88; Yechipiri sonata ye cello uye piano - 1886; 2 trios yeviolin, cello uye piano - 1880-82, 1886 tambo; - 2, 1882), Concerto yeviolin uye cello uye orchestra (1890), inoshandira kwaya cappella yaive shamwari dzakakodzera dzesymphonies. Izvi zvinobva mukupera kwema1887s. akagadzirira shanduko kusvika kunguva yekupedzisira yekugadzira, yakaratidzwa nehutongi hwemhando dzekamuri.
Achizvida kwazvo, Brahms, achitya kuneta kwekufungidzira kwake kwekusika, akafunga kumisa basa rake rekunyora. Nekudaro, musangano muchirimo cha1891 neanojekesa weMeiningen Orchestra R. Mülfeld akamuita kuti agadzire Trio, Quintet (1891), uyezve sonatas mbiri (1894) ine clarinet. Mukufanana, Brahms akanyora zvidimbu zvepiyano makumi maviri (p. 20-116), iyo, pamwe chete neclarinet ensembles, yakava mugumisiro wekutsvaga kwekugadzira kwemunyori. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya nezveQuintet uye piano intermezzo - "moyo yezvinyorwa zvinosuruvarisa", kubatanidza kuomarara uye kusatya kwemazwi enziyo, kurongeka uye kureruka kwekunyora, kuzara-kwakazara kwekurira kwemazwi. Muunganidzwa 119 German Folk Nziyo (yezwi nepiyano) yakaburitswa muna 1894 hwaive humbowo hwekuti maBrahms anogara achitarisa rwiyo rwechivanhu - yake yetsika nerunako. Brahms aiita gadziriro dzenziyo dzechiGerman (kusanganisira kwaya yecappella) muhupenyu hwake hwose, aifarirawo nziyo dzechiSlavic (Czech, Slovak, Serbian), achidzokorora hunhu hwadzo munziyo dzake dzinobva muzvinyorwa zvevanhu. "Four Strict Melodies" yezwi nepiyano (rudzi rwekantata yega yega pamagwaro eBhaibheri, 49) uye 1895 nziyo dzekwaya (11) dzakawedzera "testamende yemweya" yemunyori nekukwezva kumhando uye nzira dzehunyanzvi dzeBach. nguva, sepedyo nechimiro chemimhanzi yake, pamwe chete nemhando dzemhando.
Mumhanzi wake, Brahms akagadzira mufananidzo wechokwadi uye wakaoma wehupenyu hwemweya wemunhu - dutu mumanzwiro echimbichimbi, akasimba uye ane ushingi mukukunda zvipingamupinyi mukati, achifara uye anofara, elegiacly akapfava uye dzimwe nguva akaneta, akachenjera uye akasimba, ane unyoro uye anoteerera mumweya. . Chido chekugadzirisa kwakanaka kwemakakatanwa, kuvimba netsika dzakatsiga uye dzekusingaperi dzehupenyu hwevanhu, izvo Brahms akaona muzvisikwa, rwiyo rwevanhu, muunyanzvi hwevatenzi vakuru vekare, mutsika yetsika yenyika yake. , mumufaro wakapfava wavanhu, anogara achibatanidzwa munziyo dzake nepfungwa yokusasvikika kutsinhirana, kunowedzera kupokanidzana kunosuruvarisa. 4 symphonies yeBrahms inoratidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvemafungiro ake. Mune Chekutanga, mutsivi akananga kuBeethoven's symphonism, kupinza kweiyo pakarepo inopenya kudhumhana kunoshamisa kunogadziriswa mukupedzisa rwiyo rwemufaro. Yechipiri symphony, zvechokwadi Viennese (pamavambo ayo - Haydn naSchubert), inogona kunzi "symphony yemufaro." Yechitatu - iyo inonyanya kudanana yemutambo wese - inoenda kubva mukudhakwa kwechido nehupenyu kuenda kune kusuruvara kunetseka uye mutambo, kamwe kamwe kuderera pamberi pe "kunaka kusingaperi" kwechisikigo, mangwanani akajeka uye akajeka. The Fourth Symphony, budiriro huru yenzwimbo yaBrahms, inokura, maererano netsananguro yaI. Sollertinsky, “kubva pane elegy kuenda kunhamo.” Hukuru hwakamiswa naBrahms - mukuru wesymphonist wehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore reXIX. - zvivakwa hazvibatanidzi iyo yakadzama lyricism ye toni inowanikwa mune ese symphonies uye inova "kiyi huru" yemimhanzi yake.
E. Tsareva
Zvakadzama mune zvemukati, zvakakwana muhunyanzvi, basa reBrahms nderezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvakaitwa netsika dzeGerman muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Munguva yakaoma yekukura kwayo, mumakore ekuvhiringidzika kwemafungiro uye unyanzvi, Brahms akaita semutsivi uye anoenderera mberi. classical tsika. Akavapfumisa nekubudirira kweGerman kudanana. Zvinetso zvikuru zvakamuka munzira. MaBrahms akatsvaga kuvakunda, achitendeukira kunzwisiso yechokwadi mweya wemimhanzi yerudzi, iyo yakapfuma inogoneka yekuratidzira yemhando dzemimhanzi dzekare.
"Rwiyo rwechivanhu ndirwo rwakandinakira," akadaro Brahms. Kunyange muhuduku hwake, akashanda nekwaya yokumaruwa; gare gare akapedza nguva yakareba ari muimbi wekwaya uye, nguva dzose achitaura nezverwiyo rwechivanhu rweGermany, achirusimudzira, akarugadzirisa. Ndicho chikonzero mimhanzi yake ine maitiro akasiyana enyika.
Nekutarisisa kukuru uye kufarira, Brahms akabata mimhanzi yevanhu vemamwe marudzi. Munyori akapedza chikamu chinokosha chehupenyu hwake muVienna. Nomuzvarirwo, izvi zvakakonzera kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvenyika zveAustria folk art mumhanzi yeBrahms. Vienna yakasarudzawo kukosha kukuru kwemimhanzi yeHungary neSlavic mubasa reBrahms. "Slavicisms" inonyatso kunzwisiswa mumabasa ake: mukuchinja kunowanzoshandiswa uye rhythms yeCzech polka, mune mamwe maitiro ekuvandudza inzwi, modulation. Matauriro uye mutinhimira wenziyo dzechiHungarian, kunyanya mumutauro wemaverbunkos, kureva kuti, mumweya wengano dzemumaguta, zvakanyatsokanganisa akati wandei enziyo dzeBrahms. V. Stasov akacherechedza kuti "Hungarian Dances" yakakurumbira yaBrahms "yakafanirwa nembiri yavo huru."
Kupinzwa kunonzwisisika muchimiro chepfungwa cheimwe nyika kunongowanikwa kune maartist akabatana netsika yavo yenyika. Ndizvo zvakaita Glinka muSpanish Overtures kana Bizet muCarmen. Aya ndiwo maBrahms, muimbi akasarudzika wevanhu veGerman, akatendeukira kuSlavic neHungary folk elements.
Mumakore ake ekuderera, Brahms akadonhedza mutsara unokosha: "Zviitiko zviviri zvikuru zvehupenyu hwangu kubatana kweGermany uye kupedzwa kwekudhindwa kwemabasa aBach." Pano mumutsara mumwe chete, zvingaita sezvinhu zvisingaenzaniswi. Asi maBrahms, kazhinji anonyima nemashoko, anoisa chirevo chakadzama mumutsara uyu. Kuda nyika, kufarira kwakakosha mune ramangwana renyika, kutenda kwakasimba musimba revanhu zvakasanganiswa nepfungwa yekuyemura uye kuyemura kubudirira kwenyika kwemumhanzi weGerman neAustria. Mabasa aBach naHandel, Mozart naBeethoven, Schubert naSchumann akashanda sezviedza zvake zvinotungamirira. Akanyatsodzidza zvekare mumhanzi wepolyphonic. Kuedza kunzwisisa zviri nani mapatani ekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi, Brahms yakateerera zvakanyanya kunyaya dzehunyanzvi hwekuita. Akanyora mashoko euchenjeri aGoethe mukabhuku kake: “Form (in art. MD) inoumbwa nezviuru zvemakore zvekuedza kwevatenzi vakanyanya kushamisa, uye uyo anovatevera, kure nekukwanisa kuibata nekukurumidza.
Asi Brahms haana kufuratira mimhanzi mitsva: achiramba chero kuratidzwa kwekuora muunyanzvi, akataura nepfungwa yekunzwira tsitsi kwechokwadi nezve mazhinji emabasa evenguva yake. Brahms aikoshesa zvikuru "Meistersingers" uye zvakawanda mu "Valkyrie", kunyange zvazvo aive nemafungiro asina kunaka kune "Tristan"; akayemura chipo chemhanzi uye chiridzwa chakajeka chaJohann Strauss; akataura noushamwari nezvaGrieg; opera "Carmen" Bizet akadana wake "waanofarira"; muDvorak akawana “tarenda chairo, rakapfuma, rinoyevedza.” Zvinoravira zvehunyanzvi zveBrahms zvinomuratidza semuimbi ane hupenyu, akananga, mutorwa kune kuparadzaniswa nedzidzo.
Aya ndiwo maitiro aanoita mubasa rake. Izere nehupenyu hunofadza huri mukati. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma echokwadi cheGerman chezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, maBrahms akarwira kodzero uye rusununguko rwemunhu, akaimba nehushingi uye kusimba kwehunhu. Mimhanzi yake izere nekufunganya nezveramangwana remunhu, inotakura mazwi erudo nenyaradzo. Haana kugadzikana, kushushikana.
Kutendeseka uye kutendeseka kwemimhanzi yeBrahms, padyo naSchubert, zvinonyanya kuratidzwa mumanzwi ezwi, ane nzvimbo yakakosha munhaka yake yekusika. Mumabasa eBrahms mune zvakare akawanda mapeji emashoko ehuzivi, ayo ane hunhu hwaBach. Mukugadzira mifananidzo yenziyo, maBrahms aiwanzovimba nemhando dzaivepo uye manzwi, kunyanya ngano dzeAustria. Akashandisa kugeneralizations, akashandisa zvekutamba zvelandler, waltz, uye chardash.
Iyi mifananidzo inowanikwawo mumabasa ekushandisa eBrahms. Pano, maitiro emutambo, rudo rwechimurenga, chido chekukurumidza zvinonyanya kutaurwa, izvo zvinomuswededza pedyo naSchumann. Mumhanzi weBrahms, kune zvakare mifananidzo yakazadzwa nekugwinya uye ushingi, ushingi simba uye epic simba. Munzvimbo ino, anoratidzika sekuenderera mberi kwetsika yeBeethoven mumhanzi weGerman.
Zvakanyanya kupokana zvirimo mune akawanda chamber-instrumental uye symphonic mabasa eBrahms. Vanodzokorora mitambo yepfungwa inonakidza, kazhinji ine njodzi. Mabasa aya anoratidzwa nekunakidzwa kwerondedzero, pane chimwe chinhu chine rhapsodic mumharidzo yavo. Asi rusununguko rwekutaura mumabasa akanyanya kukosha eBrahms anosanganiswa nesimbi inonzwisisika yebudiriro: akaedza kupfekedza bota rinovira remanzwiro erudo mumhando dzakasimba dzechinyakare. Muimbi akazadzwa nepfungwa dzakawanda; mimhanzi yake yakanga yakazara nehupfumi hwekufananidzira, kuchinja kwakasiyana kwemafungiro, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemumvuri. Musanganiswa wavo weorganic waida basa rakasimba uye rakanyatsojeka rekufunga, maitiro epamusoro ekupikisa aivimbisa kubatana kwemifananidzo yakasiyana.
Asi kwete nguva dzose uye kwete mumabasa ake ose Brahms akakwanisa kuenzanisa kufara kwemanzwiro nemafungiro akaoma ekukura kwemimhanzi. vari pedyo naye romantic mifananidzo dzimwe nguva yaipesana Classic nzira yekutaura. Kukanganisika kwekuenzanisa dzimwe nguva kwaitungamirira kukusajeka, kuoma kunzwisisa kwekutaura, kwakakonzera kusati kwapera, kusina kugadzikana kwemifananidzo; nerumwe rutivi, apo basa romufungo rakatora nzvimbo yokutanga kupfuura mirangariro, mimhanzi yaBrahms yakawana zvinhu zvine mufungo, zvokusafunga-funga. (Tchaikovsky akaona izvi chete, zviri kure naye, mativi mubasa reBrahms uye naizvozvo haana kukwanisa kunyatsomuongorora. Mumhanzi waBrahms, mumashoko ake, "sokunge kunyomba uye kutsamwisa manzwiro emimhanzi"; akawana kuti yakanga yakaoma; kutonhora, mhute, kusingagumi.).
Asi pane zvese, zvinyorwa zvake zvinokwezva nehunyanzvi hunoshamisa uye nekukasira kwemanzwiro mukutamisa pfungwa dzakakosha, kuita kwavo zvine musoro. Nokuti, zvisinei nekusapindirana kwesarudzo dzeunyanzvi hwemunhu, basa raBrahms rakazadzwa nekurwira chokwadi chemumhanzi, nekuda kwezvinangwa zvepamusoro zvehunyanzvi hwemunhu.
Hupenyu uye nzira yekugadzira
Johannes Brahms akaberekerwa kuchamhembe kweGermany, muHamburg, musi waChivabvu 7, 1833. Baba vake, vakabva kumhuri yevarombo, vaiva muimbi weguta (ari nyanga, akazoridza kaviri bass). Uduku hwomunyori hwakapfuura mukushaiwa. Kubva achiri mudiki, ane makore gumi nematatu, anotoita semuimbi wepiyano kumapati ekutamba. Mumakore anotevera, anowana mari nezvidzidzo zvepachivande, anotamba semupiyano panguva dzemitambo, uye dzimwe nguva anotora chikamu mumakonzati akakomba. Panguva imwecheteyo, apedza kosi yekunyora nemudzidzisi anoremekedzwa Eduard Marksen, uyo akaroverera maari kuda mimhanzi yekare, anonyora zvakawanda. Asi mabasa evaBrahm vechidiki haazivikanwi kune chero ani zvake, uye nekuda kwemari yepenny, munhu anofanira kunyora mitambo yesalon uye zvinyorwa, izvo zvinobudiswa pasi pemazita emanyepo akasiyana-siyana (anenge 150 opus pamwe chete.) "Vashoma vakararama zvakaoma se Ndakadaro,” akadaro Brahms, achiyeuka makore oupwere hwake.
Muna 1853 Brahms akasiya guta raakaberekerwa; pamwe chete nemuridzi weviolinist Eduard (Ede) Remenyi, nhapwa yezvematongerwo enyika yeHungary, akaenda kurwendo rurefu rwekonzati. Iyi nguva inosanganisira kuziva kwake Liszt uye Schumann. Wekutanga wavo, nerunako rwake rwenguva dzose, akabata iye zvino asati azivikanwa, ane mwero uye anonyara muimbi wemakore makumi maviri. Kugamuchirwa kunodziya kwakamumirira paSchumann. Makore gumi apfuura kubva apo wekupedzisira akarega kutora chikamu muNew Musical Journal yaakasika, asi, achishamiswa netarenda yepakutanga yeBrahms, Schumann akaputsa kunyarara kwake - akanyora chinyorwa chake chekupedzisira chinonzi "Nzira Itsva". Akadana munyori wechiduku wacho kuti tenzi akakwana uyo “anonyatsoratidza mudzimu wenguva dzacho.” Basa reBrahms, uye panguva ino akanga atova munyori wemabasa anokosha epiyano (pakati pavo matatu sonatas), akakwezva kutarisa kwevanhu vose: vamiririri vezvikoro zvose zveWeimar neLeipzig vaida kumuona mumapoka avo.
Brahms aida kugara kure neruvengo rwezvikoro izvi. Asi akawira pasi perunako rusingadzivisiki rwehunhu hwaRobert Schumann nemukadzi wake, mutambi wepiyano ane mukurumbira Clara Schumann, uyo Brahms akachengetera rudo uye ushamwari hwechokwadi mumakumi mana emakore akatevera. Maonero ounyanzvi uye zvaanotenda (pamwe chete nokufungira mano akaipa, kunyanya kuna Liszt!) zvevaviri ava vanoshamisa zvakanga zvisingarambiki kwaari. Uye saka, mukupera kwe50s, mushure mekufa kwaSchumann, kurwira kwehunyanzvi hwenhaka yake yehunyanzvi kwakamuka, maBrahms akakwanisa asi kutora chikamu mazviri. Muna 1860, akataura zvakadhindwa (kwenguva chete muhupenyu hwake!) achipesana nekutaura kwechikoro cheNew Germany chekuti hunhu hwayo hwekunaka hwakagovaniswa. zvose vanyori veGerman vakanakisa. Nemhaka yetsaona isina mufungo, pamwe chete nezita raBrahms, pasi pokuratidzira uku pakanga pane siginicha yevaimbi vechidiki vatatu chete (kusanganisira mutambi weviolin akatanhamara Josef Joachim, shamwari yaBrahms); mamwe mazita ane mukurumbira akasiyiwa mupepanhau. Kurwiswa uku, zvakare, kwakaumbwa nehutsinye, mazwi asina kunaka, akasangana neruvengo nevakawanda, kunyanya Wagner.
Nguva pfupi izvi zvisati zvaitika, kuita kwaBrahms neFirst Piano Concerto yake muLeipzig kwakaratidzirwa nekutadza kunonyadzisa. Vamiriri vechikoro cheLeipzig vakamupindura zvisina kunaka se "Weimar". Nokudaro, ichingoerekana yabva kune imwe gungwa, Brahms yaisagona kunamatira kune imwe. Murume ane ushingi uye anokudzwa, iye, pasinei nekuoma kwekuvapo uye kurwiswa kweutsinye kwevarwi veWagnerian, haana kuita zvibvumirano zvekugadzira. Brahms akadzokera mukati make, akazvidzivirira kubva kune gakava, nekunze akasuduruka kubva pakurwa. Asi mubasa rake akarienderera mberi: achitora zvakanakisisa kubva kune unyanzvi hwezvidzidzo zvezvikoro zvose, nemimhanzi yako yakaratidza (kunyangwe zvisiri nguva dzose) kusaparadzaniswa kwemisimboti yemafungiro, nyika uye democracy senheyo dzehupenyu-yechokwadi art.
Kutanga kwema60s kwaive, kune imwe nhanho, nguva yedambudziko reBrahms. Mushure mematutu uye kurwa, zvishoma nezvishoma anouya pakuzadzikiswa kwemabasa ake ekugadzira. Pakanga pari panguva iyi paakatanga basa renguva refu pamabasa makuru ezwi-symphonic chirongwa ("German Requiem", 1861-1868), paFirst Symphony (1862-1876), anozviratidza zvakanyanya mumunda wekamuri. mabhuku (piano quartets, quintet, cello sonata). Kuedza kukunda kuvandudzwa kwerudo, maBrahms anodzidza zvakanyanya nziyo dzechivanhu, pamwe neveViennese classics (nziyo, ensembles ezwi, kwaya).
1862 inguva yekuchinja muhupenyu hweBrahms. Asingawani kushandiswa kwesimba rake munyika yake, anotamira kuVienna, kwaanogara kusvikira afa. Muridzi wepiyano anoshamisa uye kondakita, ari kutsvaga basa rechigarire. Taundi rokumusha kwake reHamburg rakamuramba izvi, achikuvadza ronda risingapore. MuVienna, akaedza kaviri kuwana mukana mubasa semukuru weSinging Chapel (1863-1864) uye mutungamiri weSosaiti yeShamwari dzeMumhanzi (1872-1875), asi akasiya zvigaro izvi: havana kuunza. iye aigutsikana zvikuru nounyanzvi kana kuti kuchengeteka mune zvokunyama. Chinzvimbo cheBrahms chakavandudzwa chete pakati pemakore makumi manomwe, paakazogamuchira kuzivikanwa neruzhinji. Brahms anoita zvakawanda nemabasa ake e symphonic nechamber, anoshanyira akati wandei emaguta muGermany, Hungary, Holland, Switzerland, Galicia, Poland. Aida nzendo idzi, kusvika pakuziva nyika itsva uye, somushanyi, akanga ari muItaly kasere.
Iyo 70s uye 80s inguva yekusika kweBrahms 'kukura. Mumakore aya, symphonies, violin uye yechipiri piano concertos, mabasa akawanda ekamuri (vatatu violin sonatas, yechipiri cello, yechipiri neyechitatu piano trios, matatu tambo quartets), nziyo, kwaya, vocal ensembles zvakanyorwa. Sekare, Brahms mubasa rake inoreva mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeunyanzvi hwemimhanzi (kunze kwemutambo wemimhanzi chete, kunyange zvazvo aizonyora opera). Anovavarira kubatanidza zvakadzika zvemukati nekunzwisisa kwedemocracy uye nekudaro, pamwe neakaomesesa ezviridzwa, anogadzira mimhanzi yechirongwa chakareruka chemazuva ese, dzimwe nguva yekugadzira mimhanzi yepamba (vocal ensembles "Songs of Love", "Hungarian Dances", waltzes yepiyano. , nezvimwewo). Uyezve, achishanda mumativi ese ari maviri, munyori haachinje maitiro ake ekugadzira, achishandisa hunyanzvi hwake hunoshamisa hwekupikisa mumabasa akakurumbira uye pasina kurasikirwa nekureruka uye hukama mumasymphonies.
Kufara kwemaonero eBrahms uye hunyanzvi maonero kunoratidzwawo nekuenderana kwakasiyana mukugadzirisa matambudziko ekugadzira. Saka, anenge panguva imwe chete, akanyora maviri orchestral serenades akasiyana kuumbwa (1858 uye 1860), maviri piano quartets (op. 25 uye 26, 1861), maviri tambo quartets (op. 51, 1873); pakarepo mushure mekuguma kweChinodiwa chinotorwa nokuda kwe "Nziyo Dzorudo" (1868-1869); pamwe chete ne "Festive" inogadzira "Tragic Overture" (1880-1881); Yokutanga, “pathetic” symphony iri pedyo neyechipiri, “pastor” (1876-1878); Chechitatu, "gamba" - neChina, "nhamo" (1883-1885) (Kuitira kuti titarise kune zvakakosha zvezviri mukati meBrahms 'symphonies, mazita avo emamiriro anoratidzwa pano.). Muzhizha ra1886, mabasa akasiyana-siyana emhando yekamuri seyechipiri Cello Sonata inoshamisa (p. 99), chiedza, idyllic in mood Second Violin Sonata (op. 100), the epic Third Piano Trio (op. 101) uye nekunakidzwa nemufaro, zvinonzwisa tsitsi Wechitatu Violin Sonata (op. 108).
Kumagumo ehupenyu hwake - Brahms akafa musi waApril 3, 1897 - basa rake rekusika rinopera simba. Akaita symphony uye akati wandei emamwe nziyo huru, asi zvidimbu zvekamuri nenziyo chete ndizvo zvakaitwa. Kwete chete kuti mhando dzemhando dzakatetepa, huwandu hwemifananidzo hwakatetepa. Hazvibviri kusaona mune izvi kuratidzwa kwekuneta kwekusika kwemunhu ari oga, akaodzwa mwoyo mukurwisana kwehupenyu. Hurwere hunorwadza hwakamusvitsa muguva (gomarara rechiropa) hwakaitawo. Kunyanguvezvo, aya makore okupedzisira akaratidzirwawo nokusikwa kwenziyo dzechokwadi, dzohunhu, dzinokudza mirangariro yakakwirira yetsika. Zvakakwana kutaura semienzaniso piyano intermezzos (p. 116-119), clarinet quintet (p. 115), kana Four Strict Melodies (p. 121). Uye Brahms akatora rudo rwake rusingaperi rwehunyanzvi hwechivanhu muunganidzwa unoshamisa wenziyo dzechiGerman makumi mana nepfumbamwe dzezwi nepiyano.
Zvimiro zvemaitiro
Brahms ndiye wekupedzisira mumiriri mukuru wemumhanzi weGerman wezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akagadzira tsika uye hunyanzvi tsika dzemhando yepamusoro yenyika. Basa rake, zvisinei, harisi pasina zvimwe zvinopesana, nokuti akanga asina nguva dzose achikwanisa kunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaoma zvemazuva ano, haana kubatanidzwa mukurwisana kwevanhu nezvematongerwe enyika. Asi maBrahms haana kumbotengesa mafungiro epamusoro evanhu, haana kubvumirana nemafungiro e bourgeois, akaramba zvose zvenhema, zvenguva pfupi mutsika uye unyanzvi.
Brahms akagadzira yake yekutanga maitiro ekugadzira. Mutauro wake wemimhanzi unoratidzwa nehunhu hwemunhu. Zvaakajairika kwaari mataurirwo anoenderana nemimhanzi yechivanhu yeGerman, ayo anokanganisa magadzirirwo emadingindira, mashandisirwo enziyo zvinoenderana nematoni matatu, uye plagal inotendeuka inobatanidzwa muzvikamu zvekare zvekunyora nziyo. Uye plagality inoita basa guru mukuwirirana; kazhinji, diki subdominant rinoshandiswawo mune chikuru, uye chikuru mudiki. Mabasa eBrahms anoratidzirwa nekutanga modal. Iyo "flickering" yezvikuru - zvidiki ndizvo chaizvo hunhu hwake. Saka, chinangwa chikuru chemimhanzi cheBrahms chinogona kuratidzwa nechirongwa chinotevera (chirongwa chekutanga chinoratidza dingindira rechikamu chikuru cheFirst Symphony, yechipiri - yakafanana dingindira reTatu Symphony):
Chiyero chakapihwa chezvikamu zvitatu nezvitanhatu muchimiro chemutinhimira, pamwe nehunyanzvi hwechitatu kana yechitanhatu kupetwa kaviri, ndiwo anofarirwa neBrahms. Kazhinji, inoratidzirwa nekusimbisa padhigirii rechitatu, iyo inonyanya kunzwisiswa mukuvara kweiyo modal mood. Kusatarisirwa modulation deviations, modal variability, huru-diki modhi, melodic uye harmonic huru - izvi zvese zvinoshandiswa kuratidza kusiyanisa, kupfuma kwemumvuri wezviri mukati. Rhythms yakaoma, musanganiswa wemamita akaenzana uye asinganzwisisike, kuunzwa kwematatu, rhythm ine dotted, syncopation mune yakatsetseka melodic mutsara zvakare inoshumira izvi.
Kusiyana nenziyo dzezwi dzakatenderedzwa, madingindira eBrahms anowanzo kuvhurika, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kuyeuka nekuona. Tsika yakadaro yeku "kuvhura" miganhu yemusoro inokonzerwa nechishuwo chekuzadza mimhanzi nebudiriro zvakanyanya sezvinobvira. (Taneyev akashuvirawo izvi.). BV Asafiev akacherekedza kuti maBrahms kunyangwe mumadiki enziyo "kwese uko munhu anonzwa. budiriro".
Tsanangudzo yeBrahms yemisimboti yekuumbwa inocherechedzwa nekutanga kwakakosha. Ainyatsoziva ruzivo rwakakura rwakaunganidzirwa neEuropean musical tsika, uye, pamwe chete nehurongwa hwemazuva ano hwemazuva ano, akashandisa kare kare, zvingaratidzika, zvisingashandisi: yakadai ndiyo yekare sonata fomu, the variation suite, basso ostinato maitiro. ; akapa kuratidzwa kaviri mukonzati, akashandisa misimboti yekonsati grosso. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kuitirwa nekuda kwekushongedza, kwete kwekuyemura kwekuyemura mafomu akasakara: kushandiswa kwakadzama kwemaitiro akaumbwa aive emhando yakakosha.
Kusiyana nevamiriri veLiszt-Wagner maitiro, Brahms aida kuratidza kugona wekare kuumbwa zvinoreva kutamisa ano achivaka pfungwa nemanzwiro, uye chaizvo, nehunyanzvi hwake, akazviratidza izvi. Uyezve, akafunga nzira inokosha zvikuru, inokosha yekutaura, yakagadzika munziyo dzechinyakare, semudziyo wokurwisana nokuora kwechimiro, unyanzvi hwoudzvinyiriri. Anopikisa subjectivism mune unyanzvi, Brahms akadzivirira mirairo ye classical art. Akatendeukira kwavariwo nemhaka yokuti akatsvaka kudzivisa kuputika kusingaenzaniswi kwefungidziro yake amene, uko kwakakurira mirangariro yake yokufara, yefunganyo, yokusazorora. Haana kubudirira mune izvi nguva dzose, dzimwe nguva matambudziko makuru akamuka mukushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvakakura. Kunyanya kusimbirira kwakaita maBrahms kushandura nehunyanzvi mafomu ekare uye nemisimboti yebudiriro. Akaunza zvinhu zvitsva zvakawanda.
Zvekukosha kukuru ndezvaakawana mukuvandudzwa kwemisimboti yekusiyana-siyana yebudiriro, iyo yaakabatanidza neiyo sonata nheyo. Kubva panaBeethoven (ona misiyano yake makumi matatu nembiri yepiyano kana magumo eNinth Symphony), Brahms akawana mumadhizaini ake musiyano, asi une chinangwa, “kuburikidza” nedhirama. Humbowo hweizvi ndiko Kusiyanisa pane dingindira rakanyorwa naHandel, pane dingindira raHaydn, kana brilliant passacaglia yeFourth Symphony.
Mukududzira iyo sonata fomu, Brahms akapawo mhinduro dzega: akabatanidza rusununguko rwekutaura neiyo classical logic yebudiriro, kunakidzwa kwerudo nemaitiro akasimba ekufunga. Kuwanda kwemifananidzo mukumisikidzwa kwezvinhu zvinokatyamadza chinhu chakajairika chemimhanzi yeBrahms. Naizvozvo, semuenzaniso, madingindira mashanu arimo mukutsanangurwa kwechikamu chekutanga chepiyano quintet, chikamu chikuru chekupedzisira cheTatu Symphony chine madingindira matatu akasiyana, maviri emativi madingindira ari muchikamu chekutanga chechina Symphony, nezvimwe. Mifananidzo iyi inosiyaniswa zvakasiyana, iyo inowanzosimbiswa nehukama hwemodal (somuenzaniso, muchikamu chekutanga cheFirst Symphony, chikamu chedivi chinopiwa muEs-dur, uye chikamu chekupedzisira mu es-moll; muchikamu chinofananidzira. yeTatu Symphony, kana tichienzanisa zvikamu zvakafanana A-dur - a-moll; mumagumo eiyo inonzi symphony - C-dur - c -moll, nezvimwewo).
Brahms yakabhadhara zvakanyanya kukudziridzwa kwemifananidzo yebato guru. Madingindira ake mumusangano wese anowanzo kudzokororwa pasina shanduko uye mune imwechete kiyi, inova hunhu hwerondo sonata fomu. Iwo ma ballad emumhanzi weBrahms anozviratidzawo mune izvi. Bato guru rinopokana zvakanyanya neyekupedzisira (dzimwe nguva kubatanidza), iyo inopihwa ine simba rine rhythm, kufora, kazhinji kutendeuka kunodada kunotorwa kubva kungano dzeHungary (ona zvikamu zvekutanga zveFirst and Fourth Symphonies, Violin uye Yechipiri Piano Concertos. nevamwe). Zvikamu zveparutivi, zvichibva pamainzwi uye marudzi emumhanzi wezuva nezuva weViennese, hazvina kupera uye hazvizove nzvimbo dzenziyo dzekufamba. Asi ivo chinhu chinoshanda mukusimudzira uye kazhinji vanowana shanduko huru mukusimudzira. Iyo yekupedzisira inobatwa muchidimbu uye zvine simba, sezvo zvinhu zvekusimudzira zvakatounzwa mukuratidzwa.
Brahms aive shasha yehunyanzvi hwekuchinja manzwiro, yekubatanidza mifananidzo yehunhu hwakasiyana mukukura kumwe. Izvi zvinobatsirwa nemultilaterally dzakagadziridzwa zvinokonzeresa zvinongedzo, kushandiswa kweshanduko yavo, uye kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemaitiro ekudzivirira. Naizvozvo, akabudirira zvakanyanya mukudzoka kunzvimbo yekutanga yerondedzero - kunyangwe mukati mechimiro chechimiro chakareruka chetatu. Izvi ndizvo zvese zvakabudirira zvakawanikwa mu sonata allegro kana uchisvika pakudzokorora. Uyezve, kuitira kuti mutambo uwedzere, maBrahms anofarira, saTchaikovsky, kushandura miganhu yekuvandudza uye kudzokorora, izvo dzimwe nguva zvinotungamirira pakuramba kushanda kwakakwana kwechikamu chikuru. Saizvozvo, kukosha kwekodhi sechinguva chekushushikana kwepamusoro mukuvandudzika kwechikamu kunowedzera. Mienzaniso inoshamisa yeizvi inowanikwa mumafambiro ekutanga eThird and Fourth Symphonies.
Brahms inyanzvi yemumhanzi dramaturgy. Ose ari maviri mukati memiganhu yechikamu chimwe, uye mukutenderera kwese kwechiridzwa, akapa chirevo chinopindirana chepfungwa imwe chete, asi, achiisa pfungwa dzese pa. zvemukati pfungwa yekuvandudzwa kwemimhanzi, kazhinji inoregeredzwa kunze kutaura kwakanaka kwemufungo. Ndiwo maitiro eBrahms kudambudziko rekunaka; ndiko kududzira kwake mikana yezviridzwa ensembles, orchestra. Haana kushandisa mhedzisiro yeorchestra chete uye, mukufungidzira kwake kwekuzara uye kwakakora kuwirirana, zvakapetwa kaviri zvikamu, manzwi akasanganiswa, haana kurwisa ivo pachavo nekupikisa. Zvakadaro, kana zviri mumhanzi zvaida, maBrahms akawana kunaka kwaaida (ona mienzaniso iri pamusoro). Mukuzvidzora kwakadaro, chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvemaitiro ake ekugadzira zvinoratidzwa, izvo zvinoratidzwa nekuzvidzora kwakanaka kwekutaura.
Brahms akati: “Hatichakwanisa kunyora zvinoyevedza saMozart, tichaedza kunyora zvakachena sezvaakaita.” Haisi chete nezvehunyanzvi, asiwo nezve zviri mumhanzi waMozart, kunaka kwayo kwetsika. Brahms yakagadzira mimhanzi yakaoma zvikuru kupfuura Mozart, ichiratidza kuoma uye kusapindirana kwenguva yake, asi akatevera chirevo ichi, nokuti chido chetsika dzakanaka dzepamusoro, pfungwa yebasa rakadzama rezvose zvaakaita zvakaratidza hupenyu hwekusika hwaJohannes Brahms.
M. Druskin
- Kusika kwezwi kweBrahms →
- Chamber-instrumental kugadzirwa kweBrahms →
- Symphonic mabasa eBrahms →
Piano basa reBrahms →
Rondedzero yemabasa eBrahms →
