Genre music |

French genre, kubva lat. genus - genus, mhando

Pfungwa isinganzwisisike iyo inotaridza genera rakasimbiswa kare nemhando dzemuses. inoshanda maererano nemabviro avo uye chinangwa chehupenyu, nzira uye mamiriro (nzvimbo) yekuita uye maonero, pamwe chete nezvakasiyana zvemukati uye chimiro. Pfungwa yemhando iripo mumhando dzese dzeunyanzvi, asi mumhanzi, nekuda kweiyo chaiyo yehunyanzvi hwayo. mifananidzo, ine chirevo chakakosha; inomira, sezvakaita, pamuganhu pakati pezvikamu zvezvinyorwa uye fomu, uye inobvumira munhu kutonga chinangwa chemukati chechigadzirwa, zvichienderana nekuoma kwekutaura kunoshandiswa. mari.

Kuoma uye kusanzwisisika kwechirevo cheZh. m. zvinobatanidzwawo nechokwadi chokuti hazvisi zvinhu zvose zvinosarudza kuita panguva imwe chete uye nesimba rakaenzana. Izvi zvinhu pachazvo ndezvekurongeka kwakasiyana (semuenzaniso, chimiro nenzvimbo yekuita) uye zvinogona kuita musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana nemadhigirii akasiyana ekugadzirisana. Naizvozvo, mumimhanzi sainzi yakagadzira zvakasiyana. masisitimu emhando yeZh. m. Zvinoenderana nekuti ndezvipi zvezvikonzero zvinokonzeresa Zh. m. inoonekwa seyo huru. Semuenzaniso, BA Zuckerman inosimbisa iyo yemukati chinhu (genre - typified zvemukati), AH Coxop - nzanga. kuvapo, kureva chinangwa chehupenyu hwemimhanzi uye nharaunda yekushanda kwayo uye maonero. Tsanangudzo yakanyanyisa kuoma yemimhanzi yehuzivi iri mumabhuku ezvinyorwa "The Structure of Musical Works" naL. A. Mazel uye "Ongororo yeMimhanzi Mabasa" naL. A. Mazel uye BA Zuckerman. Kuoma kwekugadzika kweZh. m. inobatanidzwawo nekushanduka-shanduka kwavo. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekuvapo kwemuses. mabasa, kudyidzana kwaNar. hunyanzvi uye prof. art-va, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwemamusi. mitauro inotungamira mukugadziridzwa kwemhando dzekare uye kubuda kwemitsva. Zh. m. inoratidza uye nat. iwo chaiwo echigadzirwa chemimhanzi, cheimwe kana imwe ideological art. gwara (semuenzaniso, iyo French romantic grand opera). Kazhinji basa rimwechete rinogona kuonekwa kubva pamaonero akasiyana, kana mhando imwe chete inogona kuva mumapoka emhando dzakasiyana. Nokudaro, opera inogona kutsanangurwa mumashoko akawanda semhando yemimhanzi. okugadzira zvinhu. Ipapo iwe unogona kuzvireva kune wok.-instr boka. (nzira yekuita) uye yemitambo uye inoshamisa. (nzvimbo yekushanda uye yekubatanidza nechikumbiro chiri padyo) chemabasa. Kupfuurirazve, zvinokwanisika kuona chimiro chayo chenhoroondo, chakabatana nenguva, tsika (kazhinji yenyika) yekusarudza rangano, kuvaka, kunyangwe kuita mune imwe theatre, nezvimwe. (semuenzaniso Italian opera mhando seria uye buffa, French komiki kana lyric opera). More munhu. maitiro emimhanzi uye dhirama. zviri mukati uye chimiro che opera zvichatungamira mukuwedzera concretization yemhando yezvinyorwa (Mozart's buffa opera The Marriage of Figaro is a lyric-comedy opera, Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko is an epic opera, nevamwe). Tsanangudzo idzi dzinogona kusiyana mukurongeka kukuru kana kushoma, uye dzimwe nguva mune imwe tsananguro; dzimwe nguva vanopiwa nemunyori pachake ("The Snow Maiden" - chitubu ngano, "Eugene Onegin" - lyrical mifananidzo, etc.). Zvinokwanisika kusarudza "mhando mukati memhando". Saka, arias, ensembles, recitatives, kwaya, symphony. zvidimbu zvinosanganisirwa mu opera zvinogona zvakare kutsanangurwa se dec. wok genres. uye instr. mimhanzi. Uyezve, maitiro avo emhando anogona kujekeswa zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemazuva ese (somuenzaniso, waltz yaJuliet kubva kuGounod's Romeo naJuliet kana Sadko's round dance song kubva kuRimsky-Korsakov's Sadko), vese vachivimba nemirairo yemunyori uye kupa yavo. tsananguro (Cherubino's aria "Mwoyo Unofadza" irudo, Susanna's aria is serenade).

Nekudaro, kana uchiisa mumapoka emhando dzemhando, zvinofanirwa kugara uchifunga nguva imwe neimwe kuti ndechipi chinhu kana musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakati wandei zvinosarudza. Zvichienderana nechinangwa chemhando dzemhando, mhando dzinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando dzakabatana zvakananga nezvinodiwa zvehupenyu hwevanhu, kurira muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva - veimba uye vanhu-mazuva ese emhando, uye mhando dzisingatakure mamwe mabasa akakosha uye ezuva nezuva. Mazhinji emhando dzeboka rekutanga akamuka munguva iyo mimhanzi yakanga isati yanyatsoparadzaniswa nemhando dzakafanana dzeunyanzvi (nhetembo, choreography) uye yakashandiswa mumhando dzese dzebasa, zviito zvetsika (madhanzi ekutenderera, kukunda kana kufora kwemauto, tsika, zvitsinga, etc.).

Decl. vatsvakurudzi vanocherechedza zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha zvemarudzi. Saka, BA Zuckerman anoona rwiyo nekutamba se "mhando dzekutanga", CC Skrebkov inotaura nezvemhando nhatu dzemhando - declamation (ine chekuita neshoko), mota (mune chekuita nekufamba) uye kuimba (kwakabatana nekuzvimiririra lyrical kutaura). AH Coxop inowedzera mamwe marudzi maviri kune aya matatu marudzi - instr. chiratidzo uye kufungidzira inzwi.

Genre maficha anogona kupindirana, achiunza kuhupenyu hwakasanganiswa, semuenzaniso. rwiyo uye kutamba, marudzi. Muvanhu-mazuva ose emhando, pamwe chete nemhando dzinoratidza zvinyorwa zvehupenyu mune imwe nzira yakaoma, yakapindirana, pane, pamwe chete nemhando yakawanda, yakasiyana. Iyo inosimbisa zvese zvinoshanda uye zviri mukati, chimiro chechigadzirwa. (semuenzaniso, lullaby, serenade, barcarolle semhando dzakasiyana dzenziyo dzenziyo, kuchema nekufora kwekukunda, nezvimwewo).

Mhando nyowani dzemazuva ese dzakagara dzichionekwa, dzakapesvedzera mhando dzemhando dzakasiyana uye dzakapinda mukudyidzana navo. Iyo Renaissance inosanganisira, semuenzaniso, kutanga kwekuumbwa kwe instr. suite, yaisanganisira matambiro emazuva ese enguva iyoyo. Iyo suite yakashanda seimwe yemabviro eiyo symphony. Kugadziriswa kweiyo minuet seimwe yezvikamu zve symphony yakabatsira mukunakisisa kweiyi fomu yepamusoro ye instr. music. Nekudaro kwezana ramakore rechi 19. kudetemba kwenziyo nekutamba kwakabatana. mhando, kupfumisa nziyo dzavo uye zvepfungwa. zvemukati, symphonization, nezvimwe.

Mhuri Zh. m., vachiisa pfungwa dzavo pachavo. matauriro uye rhythms yenguva, nharaunda yemagariro, vanhu vakavaberekera, vakanyanya kukosha mukusimudzira kwaProf. music. Rwiyo nekutamba zvemumba. marudzi (chiGerman, Austrian, Slavic, Hungarian) yaive imwe yenheyo iyo iyo yekare yeViennese yakaumbwa. chikoro (J. Haydn's folk-genre symphonism inonyanya kuratidza pano). Zvitsva zvitsva zvekuchinja kwemimhanzi. France inoratidzwa muhugamba. symphonism yaL. Beethoven. Kubuda kwezvikoro zvenyika nguva dzose kunobatanidzwa nekunyora kwemunyori wemhando dzehupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye nar. music. Kuvimba kwakakura pamhando dzemazuva ese uye dzemazuva ese, dzinoshanda senzira yekuziva uye generalization ("generalization kuburikidza nemhando" - izwi rakaunzwa naAA Alschwang zvine chekuita neOpera yaBizet "Carmen"), inoratidzira muiti wezvokwadi. opera (PI Tchaikovsky, MP Mussorgsky, J. Bizet, G. Verdi), pl. phenomena instr. mimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi19 nerechi20. (F. Schubert, F. Chopin, I. Brahms, DD Shostakovich nevamwe). Zvemimhanzi ye19th-20th century. hurongwa hwakafara hwekubatana kwemhando hunhu, hunoratidzwa mune synthesis (kazhinji mukati memusoro wenyaya imwe chete) inoratidza decomp. marudzi (kwete chete mimhanzi yemazuva ose) uye kutaura pamusoro pehupfumi hunokosha hwezvinhu zvakakosha zvechigadzirwa. (somuenzaniso, F. Chopin). Tsanangudzo yemhando inoita basa rakakosha mudhiramaturgy yemhando dzakaoma dze "nhetembo" dzerudo. mimhanzi yezana remakore rechi19, somuenzaniso. maererano nenheyo ye monothematism.

Zvichienderana nemagariro-nhoroondo. zvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvenzvimbo, mamiriro ekuita uye kuvapo kwemuses. prod. kushingaira kupesvedzera kuumbwa nekushanduka kwerudzi. kubva kudzimba dzevakuru kuenda kunhandare yeruzhinji yakachinja zvakawanda mukati mayo uye yakabatsira mukupenya kwayo semhando. Kuita mutheater kunounza pamwechete dec akadaro. nezvikamu uye nzira yekuita mutambo wemimhanzi. mhando dzakaita seopera, ballet, vaudeville, operetta, mimhanzi yekutamba mumadhirama. t-pe, nezvimwewo B 17 c. mhando itsva dzemimhanzi yemufirimu, mimhanzi yeredhiyo, uye mimhanzi yepop zvakamuka.

Yakadzidziswa kwenguva yakareba, kuita kwe ensemble uye solo inoshanda. (maquartets, trios, sonatas, romances nenziyo, zvidimbu zvezviridzwa zvega, zvichingodaro) munzvimbo yemusha, "yekamuri" yakaunza kurudziro yemhando dzekamuri nehudzamu hwadzo hukuru, dzimwe nguva hukama hwepedyo hwekutaura, rwiyo neuzivi kana , zvakasiyana, kuswedera kune marudzi ezuva nezuva (nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana ekuita). Izvo zvakananga zvemhando dzekamuri zvinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nehuwandu hushoma hwevatori vechikamu mukuita.

Kubudirira kwe conc. hupenyu, kutamisa kuita kwemimhanzi. inoshanda pachikuva chikuru, kuwedzera kwenhamba yevateereri kwakatungamirirawo kune zvakananga zvekupedzisira. mhando nekunaka kwadzo, kurerukirwa kukuru kwezvidzidzo, kazhinji kukwidziridza matauriro e“otorical” emuses. hurukuro, etc. Mavambo emhando dzakadaro anodzokera kumabasa enhengo. J. Frescobaldi, D. Buxtehude, GF Handel uye kunyanya JS Baxa; hunhu hwavo hwakanyanya kudhindwa mu "special" genre yekonsati (kunyanya kune chimwe chiridzwa chimwe chete chine orchestra), mumusangano. zvidimbu zvevari solo uye orchestra (piano zvidimbu naF. Mendelssohn, F. Liszt, nezvimwewo). Kuendeswa kuna conc. kamuri yedariro, yemumba uye kunyange inodzidzisa-pedagogical. marudzi (etudes) anogona kuwana zvitsva, zvichiteerana. magumo chaiwo. Yakasiyana-siyana ndiyo inonzi plein-air genres (mimhanzi yekunze), yakatomiririrwa mumabasa eGF Handel ("Music on the Water", "Firework Music") uye yakave yakapararira munguva yeGreat French. chimurenga. Nemuenzaniso uyu, munhu anogona kuona kuti nzvimbo yekuita yakakanganisa sei iyo thematicism pachayo neiyo chizvarwa, lapidarity uye chiyero.

Chinhu chemaitiro ekuita chakabatana nehuwandu hwekuita kwemuteereri mukuona kwemimhanzi. inoshanda - kusvika kutungamira kubatanidzwa mukuita. Saka, pamuganhu nemhando dzemazuva ose kune marudzi akawanda (rwiyo rwemass), akaberekerwa mukumukira. era uye akawana budiriro huru mumimhanzi yezizi. B 20th century music-drama yakapararira. mhando, dzakagadzirirwa kutora chikamu panguva imwe chete yaProf. vatambi nevataridzi (maopera evana naP. Hindemith naB. Britten).

Kuumbwa kwevatambi uye nzira yekushanda ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yemhando dzemhando. Izvi zvinonyanya kupatsanurwa kuita wok. uye instr. marudzi.

Mhando dzebhokisi dzine zvishoma (manzwi) dzinobatanidzwa nenhetembo. (kashoma prosaic) zvinyorwa. Vakasimuka muzviitiko zvakawanda semimhanzi uye nhetembo. genres (mumimhanzi yemagariro ekare, Middle Ages, mumhanzi wevanhu venyika dzakasiyana), uko izwi nemimhanzi zvakasikwa panguva imwe chete, zvine mutinhimira wakafanana. sangano. Mabhokisi emabasa akakamurwa kuita solo (rwiyo, rudo, aria), ensemble uye kwaya. Vanogona kunge vari vocal chete (solo kana xop pasina kuperekedza, cappella; kuumbwa kwecappella kunonyanya hunhu hwemumhanzi wepolyphonic weRenaissance, pamwe nemimhanzi yekwaya yeRussia yemakore 17-18) uye vocal-instr. (kazhinji, kunyanya kubva muzana remakore rechi17) - inoperekedzwa neimwe (kazhinji keyboard) kana akati wandei. zviridzwa kana kuti orchestra. Bhokisi prod. nekuperekedza mumwe kana kupfuura. zviridzwa ndezvemicheka yomukati. genres, with orchestra accompaniment - kune guru wok.-instr. marudzi (oratorio, mass, requiem, zvido). Mhando dzese idzi dzine nhoroondo yakaoma inoita kuti zviome kuaronga. Nekudaro, cantata inogona kuve ese ari maviri ekamuri solo basa uye yakakura kuumbwa kwemimhanzi yakasanganiswa. kuumbwa (xop, soloists, orchestra). Kwezana remakore rechi20 rakajairwa kutora chikamu muwok.-instr. prod. muverengi, vatambi, kubatanidzwa kwepantomime, kutamba, theatricalization (dramatic oratorios yakanyorwa naA. Onegger, "stage cantatas" naK. Orff, ichiunza nziyo dzezviridzwa pedyo nemhando dzemitambo yemitambo).

Opera inoshandisa vatambi vakafanana (soloists, xop, orchestra) uye kazhinji zvikamu zvakafanana newok-instr. mhando, inosiyaniswa nedanho rayo. uye dram. zvakasikwa uye inonyanya kuumbwa. genre, umo kubatanidza diff. mhando dzezvirevo.

Mhando dzeturusi dzinobva pakutamba, zvakanyanya kubva pakubatana kwemimhanzi nekufamba. Panguva imwecheteyo, wok genres agara achikurudzira kukura kwavo. music. Main genres instr. mimhanzi - yega, ensemble, orchestral - yakatora chimiro munguva yeViennese classics (yechipiri hafu yezana remakore rechipiri). Aya ndiwo symphony, sonata, quartet uye mamwe machamber ensembles, concerto, overture, rondo, etc. The generalization yezvakanyanya kukosha zvehupenyu hwevanhu (chiito uye kurwisana, kufungisisa uye kunzwa, kuzorora uye kutamba, nezvimwewo) yakaita basa guru. mukunakisisa kwemhando idzi. ) mune yakajairika sonata-symphonic fomu. cycle.

Nzira yekugadzira classical instr. mhando dzakaitika mukufambirana nekusiyaniswa kwevatambi. zvinyorwa, nebudiriro zvicharatidza. uye tech. mudziyo kugona. Maitiro ekuita airatidzwa mune chaiwo ega, ensemble uye orchestral genres. Nokudaro, rudzi rwesonata rinoratidzirwa nebasa guru rekutanga kwega, symphony - nehukuru hukuru uye chiyero, kuratidza kutanga kwehuwandu, huzhinji, concerto - kusanganiswa kwemaitiro aya nekuvandudza.

Munguva yerudo mu instr. mimhanzi, inonzi. nhetembo dzemhando - ballad, nhetembo (fp. uye symphonic), pamwe chete nerwiyo. miniature. Mumhando idzi, pane pesvedzero yehunyanzvi hwakabatana, tsika yekuronga, kupindirana kwenziyo-yepfungwa-yepfungwa uye yemifananidzo-yekupenda. Basa guru mukuumbwa kwerudo. instr. mhando dzakaridzwa nekuburitswa kwehupfumi hunoratidza uye timbre zvingangoitika zveFP. uye orchestra.

Mhando dzakawanda dzekare (17th-1st hafu yezana remakore rechi18) dzinoramba dzichishandiswa. Zvimwe zvacho ndezverudo. nguva yakashandurwa (semuenzaniso, nhanganyaya uye fungidziro, umo kuvandudza kunotora basa rakakura, iyo suite, yakamutswa muchimiro cherudo kutenderera kwemadiki), vamwe havana kuona shanduko dzakakosha (concerto grosso, passacaglia, iyo inonzi diki polyphonic cycle - prelude uye fugue, nezvimwewo).

Iyo inonyanya kukosha pakuumbwa kweiyo genre ndeyemukati chinhu. Mumhanzi kutaipa. zviri mune imwe mimhanzi. chimiro (mupfungwa yakafara yezwi) ndiwo musimboti wepfungwa yeZh. m. Kurongeka kweZh. m., ichiratidza zvakananga marudzi ezvinyorwa, inokweretwa kubva mudzidziso yezvinyorwa; maererano nazvo, zvinoshamisa, nziyo uye epic genres dzinosiyaniswa. Nekudaro, kugara uchirukwa kwemhando idzi dzekutaura kunoita kuti zviome kutsanangura rudzi urwu rwemhando. Saka, kukura kunoshamisa kunogona kuburitsa rwiyo. miniature kupfuura rwiyo. genres (C-moll Chopin's nocturne), nhoroondo-epic. chimiro chemhando ye ballad chinogona kuomeswa nerwiyo. chimiro chedingindira nemutambo. kukura (Chopin's ballads); dramatic symphonies inogona kubatanidzwa nenziyo-lyrical nheyo dze dramaturgy, thematics (Schubert's h-moll symphony, Tchaikovsky's symphonies, nezvimwewo).

Matambudziko eZh. m. zvinokanganiswa munzvimbo dzese dzemusicology. Nezve basa reZh. m. mukuburitswa kwezviri mukati memuses. prod. Zvinonzi mumabasa akazvipira kune akasiyana matambudziko uye zviitiko zvemuses. kusika (somuenzaniso, mubhuku raA. Dolzhansky "Instrumental Music of PI Tchaikovsky", mumabasa eLA Mazel pamusoro peF. Chopin, DD Shostakovich, nezvimwewo). Attention pl. munyika uye kunze kwenyika, vatsvakurudzi vanokwezvwa nenhoroondo yedhipatimendi. marudzi. B 60-70s. Zvinetso zvezana ramakore rechi20 Zh. m. zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kushamwaridzana nemamuses. aesthetics uye sociology. Iyi nhungamiro mukudzidza kwemimhanzi yechikadzi yakatsanangurwa mumabasa eBV Asafiev ("Mumhanzi weRussia kubva paKutanga kwe1930th Century", XNUMX). Chikwereti chekusimudzira kwakakosha kwedzidziso yemimhanzi yemimhanzi ndeyeSoviet sainzi yemimhanzi (inoshanda naAA Alschwang, LA Mazel, BA Zuckerman, SS Skrebkov, AA Coxopa, nevamwe).

Kubva pakuona kwezizi. Mumimhanzi yemimhanzi, kujekeswa kwemhando yekubatanidza chinhu chakakosha uye chinonyanya kukosha chekuongorora kwemuses. inoshanda, inobatsira pakuzivikanwa kwehuwandu hwemagariro emuses. art uye yakabatana zvakanyanya nedambudziko rechokwadi mumimhanzi. Genre theory ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzemumhanzi.

References: Alschwang AA, Opera genres "Karmen", mubhuku rake: Selected Articles, M., 1959; Zuckerman BA, Mimhanzi mhando uye nheyo dzemhando dzemimhanzi, M., 1964; Skrebkov CC, Artic Principles of Musical Styles (Sumo uye Tsvakurudzo), mu: Music and Modernity, vol. 3, M., 1965; mhando dzemimhanzi. Sat. zvinyorwa, ed. TB Popova, M., 1968; Coxop AH, The aesthetic nature of the genre in music, M., 1968; yake, Dzidziso yemhando dzemimhanzi: mabasa uye tarisiro, muunganidzwa: Matambudziko edzidziso emhando dzemimhanzi uye marudzi, M., 1971, p. 292-309.

EM Tsareva