Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin |

Alexander Borodin

Mumhanzi waBorodin … unofadza kunzwa kwesimba, kugwinya, chiedza; ine simba rekufema, chiyero, upamhi, nzvimbo; ine hutano hunoenderana nekunzwa kwehupenyu, mufaro kubva mukuziva kwaunorarama. B. Asafiev

A. Borodin mumwe wevamiriri vanoshamisa vetsika yeRussia yehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX: muimbi ane hunyanzvi, nyanzvi yekemesitiri, munhu anoshanda paruzhinji, mudzidzisi, kondakita, mutsoropodzi wemimhanzi, airatidzawo chinyorwa chakatanhamara. tarenda. Zvisinei, Borodin akapinda munhoroondo yetsika yenyika kunyanya semunyori. Haana kugadzira mabasa mazhinji, asi anosiyaniswa nekudzika uye hupfumi hwemukati, zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando, classical kuwirirana kwemafomu. Vazhinji vavo vanobatana neRussia epic, nenyaya yehugamba zviito zvevanhu. Borodin anewo mapeji emwoyo, mazwi emwoyo wose, majee uye kuseka zvinyoro hazvisi zvitorwa kwaari. Muitiro wenziyo wemunyori unoratidzwa nehupamhi hwekurondedzera, mutsindo (Borodin aikwanisa kuumba murwiyo rwechivanhu), kupindirana kwemavara, uye kushingaira kushuvira. Achienderera mberi netsika dzaM Glinka, kunyanya opera yake "Ruslan naLyudmila", Borodin akagadzira Russian epic symphony, uye akabvumidzawo rudzi rweRussia epic opera.

Borodin akaberekwa kubva kumuchato usiri wepamutemo wePrince L. Gedianov uye Russian bourgeois A. Antonova. Akagamuchira surname yake uye patronymic kubva muchivanze murume Gedianov - Porfiry Ivanovich Borodin, ane mwanakomana akanyorwa.

Kutenda kupfungwa uye simba raamai vake, mukomana akawana dzidzo yakanaka kwazvo kumba uye atova muhuduku akaratidza mano akasiyana-siyana. Mumhanzi wake wainyanya kunaka. Akadzidza kuridza nyere, piyano, cello, akateerera nechido kumabasa e symphonic, akadzidza akazvimirira mabhuku emumhanzi echinyakare, achidzokorodza ese ma symphonies aL. Beethoven, I. Haydn, F. Mendelssohn neshamwari yake Misha Shchiglev. Akaratidzawo tarenda rekunyora kare. Kuedza kwake kwekutanga kwaive polka "Helene" yepiyano, iyo Flute Concerto, iyo Trio yemaviolin maviri uye cello pamadingindira kubva kuopera "Robert the Dhiyabhorosi" naJ. Meyerbeer (4). Mumakore mamwechete, Borodin akatanga chido chemakemikari. Achiudza V. Stasov nezveushamwari hwake naSasha Borodin, M. Shchiglev akayeuka kuti "kwete chete kamuri yake pachake, asi inenge imba yose yakazadzwa nemidziyo, kudzorera uye marudzi ose emishonga yemakemikari. Kwese pamahwindo kwakamira zvirongo zvine zvakasiyana-siyana zvekristaro mhinduro. Veukama vakacherechedza kuti kubva paudiki, Sasha aigara akabatikana nechimwe chinhu.

Muna 1850, Borodin akabudirira kupasa bvunzo yeMedico-Surgical (kubvira 1881 Military Medical) Academy muSt. Kukurukurirana neakakurumbira musayendisiti weRussia N. Zinin, uyo akadzidzisa zvakajeka kosi yekemesitiri pachikoro, akaitisa makirasi ega ega anoshanda murabhoritari uye akaona mutsivi wake mujaya ane tarenda, aive nesimba guru pakuumbwa kwehunhu hwaBorodin. Sasha aifarirawo mabhuku, ainyanya kuda mabasa aA. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, mabasa aV. Belinsky, akaverenga zvinyorwa zvefilosofi mumagazini. Nguva yemahara kubva kuacademy yakatsaurirwa kumumhanzi. Borodin aiwanzopinda misangano yemimhanzi, uko rudo rwaA. Gurilev, A. Varlamov, K. Vilboa, nziyo dzechiRussian folk, arias kubva panguva iyoyo mitambo yeItaly yemafashoni yaiitwa; aigara achishanyira manheru equartet nemuimbi weamateur I. Gavrushkevich, kazhinji achitora chikamu semuimbi wenziyo mukuridza mimhanzi yekamuri yezviridzwa. Mumakore mamwechete, akazoziva mabasa eGlinka. Kubwinya, kwakadzika mimhanzi yenyika yakabata uye yakafadza murume wechidiki, uye kubva ipapo ave muyemuri akavimbika uye muteveri wemunyori mukuru. Zvose izvi zvinomukurudzira kuti ave nekugadzira. Borodin anoshanda zvakanyanya ari ega kuti agone hunyanzvi hwemunyori, anonyora nziyo dzemanzwi mumweya wekudanana kwezuva nezuva kwemaguta ("Uri kuitei mangwanani, mambakwedza"; "Teerera, vasikana, kuimba yangu"; "Musikana akanaka akadonha kubva rudo"), pamwe chete nematatu akawanda eviolin maviri uye cello (kusanganisira pamusoro pedingindira rerwiyo rwevanhu vekuRussia "Ndakakutsamwisa sei"), tambo Quintet, nezvimwewo. Mumabasa ake echiridzwa chenguva ino, pesvedzero yemasampuli. yemimhanzi yekuWestern Europe, kunyanya Mendelssohn, ichiri kuoneka. Muna 1856, Borodin akapasa bvunzo dzake dzekupedzisira nemavara anobhururuka, uye kuti apase muitiro wezvokurapa unomanikidzirwa akatumirwa semudzidzi kuChipatara Chechipiri cheMasoja; muna 1858 akabudirira kudzivirira dissertation yake dhigirii chiremba wemishonga, uye gore rakatevera akatumirwa kunze neacademy yekuvandudzwa kwesayenzi.

Borodin akagara muHeidelberg, apo panguva iyoyo masayendisiti maduku akawanda eRussia emhando dzakasiyana-siyana akanga aungana, pakati pavo paiva D. Mendeleev, I. Sechenov, E. Junge, A. Maikov, S. Eshevsky nevamwe, vakava shamwari dzaBorodin uye vakaita. kumusoro iyo inonzi "Heidelberg Circle. Kuungana pamwe chete, havana kukurukura matambudziko esayenzi chete, asiwo nyaya dzehupenyu hwemagariro evanhu, nhau dzezvinyorwa uye unyanzvi; Kolokol naSovremennik vakaverengwa pano, pfungwa dzaA. Herzen, N. Chernyshevsky, V. Belinsky, N. Dobrolyubov dzakanzwika pano.

Borodin inobatanidzwa zvakanyanya mune sainzi. Munguva yemakore matatu ekugara kwake kunze kwenyika, akaita mabasa masere ekutanga emakemikari, izvo zvakaita kuti azivikanwe zvakanyanya. Anoshandisa mukana wese kutenderera Europe. Musayendisiti wechidiki akaziva hupenyu uye tsika dzevanhu veGermany, Italy, France neSwitzerland. Asi mimhanzi yagara ichimuperekedza. Akanga achiri kuridza mimhanzi nechido mumadenderedzwa epamba uye haana kurasikirwa nemukana wekupinda makonzati e symphony, opera dzimba, nokudaro achizivana nemabasa akawanda nevanyori vemazuva ano vekuWestern Europe - KM Weber, R. Wagner, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz . Muna 3, muHeidelberg, Borodin akasangana nomudzimai wake wemunguva yemberi, E. Protopopova, mutambi wepiyano ane tarenda uye muzivi wenziyo dzechiRussian, uyo aikurudzira zvikuru mimhanzi yaF. Chopin naR. Schumann. Maonero matsva emimhanzi anokurudzira hunyanzvi hwaBorodin, kumubatsira kuti azvione semuimbi weRussia. Anoramba achitsvaka nzira dzake pachake, mifananidzo yake nenziyo dzinobudisa mashoko munziyo, achigadzira nziyo dzechamber-instrumental ensembles. Muzvakanakisa zvavo - piyano Quintet muC minor (8) - munhu anogona kutonzwa ese epic simba uye mutsindo, uye inopenya nyika ruvara. Basa iri, sokunge zvakadaro, rinopfupisa budiriro yapfuura yehunyanzvi yeBorodin.

Muchirimo cha1862 akadzokera kuRussia, akasarudzwa purofesa paMedico-Surgical Academy, kwaakadzidzisa uye kuitisa makirasi anoshanda nevadzidzi kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwake; kubva 1863 akadzidzisawo kwenguva yakati panguva Forest Academy. Akatangawo tsvakurudzo itsva yemakemikari.

Nguva pfupi adzokera kunyika yake, muimba yeacademy purofesa S. Botkin, Borodin akasangana naM. Balakirev, uyo, nemafungiro ake eunhu, akakurumidza kukoshesa tarenda yekunyora yaBorodin uye akaudza musayendisiti wechidiki kuti mimhanzi yaiva basa rake rechokwadi. Borodin inhengo yedenderedzwa, iyo, kunze kweBalakirev, yaisanganisira C. Cui, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov uye muongorori wemifananidzo V. Stasov. Nokudaro, kuumbwa kwenharaunda yekugadzira yevanyori veRussia, inozivikanwa munhoroondo yemimhanzi pasi pezita rokuti "The Mighty Handful", yakapedzwa. Pasi pekutungamirirwa kwaBalakirev, Borodin anoenderera mberi nekugadzira First Symphony. Yakapedzwa muna 1867, yakabudirira kuitwa musi waJanuary 4, 1869 paRMS concert muSt. Petersburg yakaitwa naBalakirev. Mune iri basa, mufananidzo wekugadzira weBorodin wakazotemerwa - hukuru hwehugamba, simba, classical kuwirirana kwechimiro, kupenya, kutsva kwemimhanzi, hupfumi hwemavara, mavambo emifananidzo. Kuonekwa kwesymphony iyi kwakaratidza kutanga kwekusika kwemunyori uye kuberekwa kwemaitiro matsva mumhanzi weRussian symphonic.

Muchikamu chechipiri che60s. Borodin inogadzira huwandu hwekudanana hwakasiyana kwazvo munhau uye chimiro chemumhanzi embodiment - "The Sleeping Princess", "Rwiyo rweSango Rima", "The Sea Princess", "Nhema Yenhema", "Nziyo Dzangu Dzakazara Chepfu”, “Gungwa”. Zvizhinji zvacho zvakanyorwa muzvinyorwa zvavo.

Pakupera kwema60s. Borodin akatanga kuumba Second Symphony uye opera Prince Igor. Stasov akapa Borodin chiyeuchidzo chinoshamisa chezvinyorwa zvekare zveRussia, The Tale of Igor's Campaign, sechirongwa che opera. “Nyaya iyi ndinoida chose. Zvichange zviri musimba redu chete here? .. "Ndichaedza," Borodin akapindura Stasov. Pfungwa yekuda nyika yeLay nemweya wavo wevanhu vaive pedyo zvakanyanya neBorodin. Chirongwa che opera chakanyatsoenderana nehunyanzvi hwetarenda rake, kufarira kwake kuzere, mifananidzo yemaepic uye kufarira kwake kuMabvazuva. Iyo opera yakagadzirwa pazvinyorwa zvechokwadi zvenhoroondo, uye zvaive zvakakosha kuti Borodin iwane kusikwa kwevatambi vechokwadi, vechokwadi. Anodzidza zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvine chekuita ne "Shoko" uye nguva iyoyo. Aya ndiwo makoronike, uye nhoroondo dzenhoroondo, zvidzidzo zve "Shoko", nziyo dzeRussia epic, nziyo dzekumabvazuva. Borodin akanyora libretto yeopera pachake.

Zvisinei, kunyora kwakafambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma. Chikonzero chikuru ndechekushandiswa kwesainzi, pedagogical uye zvemagariro zviitiko. Akanga ari pakati pevakatanga uye vavambi veRussian Chemical Society, akashanda muSosaiti yeRussian Doctors, muSosaiti Yekuchengetedzwa Kwehutano Hwevanhu, akatora chikamu mukubudiswa kwemagazini "Knowledge", aiva nhengo yevatungamiri ve. the RMO, akatora chikamu mubasa reSt. Medical-Surgical Academy mudzidzi kwaya uye orchestra.

Muna 1872, Higher Women's Medical Courses yakavhurwa muSt. Borodin aiva mumwe wevarongi uye vadzidzisi veiyi yekutanga dzidzo yepamusoro yevakadzi, akamupa nguva yakawanda uye simba. Kuumbwa kweChipiri Symphony kwakapedzwa chete muna 1876. Iyo symphony yakasikwa yakafanana ne opera "Prince Igor" uye iri pedyo zvikuru nayo mune zvinyorwa zvepfungwa, chimiro chemifananidzo yemimhanzi. Mumimhanzi ye symphony, Borodin inowana kupenya kwakajeka, kongiri yemifananidzo yemimhanzi. Sekureva kwaStasov, aida kudhirowa muunganidzwa wemagamba eRussia na1 o'clock, muAndante (3 o'clock) - mufananidzo weBayan, mukupedzisira - chiitiko chegamba remabiko. Zita rokuti "Bogatyrskaya", rakapiwa symphony naStasov, rakadzika midzi mairi. Symphony yakatanga kuitwa paRMS konzati muSt. Petersburg musi waFebruary 26, 1877, yakaitwa naE. Napravnik.

Mukupera 70s - kutanga 80s. Borodin inogadzira 2 tambo quartets, ichiva, pamwe chete naP. Tchaikovsky, muvambi weRussia classical chamber instrumental music. Kunyanya kufarirwa yaive Yechipiri Quartet, iyo mimhanzi ine simba guru uye chido inoburitsa nyika yakapfuma yezviitiko zvepfungwa, ichifumura divi rinopenya renziyo retarenda raBorodin.

Zvisinei, chainyanya kunetseka chaiva opera. Pasinei nekubatikana nemhando dzose dzemabasa uye kushandisa mazano ezvimwe nziyo, Prince Igor akanga ari pakati pezvido zvekugadzira zvemunyori. Munguva ye70s. akati wandei akakosha masikirwo akagadzirwa, mamwe acho akaitwa mumakonzati eFree Music School akaitiswa naRimsky-Korsakov uye akawana mhinduro inodziya kubva kune vateereri. Kuita kwemimhanzi yekutamba kwePolovtsian nekwaya, kwaya ("Kubwinya", nezvimwewo), pamwe chete nenhamba dzemunhu oga (rwiyo rwaVladimir Galitsky, Vladimir Igorevich's cavatina, Konchak's aria, Yaroslavna's Lament) yakafadza zvikuru. Zvakawanda zvakaitwa mukupera kwema70 uye kutanga kwema80. Shamwari dzaitarisira kupedzwa kwebasa pa opera uye vakaita nepavaigona napo kuti vabatsire pane izvi.

Mukutanga kwema80s. Borodin akanyora symphonic mamakisi "MuCentral Asia", akati wandei nhamba dze opera uye akati wandei erudo, pakati peiyo elegy paArt. A. Pushkin "Kumahombekombe enyika iri kure." Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, akashanda paThird Symphony (nenhamo, isina kupera), akanyora Petite Suite uye Scherzo yepiyano, uye akaramba achishanda pa opera.

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika muRussia muma80s. - kutanga kwekunyanya kuita zvinhu zvakanyanya, kutambudzwa kwetsika dzepamusoro, hutsinye hwakatekeshera hwevakuru vehurumende, kuvharwa kwezvidzidzo zvekurapa zvevakadzi - kwakakanganisa zvikuru munyori. Zvakava zvakanyanya kuoma kurwisa reactionaries muacademy, basa rakawedzera, uye hutano hwakatanga kutadza. Borodin uye rufu rwevanhu vari pedyo naye, Zinin, Mussorgsky, vakawana nguva yakaoma. Panguva imwecheteyo, kukurukurirana nevechidiki - vadzidzi uye vashandi - kwakamuunzira mufaro mukuru; denderedzwa revanozivana nemimhanzi yakawedzerawo zvakanyanya: anofarira kuenda "Belyaev Fridays", anosvika pakuziva A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov nevamwe vaimbi vechidiki pedyo. Akafadzwa zvikuru nemisangano yake naF. Liszt (1877, 1881, 1885), uyo akakoshesa zvikuru basa raBorodin uye akakurudzira mabasa ake.

Kubva pakutanga kwe80s. mukurumbira weBorodin munyori ari kukura. Mabasa ake anoitwa kakawanda uye anozivikanwa kwete muRussia chete, asiwo kune dzimwe nyika: muGermany, Austria, France, Norway, uye America. Mabasa ake akave nekubudirira kwekukunda muBelgium (1885, 1886). Akave mumwe wevanyori vane mukurumbira uye vane mukurumbira vekuRussia muEurope mukupera kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Pakarepo mushure mekufa kamwe kamwe kwaBorodin, Rimsky-Korsakov naGlazunov vakasarudza kugadzirira mabasa ake asina kupera kuti abudiswe. Vakapedza basa pa opera: Glazunov akadzokorora zvekare kubva mundangariro (sezvaakaronga naBorodin) uye akagadzira mimhanzi yeChiito III zvichibva pamifananidzo yemunyori, Rimsky-Korsakov akaridza nhamba zhinji dze opera. Gumiguru 23, 1890 Prince Igor akaitwa paMariinsky Theatre. Mutambo wacho wakagamuchirwa noushamwari nevateereri. "Opera Igor ihanzvadzi yechokwadi yemutambo mukuru waGlinka Ruslan," akanyora kudaro Stasov. - "ine simba rakafanana renhetembo dzeepic, hukuru hwakafanana hwezviratidziro zvevanhu nemifananidzo, mufananidzo unoshamisa wevatambi nehunhu, hukuru hwakafanana hwekuonekwa kwese uye, pakupedzisira, komedhi yakadai (Skula naEroshka) inopfuura. kunyangwe komedhi yaFarlaf” .

Basa raBorodin rakava nemigumisiro yakawanda kumarudzi akawanda evanyori veRussia uye vekunze (kusanganisira Glazunov, Lyadov, S. Prokofiev, Yu. Shaporin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, nevamwe). Iko kudada kweRussia classical music.

A. Kuznetsova

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