Nikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov |

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov

Kana tarenda rake, kana simba rake, kana mutsa wake usina muganhu kuvadzidzi vake nemakomuredhi, hazvina kumbopera simba. Hupenyu hunobwinya nebasa renyika rakadzama remunhu akadaro kunofanira kuve kudada kwedu uye mufaro. ... yakawanda sei inogona kutaurwa munhoroondo yese yemimhanzi yemhando yepamusoro yakadai, maartist makuru uye vanhu vakadai saRimsky-Korsakov? V. Stasov

Anenge makore 10 pashure pokuvhurwa kwechivako chokutanga cheRussian Conservatory muSt. Pasinei nehuduku hwake - aive mugore rake rechimakumi maviri nemasere - akange atowana mukurumbira semunyori wezvinyorwa zvekutanga zveorchestra: Overtures pamitambo yeRussia, Fantasies pamadingindira enziyo dzechiSerbian, mufananidzo wesymphonic wakavakirwa pane epic yeRussia " Sadko" uye suite pachirongwa cheyekumabvazuva ngano "Antar". Mukuwedzera, kudanana kwakawanda kwakanyorwa, uye kushanda pane zvakaitika kare opera The Maid of Pskov yakanga yakazara. Hapana aikwanisa kufungidzira (muduku wevose mutungamiriri weConservatory, uyo akakoka N. Rimsky-Korsakov) kuti akazova munyori ane anenge asina kudzidziswa kwemimhanzi.

Rimsky-Korsakov akaberekerwa mumhuri iri kure neunyanzvi. Vabereki, maererano netsika dzemhuri, vakagadzirira mukomana kuti ashande muNavy (babamunini uye mukoma mukuru vaiva vafambisi vezvikepe). Kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwemimhanzi hwakaratidzwa kare kare, pakanga pasina munhu wekudzidza zvakanyanya mutaundi diki repurovhinzi. Zvidzidzo zvepiyano zvakapihwa nemuvakidzani, zvino governess anozivikanwa uye mudzidzi weiyi governess. Maonero emumhanzi akawedzerwa nenziyo dzechivanhu dzakaitwa naamai veamateur nababamunini uye nechitendero vachiimba muTikhvin Monastery.

MuSt. Petersburg, uko Rimsky-Korsakov akauya kuzonyoresa muNaval Corps, anoshanyira imba ye opera uye pamakonti, anoziva Ivan Susanin uye Glinka's Ruslan naLyudmila, Beethoven's symphonies. MuSt. Petersburg, pakupedzisira ane mudzidzisi chaiye - mupiyano akanakisisa uye muimbi akadzidza F. Canille. Akarayira mudzidzi ane chipo kuti anyore mimhanzi pachake, akamuzivisa kuna M. Balakirev, pedyo neavo vanyori vechidiki vakaungana - M. Mussorgsky, C. Cui, gare gare A. Borodin akabatana navo (denderedzwa raBalakirev rakadzika munhoroondo pasi pezita rokuti "Mighty Handful. ”).

Hapana we "Kuchkists" haana kutora kosi yekudzidziswa kwemimhanzi. Iyo nzira iyo Balakirev akavagadzirira iyo yekuzvimiririra yekusika chiitiko chaive seizvi: akabva aronga nyaya ine mutoro, uye ipapo, pasi pehutungamiriri hwake, muhurukuro dzakabatana, pamwe chete nekudzidza kwemabasa evanyori vakuru, matambudziko ese akamuka. mukugadzira zvakagadziriswa.

Rimsky-Korsakov ane makore gumi nemanomwe akarayirwa naBalakirev kuti atange ne symphony. Zvichakadaro, munyori wechidiki uyu, akapedza kudzidza kubva kuNaval Corps, aifanira kutanga rwendo rwekutenderera nyika. Akadzokera kumimhanzi uye shamwari dzehunyanzvi chete mushure memakore matatu. Tarenda yeGenius yakabatsira Rimsky-Korsakov kukurumidza kugona chimiro chemimhanzi, uye kupenya kwakajeka kwemavara, uye kuumba matekiniki, achipfuura nheyo dzechikoro. Sezvo akasika zvibodzwa zvesymphonic zvakaoma uye kushanda pane imwe opera, munyori akanga asingazivi izvo zvakakosha zvesayenzi yemimhanzi uye akanga asina ruzivo rwemashoko anodiwa. Uye kamwe kamwe chipo chekudzidzisa panzvimbo yekuchengetedza! .. "Dai ndakadzidza kunyange zvishoma, dai ndaiziva kunyange zvishoma kudarika zvandaiziva chaizvo, zvino zvaizova pachena kwandiri kuti handigoni uye handina kodzero yekutora zvakarongwa pfungwa ndeyokuti kuva purofesa. ndingadai ndakapusa uye ndisina kutendeseka kwandiri, "akayeuka kudaro Rimsky-Korsakov. Asi kwete kusatendeseka, asi mutoro mukurusa, waakaratidza, achitanga kudzidza nheyo dzimene dzaaifanira kudzidzisa.

Iwo aesthetic maonero uye worldview Rimsky-Korsakov akaumbwa muna 1860s. pasi pesimba re "Mighty Handful" uye ideologist yayo V. Stasov. Panguva imwecheteyo, hwaro hwenyika, kutungamirwa kwedemokrasi, madingindira makuru nemifananidzo yebasa rake zvakatemwa. Mumakore gumi anotevera, mabasa aRimsky-Korsakov ane zvakawanda: anodzidzisa panzvimbo yekuchengetedza, anovandudza nzira yake yekunyora (anonyora canons, fugues), ane chigaro chemuongorori wezvikwata zvendarira zveNaval Department (1873-84) uye anoitisa symphony. makonzati, anotsiva mutungamiriri weFree Music School Balakirev uye anogadzirira kudhindwa (pamwe chete naBalakirev naLyadov) akawanda emitambo yaGlinka, marekodhi uye inopindirana nenziyo dzevanhu (muunganidzwa wekutanga wakabudiswa muna 1876, wechipiri - muna 1882).

Kukwidzwa kungano dzemimhanzi yeRussia, pamwe nekuongorora kwakadzama kwezvibodzwa zveopera zvaGlinka mukugadzirira kuti zvibudiswe, zvakabatsira munyori kukurira kufungidzira kwedzimwe nziyo dzake, dzakamuka semugumisiro wezvidzidzo zvakadzika muhunyanzvi hwekuumba. Maopera maviri akanyorwa mushure meMusikana wePskov (1872) - May Night (1879) uye The Snow Maiden (1881) - akabatanidza rudo rwaRimsky-Korsakov rwetsika dzevanhu uye rwiyo rwevanhu uye maonero ake enyika.

Kusika kwemunyori we80s. kunyanya inomiririrwa symphonic mabasa: "The Tale" (1880), Sinfonietta (1885) uye Piano Concerto (1883), uyewo akakurumbira "Spanish Capriccio" (1887) uye "Scheherazade" (1888). Panguva imwecheteyo, Rimsky-Korsakov akashanda muDare Choir. Asi anoshandisa yakawanda yenguva yake nesimba kugadzirira kuita uye kudhindwa kwema opera eshamwari dzake dzekupedzisira - Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina uye Borodin's Prince Igor. Zvingangodaro kuti basa iri rakasimba pamitambo ye opera rakakonzera kuti basa raRimsky-Korsakov pachake rakatanga mumakore aya mumutambo we symphonic.

Muimbi akadzokera kuimba chete muna 1889, agadzira iyo enchanting Mlada (1889-90). Kubva pakati pe90s. imwe mushure meimwe inoteverwa neHusiku Pamberi peKisimusi (1895), Sadko (1896), chirevo cheMusikana wePskov - chiitiko chimwe chete Boyar Vera Sheloga uye The Tsar's Bride (vese 1898). Mumakore ekuma1900 Iyo Tale yeTsar Saltan (1900), Servilia (1901), Pan Gavhuna (1903), Iyo Tale yeIsingaonekwi Guta reKitezh (1904) uye Iyo Goridhe Cockerel (1907) inogadzirwa.

Muhupenyu hwake hwose hwekusika, munyori akashandurawo kumashoko ezwi. Muna 79 yerudo rwake, nhetembo dzaA. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, AK Tolstoy, L. May, A. Fet, uye kubva kune vanyori vekune dzimwe nyika J. Byron naG. Heine vanobudiswa.

Zviri mukati mebasa raRimsky-Korsakov zvakasiyana-siyana: zvakaratidzawo dingindira renhoroondo yevanhu ("Mukadzi wePskov", "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh"), chikamu chemashoko ("Mwenga waTsar", " Servilia”) uye mutambo wemazuva ese (“Pan Voyevoda”), wairatidza mifananidzo yekuMabvazuva (“Antar”, “Scheherazade”), waisanganisira zvinhu zvedzimwe tsika dzemimhanzi (“Serbian Fantasy”, “Spanish Capriccio”, etc.) . Asi humwe hunhu hweRimsky-Korsakov ndeyekufungidzira, hunyanzvi, hukama hwakasiyana nehunyanzvi hwevanhu.

Muimbi akagadzira dura remhando yezvakasarudzika mukunaka kwayo, yakachena, zvinyoro-nyoro mifananidzo yechikadzi - zvese zvechokwadi uye zvinoshamisa (Pannochka mu "May Night", Snegurochka, Marita mu "The Tsar's Muroora", Fevronia mu "The Tale of the Invisible City". yeKitezh") , mifananidzo yevaimbi vevanhu (Lel mu "The Snow Maiden", Nezhata mu "Sadko").

Yakagadzirwa muma1860s. munyori akaramba akatendeka kumagariro anofambira mberi muupenyu hwake hwose. Manheru ekutanga kumukira kweRussia muna 1905 uye munguva yekuitika kwakatevera, Rimsky-Korsakov akanyora operas Kashchei the Immortal (1902) uye The Golden Cockerel, iyo yakaonekwa sekushoropodza kusamira kwezvematongerwo enyika kwaitonga mukati. Rashiya.

Nzira yekugadzira yemunyori yakagara makore anopfuura makumi mana. Kuipinda semutsivi wetsika dzeGlinka, iye uye muzana remakore rechiXX. inomiririra zvakakwana hunyanzvi hweRussia mutsika yemimhanzi yenyika. Zviito zveRimsky-Korsakov zvekusika uye zvemimhanzi-voruzhinji zvine maitiro akawanda: muimbi uye kondakita, munyori wezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa uye wongororo, mupepeti wemabasa naDargomyzhsky, Mussorgsky naBorodin, aive nesimba rakasimba mukusimudzirwa kwemimhanzi yeRussia.

Kwemakore anopfuura 37 ekudzidzisa panzvimbo yekuchengetedza, akadzidzisa vanopfuura 200 vanyori: A. Glazunov, A. Lyadov, A. Arensky, M. Ippolitov-Ivanov, I. Stravinsky, N. Cherepnin, A. Grechaninov, N. Myaskovsky, S. Prokofiev nevamwe. Kuvandudzwa kwemadingindira ekumabvazuva naRimsky-Korsakov ("Antar", "Scheherazade", "Golden Cockerel") kwaive kwakakosha zvisingafungidzike mukusimudzira tsika dzemimhanzi yenyika yeTranscaucasia neCentral Asia, uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzegungwa ("Sadko", "Sheherazade". "," The Tale of Tsar Saltan ", kutenderera kwerudo "By the Sea", nezvimwewo) yakatsunga zvakawanda mu plein-air sound paint yeFrenchman C. Debussy uye Italian O. Respighi.

E. Gordeeva

Basa raNikolai Andreevich Rimsky-Korsakov chinhu chakasarudzika munhoroondo yeRussia mimhanzi tsika. Pfungwa yacho haisi muhukuru hukuru hweunyanzvi, hukuru hukuru, kusawanzoita zvakasiyana-siyana zvebasa rake, asiwo mukuti basa remunyori rinenge richivhara nguva ine simba zvikuru munhoroondo yeRussia - kubva pakushandurwa kwevarombo kusvika panguva yepakati pekuchinja. Rimwe remabasa ekutanga emuimbi wechidiki raive chiridzwa chaDargomyzhsky chichangobva kupera The Stone Guest, iro basa guru rekupedzisira ratenzi, The Golden Cockerel, rakatanga muna 1906-1907: opera yakanyorwa panguva imwe chete neScriabin's Nhetembo yeEcstasy, Rachmaninov wechipiri Symphony; makore mana chete akaparadzanisa kutanga kweGoridhe Cockerel (1909) kubva kukutanga kweStravinsky's The Rite of Spring, maviri kubva kuProkofiev kutanga semunyori.

Nekudaro, basa raRimsky-Korsakov, maererano nekuverenga nguva, rinoumba, sekunge, musimboti wemimhanzi yechinyakare yeRussia, inobatanidza chinongedzo pakati penguva yeGlinka-Dargomyzhsky nezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Kubatanidza zvakawanikwa zvechikoro cheSt. zvemumba nekune dzimwe nyika.

Hunhu hwakazara, hwakarongeka hunowanikwa mune chero nzira yebasa raRimsky-Korsakov - munyori, mudzidzisi, theorist, kondakita, mupepeti. Basa rake rehupenyu sese inyika yakaoma, yandinoda kudana kuti "Rimsky-Korsakov cosmos". Chinangwa chechiito ichi ndechekuunganidza, kutarisisa iwo makuru maficha emumhanzi wenyika uye, zvakanyanya, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi, uye pakupedzisira kugadzirazve mufananidzo wakakosha weRussia worldview (zvechokwadi, mune yayo yega, "Korsakovian" refraction). Kuungana uku kwakabatana zvisingaparadzanisiki neshanduko yemunhu, yemunyori, semaitirwo ekudzidzisa, kudzidzisa - kwete vadzidzi vakananga chete, asi nharaunda yese yemimhanzi - nekuzvidzidzisa, kuzvidzidzisa.

AN Rimsky-Korsakov, mwanakomana wemunyori, achitaura nezveanogara achivandudza akasiyana-siyana emabasa akagadziriswa naRimsky-Korsakov, akabudirira kutsanangura hupenyu hwemuimbi se "kufanana-kurukana kweshinda." Iye, achifunga nezvechakaita kuti muimbi ane hunyanzvi ape chikamu chikuru kwazvo chenguva yake nesimba ku“divi” remhando dzebasa redzidzo, akanongedzera ku“kuziva kwakajeka basa rake kumumhanzi nevaimbi vokuRussia.” “sevhisi"- shoko rinokosha muupenyu hweRimsky-Korsakov, se "kureurura" - muhupenyu hwaMussorgsky.

Zvinotendwa kuti mimhanzi yeRussia yehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore re1860 inonyatso kutevedzera zvakawanikwa zvehumwe hunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, kunyanya mabhuku: nekudaro kusarudzwa kwemhando dze "mazwi" (kubva kurudo, rwiyo kuenda kuopera, korona zvishuwo zvekugadzira zvevanyori vese vechizvarwa chechiXNUMX), uye mukubatsira - kuvandudza kwakakura kwemusimboti wechirongwa. Zvisinei, iye zvino zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera kuoneka kuti mufananidzo wenyika wakagadzirwa neRussia classical music hauna kufanana zvachose neavo vari mumabhuku, kupenda kana kuvaka. Iwo maficha ekukura kwechikoro chevanyori veRussia akabatana neayo mimhanzi sechimiro chehunyanzvi uye nenzvimbo yakakosha yemimhanzi mutsika yenyika yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, nemabasa ayo akakosha mukunzwisisa hupenyu.

Mamiriro ezvinhu enhoroondo netsika muRussia akafanoronga musiyano mukuru pakati pevanhu avo, maererano naGlinka, "vanogadzira mimhanzi" nevaya vaida "kuironga". Kutsemuka kwacho kwaive kwakadzama, kusingadzokerike zvinosuruvarisa, uye mhedzisiro yacho ichiri kunzwikwa nanhasi. Asi, nerumwe rutivi, iyo yakawanda-yakaiswa muyedzo yekuwedzera yekunzwa ruzivo rwevanhu veRussia yaive nemikana isingaperi yekufamba uye kukura kwehunyanzvi. Zvichida, mumimhanzi, "kuwanikwa kweRussia" kwakaratidzwa nesimba guru, sezvo nheyo yemutauro wayo - tonation - ndiyo inonyanya kuratidzwa kwemunhu uye dzinza, kuratidzwa kwakasimba kwechiitiko chemweya chevanhu. Iyo "yakawanda dhizaini" yemamiriro eizwi renyika muRussia pakati pezana ramakore risati rapfuura ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinodikanwa pakuvandudzwa kwechikoro cheRussia chemimhanzi chehunyanzvi. Kuunganidza mune imwe chete yakatarisa yemaitiro akawanda-kureva, kubva kune echihedheni, Proto-Slavic midzi kusvika kune ichangoburwa pfungwa dzeWestern European musical romanticism, hunyanzvi hwepamusoro hwehunyanzvi hwemimhanzi - chiitiko chemumhanzi weRussia wehafu yechipiri ye XNUMXth century. Munguva iyi, pakupedzisira inosiya simba remabasa akashandiswa uye inova maonero enyika mumanzwi.

Kazhinji kutaura nezve makumi matanhatu eMussorgsky, Balakirev, Borodin, tinoita setinokanganwa kuti Rimsky-Korsakov ndeyenguva imwe chete. Zvichakadaro, zvakaoma kuwana muimbi akatendeka kune yepamusoro uye yakachena yenguva yake.

Avo vaiziva Rimsky-Korsakov gare gare - muma80s, 90s, 1900s - havana kumboneta nekushamisika kuti akazvipa mhosva sei uye nebasa rake. Nokudaro mitongo inowanzoitika pamusoro pe "kuoma" kwechimiro chake, "academicism" yake, "rationalism", nezvimwewo. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvinowanzoitika kune makumi matanhatu, zvakasanganiswa nekudzivisa nzira dzakanyanyisa maererano neunhu hwako, unhu hwe. muimbi weRussia. Mumwe wevadzidzi vaRimsky-Korsakov, MF Gnesin, akataura pfungwa yokuti muimbi, mukurwisana nguva dzose naye uye neavo vakamupoteredza, nekuravira kwepanguva yake, dzimwe nguva aiita seakaoma, achiva mune zvimwe zvemashoko ake kunyange pasi. kupfuura iye pachake. Izvi zvinofanira kurangarirwa pakuturikira zvirevo zvemunyori. Sezviri pachena, chirevo chemumwe mudzidzi weRimsky-Korsakov, AV Ossovsky, anofanirwa kunyanya kutariswa: kuomarara, kubatwa kwekutarisa, kuzvidzora, izvo zvaigara zvichiperekedza nzira yemugadziri, zvaive zvekuti munhu ane tarenda shoma aingogona. kwete kumira izvo "kupwanya", izvo zviedzo izvo zvaanogara achizviisa paari: munyori weThe Maid of Pskov, semwana wechikoro, anogara pasi kune matambudziko mukuwirirana, munyori weThe Snow Maiden haapotsa kuita kumwe chete kweWagner operas. , munyori weSadko anonyora Mozart naSalieri, purofesa weacademician anogadzira Kashchei, etc. Uye izvi, zvakare, zvakabva kuRimsky-Korsakov kwete kubva kune zvakasikwa, asiwo kubva panguva.

Kushamwaridzana kwake kwaigara kwakakwirira zvikuru, uye basa rake raisiyaniswa nekusafarira zvachose uye kuzvipira kusina kupatsanurwa kune pfungwa yebasa revanhu. Asi, kusiyana naMussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov haasi "populist" mune chaiyo, nhoroondo yezwi rezwi. Mune dambudziko revanhu, iye nguva dzose, kutanga neMusikana wePskov uye nhetembo Sadko, haana kuona zvakanyanya nhoroondo uye zvemagariro evanhu sezvisingaoneki uye zvekusingaperi. Kuenzaniswa nemagwaro aTchaikovsky kana Mussorgsky mutsamba dzaRimsky-Korsakov, muChronicle yake mune zvishoma zviziviso zverudo kuvanhu uye kuRussia, asi semuimbi aive nepfungwa huru yekuremekedzwa kwenyika, uye mune messianism. Unyanzvi hweRussia, kunyanya mimhanzi, akanga asina chivimbo chakaderera kupfuura Mussorgsky.

Vese vaKuchkists vairatidzirwa nechimiro chakadaro chemakumi matanhatu sekubvunza kusingaperi kune zviitiko zvehupenyu, kusagadzikana kusingaperi kwekufunga. MuRimsky-Korsakov, yakatarisa zvakanyanya pane zvakasikwa, inonzwisiswa sekubatana kwezvinhu uye munhu, uye pahunyanzvi seyakanyanya kuratidzwa kwekubatana kwakadaro. Kufanana naMussorgsky naBorodin, akaramba achiedza "zvakanaka", "zvakanaka" ruzivo pamusoro penyika. Mukuda kwake kunyatsodzidza nzvimbo dzese dzesainzi yemimhanzi, akabva pachinzvimbo - umo (saMussorgsky) aitenda zvakasimba, dzimwe nguva kusvika pakusaziva - kuti muunyanzvi mune mitemo (tsika) inongove chinangwa. , pasi rose sezvakaita musayenzi. kwete kungoravira zvaunofarira.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo aesthetic uye theoretical chiitiko cheRimsky-Korsakov chakagamuchira dzinenge nzvimbo dzese dzeruzivo nezvemimhanzi uye yakagadziridzwa kuita yakakwana system. Zvikamu zvaro ndezvi: dzidziso yekubatana, dzidziso yezviridzwa (zvose zviri muchimiro chemabasa makuru edzidziso), aesthetics uye chimiro (zvinyorwa zve1890s, zvinyorwa zvakakosha), folklore (miunganidzwa yezvirongwa zvenziyo dzevanhu uye mienzaniso yekunzwisisa kwekugadzira. yevavariro dzevanhu munziyo), kudzidzisa nezve modhi (basa rakakura redzidziso pamusoro pemaitiro ekare rakaparadzwa nemunyori, asi muchidimbu vhezheni yacho yakasara, pamwe nemienzaniso yekududzirwa kwemaitiro ekare muhurongwa hwemachechi enziyo), polyphony (kufunga kunoratidzwa mutsamba, mukukurukurirana naYastrebtsev, nezvimwewo, uyewo mienzaniso yekugadzira), dzidzo yemimhanzi uye sangano rehupenyu hwemimhanzi (zvinyorwa, asi kunyanya zvekudzidzisa uye zvekudzidzisa). Munzvimbo idzi dzose, Rimsky-Korsakov akaratidza pfungwa dzakashinga, hutsva hunowanzovharwa nemaitiro akaoma, mapfupi ehurukuro.

"Mugadziri wePskovityanka uye Golden Cockerel yakanga isiri yekudzorera. Aive mutsva, asi uyo airwira kuzara kwekare uye kuenzana kwezvinhu zvemimhanzi ”(Zuckerman VA). Maererano naRimsky-Korsakov, chero chinhu chitsva chinogoneka mune chero munda pasi pemamiriro eiyo genetic kubatana neyekare, logic, semantic conditionality, uye architectonic sangano. Ndiyo dzidziso yake yekushanda kwekubatana, umo mabasa ane musoro anogona kumiririrwa nemakonzonenzi ezvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana; yakadaro ndiyo dzidziso yake yokuridza chiridzwa, iyo inotanga nemashoko okuti: “Hakuna vanyori vakaipa muorchestra.” Nzira yedzidzo yemimhanzi yaakakurudzirwa nayo inofambira mberi zvisingaite, umo nzira yekudzidza inonyanyobatanidzwa nehunhu hwechipo chemudzidzi uye kuvapo kwedzimwe nzira dzekuita mimhanzi mhenyu.

Epigraph kubhuku rake pamusoro pemudzidzisi MF Gnesin akaisa mutsara kubva mutsamba yaRimsky-Korsakov kuna amai vake: "Tarisa nyeredzi, asi usatarisa uye usadonha." Uyu mutsara unoratidzika seusina kurongeka wechidiki cadet weNaval Corps unoratidza zvinoshamisa chinzvimbo chaRimsky-Korsakov semuimbi mune ramangwana. Zvichida mufananidzo wevhangeri wevatumwa vaviri unoenderana nehunhu hwake, mumwe wavo akabva angoti “Ndichaenda” - uye haana kuenda, uye mumwe pakutanga akati "Handingaendi" - ndokuenda (Mat., XXI, 28-) 31).

Kutaura zvazviri, panguva yebasa raRimsky-Korsakov, pane zvakawanda zvinopesana pakati pe "mashoko" uye "zviito". Semuyenzaniso, hapana akatuka Kuchkism zvine hukasha nekukanganisa kwayo (zvakakwana kuyeuka kusheedzera kubva mutsamba kuna Krutikov: "Ah, musanganiswa weRussia.оry - kusimbisa kwaStasov - vane chikwereti chekushaya dzidzo kwavari pachavo! ", Nhepfenyuro yose yemashoko anogumbura muChronicle pamusoro paMussorgsky, pamusoro peBalakirev, nezvimwewo) - uye hapana aipindirana mukusimudzira, kudzivirira nheyo dzepamusoro dzekunaka dzeKuchkism uye zvose zvaakasika: muna 1907, mwedzi mishomanana zvisati zvaitika. rufu rwake, Rimsky-Korsakov akazviti "Muchkist anonyatsogutsikana." Vashoma vanhu vaishoropodza "nguva itsva" kazhinji uye zviitiko zvitsva zvetsika dzemimhanzi pakutanga kwezana ramakore uye pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi80 - uye panguva imwechete vakapindura zvakadzama uye zvizere zvizere zvinodiwa zvemweya. nguva itsva ("Kashchey", "Kitezh", "The Golden Cockerel" uye vamwe mune akazotevera mabasa emunyori). Rimsky-Korsakov mu90s - yekutanga XNUMXs dzimwe nguva aitaura nehasha kwazvo pamusoro peTchaikovsky uye kutungamira kwake - uye aigara achidzidza kubva kune yake antipode: basa raRimsky-Korsakov, basa rake rekudzidzisa, pasina mubvunzo, raive mubatanidzwa mukuru pakati peSt. zvikoro. Kutsoropodza kwaKorsakov kwaWagner uye kuchinja kwake kwekushanda kwakatonyanya kukuvadza, uye panguva iyi, pakati pevaimbi veRussia, ainyanya kugamuchira pfungwa dzaWagner uye nekuzvidavirira kwavari. Pakupedzisira, hapana mumwe wevaimbi vokuRussia airamba achisimbisa kusadavira kwavo kwechitendero mumashoko, uye vashomanana vakakwanisa kugadzira mifananidzo yakadzika kudaro yekutenda kwevanhu mubasa ravo.

Izvo zvinotonga zveRimsky-Korsakov's artic worldview yaive "kunzwa kwepasirese" (kutaura kwake) uye kunzwisiswa kwakadzama mythologism yekufunga. Muchitsauko che Chronicle chakatsaurirwa kuThe Snow Maiden, akagadzira nzira yake yekusika sezvinotevera: "Ndakateerera manzwi ezvisikwa uye unyanzvi hwevanhu uye zvisikwa uye ndakatora zvavaiimba uye vakakurudzira sehwaro hwebasa rangu." Kutarisisa kwemuimbi kwainyanya kutariswa pazviitiko zvikuru zvemuchadenga - denga, gungwa, zuva, nyeredzi, uye pane zviitiko zvikuru muhupenyu hwevanhu - kuzvarwa, rudo, rufu. Izvi zvinoenderana neshoko rose rekunaka raRimsky-Korsakov, kunyanya izwi raanofarira - "kufungisisa“. Zvinyorwa zvake nezve aesthetics zvinovhurika nekutaura kwehunyanzvi se "nzvimbo yekufungisisa chiitiko", uko chinhu chekufungisisa chiri ".hupenyu hwemweya wemunhu uye hunhu, hunoratidzwa muhukama hwavo hwese“. Pamwe pamwe nekubatana kwemweya wemunhu nemasikirwo, mugadziri anosimbisa kubatana kwezviri mukati memhando dzese dzeunyanzvi (mupfungwa iyi, basa rake chairo rinonyatsoenderana, kunyangwe paine zvikonzero zvakasiyana pane, semuenzaniso, basa raMussorgsky, uyo akapokana zvakare kuti hunyanzvi hunosiyana chete muzvinhu, asi kwete mumabasa nezvinangwa). Mashoko aRimsky-Korsakov pachake anogona kuiswa sechirevo chebasa rose raRimsky-Korsakov: "Kufananidzirwa kwekanaka ndiyo inomiririra kuoma kusingagumi." Panguva imwecheteyo, akanga asiri mutorwa kune izwi raidiwa rekutanga Kuchkism - "chokwadi cheunyanzvi", akapikisa chete pamusoro pekunzwisisa kwakapfupika, kwechokwadi.

Zvimiro zveaesthetics yeRimsky-Korsakov zvakakonzera kusawirirana pakati pebasa rake uye zvido zvevanhu. Maererano naye, zvakangofanana nemutemo kutaura pamusoro pekusanzwisisika, sekuenderana naMussorgsky. Mussorgsky, anopfuura Rimsky-Korsakov, aienderana nenguva yake maererano nemhando yetarenda, munzira yezvido (kazhinji kutaura, nhoroondo yevanhu uye psychology yemunhu), asi radicalism yezvisarudzo zvake yakabuda. kuti apfuure simba revamwe vepanguva yake. Mukusanzwisisana kwaRimsky-Korsakov kwakanga kusina kunyanya, asi kwete kuderera.

Upenyu hwake hwairatidzika kuva hunofadza zvikuru: mhuri inoshamisa, dzidzo yakaisvonaka, rwendo runofadza kupota nyika, kubudirira kunopenya kwenziyo dzake dzokutanga, upenyu hwomunhu hunobudirira husingawanzoitiki, mukana wokuzvipira chose chose kumumhanzi, pashure pokunge ruremekedzo rwose uye mufaro. kuona kukura kwevadzidzi vane tarenda vakamupoteredza. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutanga kubva yechipiri opera uye kusvika pakupera 90s Rimsky-Korsakov aigara akatarisana nokusanzwisisa zvose "vake" uye "ivo". VaKuchkists vaimuona semunyori asiri weopera, asina hunyanzvi mune zvedramaturgy uye kunyora kwezwi. Kwenguva yakareba pakanga paine maonero pamusoro pekushaikwa kwerwiyo rwepakutanga maari. Rimsky-Korsakov akazivikanwa nokuda kweunyanzvi hwake, kunyanya mumunda weimba, asi hapana chimwe. Uku kusanzwisisana kwenguva refu kwaive, chokwadi, chikonzero chikuru chedambudziko rakakura rakasangana nemunyori munguva mushure mekufa kweBorodin uye kuputsika kwekupedzisira kweMighty Handful sekutungamira kwekusika. Uye chete kubva pakupera kwema90s, hunyanzvi hweRimsky-Korsakov hwakawedzera kuenderana nenguva uye hwakasangana nekuzivikanwa nekunzwisisa pakati pevatsva veRussia vakangwara.

Iyi nzira yekuziva pfungwa dzemuimbi nekuziva kwevanhu kwakavhiringidzwa nezviitiko zvakazotevera munhoroondo yeRussia. Kwemakumi emakore, hunyanzvi hweRimsky-Korsakov hwakadudzirwa (uye hwakamisikidzwa, kana isu tichitaura nezve nhanho yekuona kwemitambo yake) nenzira iri nyore. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mairi - uzivi hwekubatana kwevanhu uye cosmos, pfungwa yekunamata runako uye chakavanzika chenyika yakaramba yakavigwa pasi pezvikamu zvinotsanangurwa zvenhema zve "nyika" uye "chokwadi". Mhedzisiro yenhaka yaRimsky-Korsakov mupfungwa iyi, hongu, haisi yakasiyana: somuenzaniso, maoperas aMussorgsky akaiswa pasi pekukanganisa kukuru. Zvisinei, kana munguva pfupi yapfuura pave nekukakavadzana kwakapoteredza chimiro uye basa raMussorgsky, nhaka yeRimsky-Korsakov yakave yakakanganwa mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. Yaizivikanwa nokuda kwezvose zvakanakira hurongwa hwedzidzo, asi yaiita seyakabuda mukuziva kwevanhu. Mimhanzi yaRimsky-Korsakov inoridzwa zvisingawanzoitiki; muzviitiko izvozvo apo maopera ake akarova dariro, mitambo mizhinji-yekushongedza chete, yemashizha kana yakakurumbira-inoyevedza - inopupurira kusanzwisisa kwakadzama kwemafungiro emunyori.

Zvinokosha kuti kana pane mabhuku makuru emazuva ano paMussorgsky mumitauro yose mikuru yeEurope, saka mabasa akakomba paRimsky-Korsakov mashoma. Kuwedzera kumabhuku ekare akanyorwa naI. Markevich, R. Hoffmann, N. Giles van der Pals, nhoroondo dzeupenyu dzakakurumbira, pamwe chete nezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinofadza zveAmerica neChirungu nyanzvi dzemimhanzi pamusoro pezvimwe nyaya dzebasa romunyori, munhu anogona kudoma nhamba chete. yemabasa nenyanzvi huru yekuMadokero paRimsky-Korsakov, Gerald Abraham. Mhedzisiro yemakore ake akawanda ekudzidza yaive, sezviri pachena, chinyorwa pamusoro pemunyori weiyo shanduro itsva yeGrove's Encyclopedic Dictionary (1980). Zvirongwa zvayo zvikuru ndezvizvi: semuimbi we opera, Rimsky-Korsakov akatambura nekushayikwa kwakakwana kwekunakidza kunoshamisa, kusakwanisa kugadzira mavara; panzvimbo pemitambo yenziyo, akanyora ngano dzinofadza dzenziyo uye dzechikuva; pachinzvimbo chemavara, zvidhori zvinokwezva zvinoyevedza zvinoita mazviri; mabasa ake esymphonic haasi chimwe chinhu kunze kwe "mamosaics ane mavara akajeka", nepo aisagona kunyora mazwi zvachose.

Mune yake monograph paGlinka, OE Levasheva anocherekedza chiitiko chimwechete chekusanzwisisa maererano nemimhanzi yaGlinka, yakanyatso kuwirirana, yakaunganidzwa uye izere nekuzvidzora kwakanaka, kure kwazvo nemafungiro echinyakare nezve "Russian exoticism" uye inoita se "isina kukwana nyika" kune vatsoropodzi vekunze. . Kufunga kwemumba nezvemumhanzi, kunze kwezvishoma, kwete chete hairwisani nemaonero akadaro pamusoro peRimsky-Korsakov - yakajairika muRussia zvakare - asi kazhinji inoiwedzera, ichisimbisa fungidziro yedzidzo yeRimsky-Korsakov uye kukudziridza nhema. kushorwa nekuvandudzwa kwaMussorgsky.

Zvichida nguva yekuzivikanwa kwenyika kune unyanzvi hweRimsky-Korsakov ichiri mberi, uye nguva ichauya apo mabasa emuimbi, uyo akasika mufananidzo wakakosha, wakakwana wenyika wakarongwa maererano nemitemo yekunzwisisa, kuwirirana uye runako. , vachawana yavo, Russian Bayreuth, iyo yairota vanhu vepanguva yaRimsky-Korsakov manheru a1917.

M. Rakhmanova

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