Robert Casadesus |
Robert Casadesus
Mumakore zana apfuura, zvizvarwa zvakati wandei zvevaimbi vane zita rekuti Casadesus vakawedzera kubwinya kwetsika dzechiFrench. Zvinyorwa uye kunyange zvidzidzo zvakatsaurirwa kune vakawanda vamiririri vemhuri iyi, mazita avo anogona kuwanikwa mumabhuku ose encyclopedic, mumabasa ezvakaitika kare. Pane, sekutonga, zvakare kutaurwa kwemuvambi wetsika yemhuri - muCatalan gitare Louis Casadesus, uyo akatamira kuFrance pakati pezana remakore rapfuura, akaroora mukadzi wechiFrench ndokugara muParis. Pano, muna 1870, mwanakomana wake wekutanga Francois Louis akaberekwa, uyo akawana mukurumbira wakawanda semunyori uye kondakita, mushambadziri uye muimbi; aive mutungamiriri weimwe yeParisian opera dzimba uye muvambi weinonzi American Conservatory muFontainebleau, uko kwakadzidza vechidiki vane tarenda kubva mhiri kwegungwa. Achimutevera, vanun’una vake vakawana kuzivikanwa: Henri, mutambi wezviyo akatanhamara, mutsigiri wemimhanzi yekare (akaridzawo zvine mutsindo pa<em>viola d’amour), Marius the violinist, virtuoso yokuridza chiridzwa chisingawanzoitiki chequinton; panguva imwecheteyo muFrance vakaziva mukoma wechitatu - cellist Lucien Casadesus nemukadzi wake - piano Rosie Casadesus. Asi kudada kwechokwadi kwemhuri uye kwetsika dzose dzeFrance, chokwadika, basa raRobert Casadesus, muzukuru wevatatu vaimbi vakataurwa. Muunhu hwake, France nenyika yese yakakudza mumwe wevatambi vepiyano vakatanhamara vemuzana redu ramakore, uyo akafananidzira akanakisa uye akajairika maficha echikoro cheFrance chekuridza piyano.
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Kubva pane zvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri pachena mune mamiriro api akazara nemimhanzi Robert Casadesus akakurira uye akarerwa. Atova nemakore 13, akava mudzidzi paParis Conservatory. Achidzidza piyano (naL. Liproverbiaire) uye rwiyo (pamwe naC. Leroux, N. Gallon), gore pashure pokunge abvumirwa, akagamuchira mubairo nokuda kwokuridza Musoro Wekusiyana wakanyorwa naG. Fauré, uye panguva yaakapedza kufunda mukamuri rokuchengeta tsika. (muna 1921) akanga ari muridzi wemimwe misiyano miviri yakakwirira. Mugore rimwe chetero, mutambi wepiyano akaenda parwendo rwake rwekutanga kuEurope uye akakurumidza kusimuka kuva mukurumbira pamusoro penyika. Panguva imwecheteyo, ushamwari hwaCasadesus naMaurice Ravel hwakaberekwa, hwakagara kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu hwomunyori mukuru, pamwe chete naAlbert Roussel. Zvose izvi zvakakonzera kuumbwa kwekutanga kwemaitiro ake, zvakapa gwara rakajeka uye rakajeka pakukura kwake.
Kaviri mumakore ehondo isati yatanga - 1929 na1936 - mutambi wepiyano weFrance akafamba neUSSR, uye mufananidzo wake wemakore iwayo wakagamuchira hunyanzvi, kunyangwe kusingawirirane kuongororwa kwevatsoropodzi. Hezvino izvo G. Kogan akanyora ipapo: “Maitiro ake anogara achizadzwa nechishuvo chokuzivisa nokubudisa zviri mudetembi rebasa racho. Hunhu hwake hukuru uye hwemahara haamboshanduki kuita magumo pachawo, anogara achiteerera pfungwa yekududzira. Asi simba rega rega reCasadesus uye chakavanzika chekubudirira kwake kukuru nesu ... chiri muchokwadi chekuti misimboti yehunyanzvi, yakave tsika yakafa pakati pevamwe, inochengeta maari - kana zvisiri zvachose, zvino kusvika pamwero mukuru - nekukurumidza kwavo, kutsva uye kushanda zvakanaka ... Casadesus inosiyaniswa nekusavapo kwekuita, kugara uye kujeka kwakajeka kwekududzira, izvo zvinoisa miganhu yakasimba pahunhu hwake hunokosha, maonero akadzama uye anofadza emumhanzi, zvichitungamira kune kumwe kunonoka (Beethoven) uye kune imwe. Kushatisa kunoonekwa kwekunzwa kwechimiro chikuru, kazhinji kutyora mugadziri mune akati wandei episodhi (sonata yaLiszt) ... Pakazara, muimbi ane tarenda, uyo, zvechokwadi, asingaunzi chero chinhu chitsva mutsika dzeEurope dze. pianistic kududzira, asi ndeyevamiriri vepamusoro vetsika idzi panguva ino.
Vachipa mutero kuna Casadesus semuimbi asina kujeka wenziyo, nyanzvi yezvirevo uye kurira kwemavara, mutorwa kune chero mhedzisiro yekunze, mutori wenhau weSoviet akacherekedzawo kumwe kurerekera kweanoridza piyano pahukama hwepedyo uye hukama hwekutaura. Zvechokwadi, kududzira kwake kwemabasa eRomantics - kunyanya mukuenzanisa nemienzaniso yakanakisisa uye yepedyo kwatiri - yakashaya chiyero, mutambo, uye chido chegamba. Zvisinei, kunyange panguva iyoyo akanga akanyatsozivikanwa munyika yedu uye kune dzimwe nyika semuturikiri akanaka kwazvo munzvimbo mbiri - mimhanzi yeMozart uye French Impressionists. (Panyaya iyi, maererano nemisimboti yekutanga yekusika, uye zvechokwadi shanduko yehunyanzvi, Casadesus ine zvakawanda zvakafanana naWalter Gieseking.)
Izvo zvataurwa hazvifanirwe kutorwa zvichireva kuti Debussy, Ravel naMozart vakaumba hwaro hweCasadesus repertoire. Pane zvinopesana, iyi repertoire yaive yakakura zvechokwadi - kubva kuBach uye harpsichordists kusvika kune vanyori vemazuva ano, uye nekufamba kwemakore miganhu yayo yakawedzera kuwedzera. Uye panguva imwecheteyo, hunhu hwehunyanzvi hwemuimbi hwakachinja zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya, uyezve, vanyori vazhinji - classics uye romantics - zvishoma nezvishoma zvakavhurika kwaari uye kune vateereri vake zvese zvitsva. Uku kushanduka-shanduka kwakanyatso kunzwika mumakore ekupedzisira 10-15 emutambo wake wekonzati, iyo isina kumira kusvika pakuguma kwehupenyu hwake. Nokufamba kwemakore, kwete chete hupenyu huchenjeri hwakauya, asiwo kurodza kwemanzwiro, izvo zvakanyanya kuchinja maitiro epiyano yake. Kutamba kwemuimbi kwawedzera kuumbika, kusimba, asi panguva imwe cheteyo kuzere-kunzwika, kupenya, dzimwe nguva kunoshamisa - tempo iri pakati nepakati inongoerekana yatsiviwa nechamupupuri, misiyano inoburitswa. Izvi zvakazviratidza kunyange muHaydn naMozart, asi kunyanya mukududzirwa kwaBeethoven, Schumann, Brahms, Liszt, Chopin. Uku kushanduka-shanduka kunoonekwa zvakajeka mune zvakarekodhwa manata anonyanya kufarirwa, Beethoven's First and Fourth Concertos (yakabudiswa chete mukutanga kwe70s), pamwe chete nemakontikiti akawanda eMozart (pamwe naD. Sall), Liszt's concertos, akawanda emabasa eChopin. (kusanganisira Sonatas muB minor), Schumann's Symphonic Etudes.
Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti kuchinja kwakadaro kwakaitika mukati megadziriro younhu hwaCasadesus hwakasimba uye hwakaumbwa zvakanaka. Vakapfumisa hunyanzvi hwake, asi havana kuhuita hutsva. Sekare - uye kusvika pakupera kwemazuva - zviratidzo zvepiyano yeCasadesus zvakaramba zviri kushamisa kunoshamisa kwehunyanzvi hweminwe, kunaka, nyasha, kugona kuita ndima dzakaomesesa uye zvishongo zvine humbowo hwakakwana, asi panguva imwe chete elastic uye yakasimba, pasina kushandura rhythmic kuenzana kuita monotonous mota. Uye kupfuura zvose - yake yakakurumbira "jeu de perle" (chaizvoizvo - "bead game"), iro rava rudzi rwechinofanana cheFrench piano aesthetics. Kufanana nevamwe vashomanana, aikwanisa kupa hupenyu uye zvakasiyana-siyana kune zvinoratidzika zvakafanana zvakafanana uye mitsara, somuenzaniso, muMozart naBeethoven. Uye zvakadaro - tsika yepamusoro yezwi, kutarisa nguva dzose kune "ruvara" rwayo rwega zvichienderana nemhando yemimhanzi iri kuitwa. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti pane imwe nguva akapa makonti muParis, maairidza mabasa evanyori vakasiyana pazviridzwa zvakasiyana - Beethoven paSteinway, Schumann paBechstein, Ravel paErar, Mozart paPleyel - nekudaro achiedza kutsvaga. kune imwe neimwe yakanyatsokwana "inonzwika yakaenzana".
Zvese zviri pamusoro zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kunzwisisa kuti sei mutambo weCasadesus waive mutorwa kune chero kumanikidzwa, hutsinye, monotony, chero kusajeka kwezvivakwa, zvinonyengerera mumhanzi weImpressionists uye zvine ngozi mumimhanzi yerudo. Kunyangwe mune yakanakisa dhizaini pendi yeDebussy naRavel, dudziro yake yakanyatso tsanangura kuvakwa kweiyo yese, yaive neropa rakazara uye zvine musoro. Kuti uve nechokwadi neizvi, zvakakwana kuteerera kuita kwake kweRavel's Concerto yeruoko rweruboshwe kana Debussy's preludes, iyo yakachengetedzwa mukurekodha.
Mozart naHaydn mumakore ekupedzisira eCasadesus ainzwika akasimba uye ari nyore, ane virtuoso scope; fast tempos haina kukanganisa kusiyana kwemazwi uye kurira. Ma classics akadaro anga atove kwete chete anoyevedza, asiwo ane hunhu, akashinga, akafemerwa, "kukanganwa nezve magungano ematare etiquette." Tsanangudzo yake yemimhanzi yaBeethoven yakakwezvwa nekuwirirana, kukwana, uye muna Schumann naChopin mutambi wepiyano dzimwe nguva aisiyaniswa nerudo rwechokwadi. Kana iri pfungwa yechimiro uye pfungwa dzebudiriro, izvi zvinopupurirwa zvinogutsa nekuita kwake kwemakonsati eBrahms, ayo akazovawo matombo epakona erepertoire yemuimbi. “Mumwe munhu, zvichida, achapokana,” mutsoropodzi akanyora kudaro, “kuti Casadesus ane mwoyo wakaoma zvikuru uye anobvumira kufunga kutyisidzira manzwiro pano. Asi kugadzikana kwechinyakare kwekududzira kwake, kudzikama kwekukura kunoshamisa, kusina chero manzwiro kana maitiro ekuwedzera, zvinopfuura kutsiva nguva idzodzo apo nhetembo inosundirwa kumashure nekuverenga chaiko. Uye izvi zvinotaurwa pamusoro peChipiri Concerto yeBrahms, apo, sezvinonyatsozivikanwa, chero nhetembo uye nzira dzine ruzha zvikuru hazvikwanisi kutsiva pfungwa yechimiro uye pfungwa inoshamisa, pasina iyo kushanda kwebasa iri kunoshanduka kuva dreary test. kune vateereri uye yakazara fiasco yemuimbi!
Asi pane zvese izvo, mimhanzi yeMozart neFrench vanyori (kwete chete Debussy naRavel, asiwo Fauré, Saint-Saens, Chabrier) kazhinji yakava iyo yepamusoro yezvaakabudirira kuita. Nekupenya kunoshamisa uye intuition, akagadzirazve hupfumi hwayo hune ruvara uye akasiyana-siyana emweya, mweya wayo chaiwo. Ndosaka Casadesus aive wekutanga kuve nerukudzo rwekurekodha ese epiyano mabasa aDebussy naRavel pamarekodhi. “Nziyo dzeFrance hadzina mumiriri ari nani kupfuura iye,” akanyora kudaro nyanzvi yemimhanzi Serge Berthomier.
Basa raRobert Casadesus kusvika pakupera kwemazuva ake rakanga rakanyanyisa. Akanga asiri mutambi wepiyano anoshamisa uye mudzidzisi chete, asiwo aiva nyanzvi uye, maererano nenyanzvi, achiri kukoshesa muimbi. Akanyora nziyo dzakawanda dzepiyano, dzaiwanzoitwa nemunyori, pamwe chete nenhanhatu symphonies, akati wandei emimhanzi concertos (yeviolin, cello, imwe, mbiri uye nhatu pianos ane orchestra), chamber ensembles, dzerudo. Kubva 1935 - kubvira paakatanga muU.SA - Casadesus akashanda zvakafanana muEurope neAmerica. Muna 1940-1946 aigara muUnited States, kwaakasimbisa kunyanya kushamwaridzana kwekugadzira naGeorge Sall neCleveland Orchestra yaaitungamirira; Gare gare marekodhi akanakisa eCasadesus akaitwa nebhendi iri. Mumakore ehondo, muimbi akatanga Chikoro chePiano cheFrench muCleveland, uko kwakadzidza piano dzakawanda dzine tarenda. Mukurangarira zvakanaka zvaCasadesus mukukudziridzwa kwounyanzvi hwepiyano muUnited States, R. Casadesus Society yakavambwa muCleveland munguva youpenyu hwake, uye kubvira muna 1975 makwikwi epiyano enyika yose akatumidzwa zita rake akaitwa.
Mumakore epashure pehondo, achigara zvino muParis, ikozvino muU.SA, akaramba achidzidzisa kirasi yepiyano kuAmerican Conservatory yeFontainebleau, yakavambwa nasekuru vake, uye kwemakore akati wandei aivewo mutungamiriri wayo. Kazhinji Casadesus aiitwa mumakonzati uye semutambi ensemble; vaaigara navo vairidza violinist Zino Francescatti nemukadzi wake, mutambi wepiyano ane chipo Gaby Casadesus, waakaita naye madhiri epiyano akawanda, pamwe chete nekonsati yake yemapiyano maviri. Dzimwe nguva vaibatanidzwa nemwanakomana wavo uye mudzidzi Jean, mutambi wepiyano anoshamisa, mavari vakaona zvakakodzera mutsivi wemhuri yemimhanzi yeCasadesus. Jean Casadesus (1927-1972) akanga atove nemukurumbira seakanakisa virtuoso, ainzi "the future Gilels". Akatungamira mutambo mukuru wekonzati yakazvimirira uye akatungamira kirasi yake yepiyano panzvimbo imwe cheteyo yababa vake, apo rufu runosiririsa mutsaona yemotokari rwakagura basa rake ndokumudzivisa kurarama mukuwirirana netariro idzi. Nokudaro dzinza remimhanzi reKazadezyus rakavhiringidzwa.
Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.
