Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky (Dmitry Bortnyansky) |
Dmitry Bortnyansky
... Makanyora nziyo dzinoshamisa Uye, muchifunga nezvenyika yerufaro, Akanyora kwatiri nemanzwi ... Agafangel. Mukurangarira Bortnyansky
D. Bortnyansky ndomumwe wevamiririri vane tarenda zvikuru veRussian musical culture of pre-Glinka era, uyo akakunda rudo rwechokwadi rwevamwe vake vose semuimbi, ane mabasa, kunyanya ekwaya, aifarira mukurumbira, uye semunhu akakurumbira. , munhu ane matarenda akawanda ane shavi remunhu risingawanzo. Mumwe mudetembi wemazuva ano asina kutaurwa anonzi "Orpheus weNeva River". Nhaka yake yekusika yakakura uye yakasiyana. Iine mazita anosvika mazana maviri - 200 operas, anopfuura zana mabasa ekwaya, akawanda kamuri uye nziyo dzezviridzwa, dzerudo. Mumhanzi waBortnyansky unosiyaniswa nekunaka kwehunyanzvi kuravira, kuzvidzora, hukuru, kujeka kwekirasi, uye hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwakagadziridzwa nekudzidza mimhanzi yemazuva ano yeEurope. Mutsoropodzi wenziyo wokuRussia uye munyori wenziyo A. Serov akanyora kuti Bortnyansky “akadzidza pamienzaniso yakafanana naMozart, uye zvikuru akatevedzera Mozart amene.” Zvisinei, panguva imwecheteyo, mutauro wemimhanzi weBortnyansky ndewenyika, zviri pachena kuti une rwiyo-rudo, manzwi eUkraine melos yemuguta. Uye izvi hazvishamisi. Pashure pezvose, Bortnyansky ndiye Ukrainian kubva mavambo.
Vechidiki veBortnyansky vakapindirana nenguva iyo kusimuka kweruzhinji kune simba pakutanga kwe60-70s. Zana remakore rechiXNUMX rakamutsa mauto ekugadzira nyika. Yakanga iri panguva iyo iyo nyanzvi yekunyora chikoro yakatanga kuumbwa muRussia.
Nemhaka yeunyanzvi hwake hwokuimba hunoshamisa, Bortnyansky akatumirwa pazera remakore matanhatu kuChikoro Chokuimba, uye pashure pemakore maviri akatumirwa kuSt. Petersburg kuDare Rinoimba Chapel. Mhanza kubva paudiki yaifarira mukomana akanaka akangwara. Akave mudiwa weEmpress, pamwe chete nevamwe vaimbi vakapinda mumakonzati evaraidzo, mitambo yedare, masevhisi echechi, akadzidza mitauro yekunze, achiita. Mutungamiriri wekwaya M. Poltoratsky akadzidza kuimba naye, uye munyori weItaly B. Galuppi - akanyora. Pakurudziro yake, muna 2 Bortnyansky akatumirwa kuItaly, kwaakagara kwemakore gumi. Pano akadzidza mimhanzi yaA. Scarlatti, GF Handel, N. Iommelli, mabasa emapolyphonists echikoro cheVenetian, uye akaitawo kubudirira kwekutanga semunyori. MuItaly, "Misa yeGermany" yakasikwa, iyo inofadza mukuti Bortnyansky akaunza nziyo dzekare dzeOrthodox mune dzimwe nziyo, dzichidzivandudza nenzira yeEurope; pamwe ne1768 opera seria: Creon (10), Alcides, Quintus Fabius (vose - 3).
Muna 1779 Bortnyansky akadzokera kuSt. Nziyo dzake, dzakapihwa kuna Catherine II, dzakabudirira zvinokatyamadza, kunyangwe mukururamisira zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mambokadzi aisiyaniswa neasingawanzo kurwisa mimhanzi uye akaombera maoko chete pakukurudzira. Kunyange zvakadaro, Bortnyansky akanzwirwa nyasha, akagamuchira mubairo uye chinzvimbo chokuva mukuru webhendi weCourt Singing Chapel muna 1783, pakabva J. Paisiello kubva kuRussia, akavawo mutungamiriri weboka re“dare duku” muPavlovsk pasi pomudyi wenhaka Pavel newake. mudzimai.
Basa rakasiyana-siyana rakadaro rakakurudzira kuumbwa kwemimhanzi mumarudzi akawanda. Bortnyansky anogadzira nhamba huru yemakonti ekwaya, anonyora mimhanzi yezviridzwa - clavier sonatas, kamuri inoshanda, inonyora zverudo pamagwaro echiFrench, uye kubva pakati pe-80s, apo dare rePavlovsk rakafarira nhandare, anogadzira matatu ecomic operas: "The Seigneur's Mutambo" (1786), "Falcon" (1786), "Rival Son" (1787). "Runako rwemaopera aya naBortnyansky, akanyorwa mumutauro wechiFrench, ari mukubatana kwakanaka kusingaenzaniswi kwemazwi echiItaly anokudzwa ane languor yeFrench romance uye frivolity yakapinza ye couplet" (B. Asafiev).
Munhu akadzidza zvakasiyana-siyana, Bortnyansky akatora rutivi nokudisa mumadekwana okunyora akaitwa muPavlovsk; gare gare, muna 1811-16. - akapinda misangano ye "Kukurukurirana kwevanoda shoko rechiRussia", inotungamirirwa naG. Derzhavin naA. Shishkov, vakabatana naP. Vyazemsky naV. Zhukovsky. Pamavhesi ekupedzisira, akanyora rwiyo rwakakurumbira rwekwaya "Muimbi mumusasa weRussia Warriors" (1812). Kazhinji, Bortnyansky aiva nekwanisi inofadza yekunyora mimhanzi yakajeka, melodic, inowanikwa, pasina kuwira mukurambidzwa.
Muna 1796, Bortnyansky akagadzwa maneja uye ipapo mutungamiriri weDare Singing Chapel uye akaramba ari munzvimbo iyi kusvika pakupera kwemazuva ake. Muchinzvimbo chake chitsva, akatora nesimba kuita zvehunyanzvi hwake uye zvinangwa zvedzidzo. Akavandudza zvakanyanya chinzvimbo chevaimbi, akaunza makonzati eruzhinji eMugovera muchechi, uye akagadzirira kwaya yechapel kuti itore chikamu mumakonzati. Philharmonic Society, kutanga chiitiko ichi nekuita kweOratorio yaJ. Haydn "Kusikwa Kwenyika" uye kuchipedzisa muna 1824 nekutanga kwe "Solemn Mass" yaL. Beethoven. Pamabasa ake muna 1815, Bortnyansky akasarudzwa senhengo inokudzwa yePhilharmonic Society. Chinzvimbo chake chepamusoro chinoratidzwa nemutemo wakagamuchirwa muna 1816, maererano neayo mabasa aBortnyansky pachake, kana mimhanzi yakagamuchira mvumo yake, yakabvumirwa kuitwa muchechi.
Mubasa rake, kutanga kubva ku90s, Bortnyansky anoisa pfungwa dzake pamimhanzi inoera, pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekoniti dzinonyanya kukosha. Iwo ari cyclic, kunyanya mana-zvikamu zvinyorwa. Vamwe vavo vakaremerwa, mhemberero mune zvakasikwa, asi humwe hunhu hweBortnyansky makonsati, anosiyaniswa nekupinda lyricism, kuchena kwemweya kwakakosha, uye sublimity. Sekureva kwaAcademician Asafiev, munziyo dzekwaya dzeBortnyansky "pakava nekuita kwehurongwa hwakafanana nehwechivakwa cheRussia panguva iyoyo: kubva pakushongedza kwemhando dzebaroque kusvika pakuomarara uye kuzvidzora - kusvika kune classicism."
Mumakonzati ekwaya, Bortnyansky anowanzopfuura miganhu inotarwa nemitemo yechechi. Mavari, unogona kunzwa kufamba, kutamba rhythms, pesvedzero yemimhanzi yeOpera, uye muzvikamu zvishoma, dzimwe nguva kune kufanana nemhando yerwiyo rwe "Russian song". Mimhanzi inoyera yeBortnyansky yakanakidzwa nemukurumbira mukuru panguva yehupenyu hwemunyori uye mushure mekufa kwake. Yakanyorerwa piyano, rudimbwa, yakashandurirwa mudhijitari mimhanzi notation system yevasingaoni, uye inogara ichiburitswa. Zvisinei, pakati vaimbi nyanzvi XIX remakore. pakanga pasina kubvumirana pakuongorora kwayo. Paiva nemafungiro pamusoro peshuga yake, uye zvinyorwa zveBortnyansky uye zvekushanda zvakakanganwa zvachose. Chete munguva yedu, kunyanya mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, mimhanzi yemunyori uyu yakadzokera zvakare kumuteereri, yakarira mudzimba dzeOpera, horo dzemakonzati, ichitizarurira chiyero chechokwadi chetarenda remunyori anoshamisa weRussia, yechokwadi yemhando yepamusoro. XNUMXth century.
O. Averyanova
