Gian Carlo Menotti |

Gian Carlo Menotti

Basa raG. Menotti ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa muAmerican opera yemakumi emakore mushure mehondo. Uyu munyori haakwanisi kunzi muwani wenyika itsva dzemimhanzi, simba rake riri mukukwanisa kunzwa kuti chii chinodiwa ichi kana icho chiitiko chinogadzirisa mimhanzi uye, zvichida kunyanya kukosha, kuti mimhanzi iyi ichaonekwa sei nevanhu. Menotti ane hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hweopera theatre zvakazara: anogara achinyora maopera ake ega, kazhinji anoaisa padanho semutungamiriri uye anotungamira mutambo wacho semutyairi ane hunyanzvi.

Menotti akaberekerwa muItaly (iye muItaly nenyika). Baba vake vaive muzvinabhizinesi uye amai vake vaive pianist amateur. Pazera remakore gumi, mukomana akanyora opera, uye pazera remakore gumi nemaviri akapinda muMilan Conservatory (akadzidza kubva muna 10 kusvika muna 12). Humwe hupenyu hweMenotti (kubvira 1923) hwakabatana neAmerica, kunyangwe munyori akachengeta chizvarwa cheItaly kwenguva yakareba.

Kubva 1928 kusvika 1933 akavandudza nzira yake yekunyora pasi pekutungamirirwa naR. Scalero paCurtis Institute of Music muPhiladelphia. Mukati memadziro aro, ushamwari hwepedyo hwakatanga naS. Barber, akazova munyori wenziyo ane mukurumbira wekuAmerica (Menotti aizova munyori weribretto yeimwe yemitambo yaBarber). Kazhinji, panguva yezororo rezhizha, shamwari dzakafamba pamwe chete kuEurope, dzichishanyira dzimba dzeopera muVienna neItaly. Muna 1941, Menotti akauya zvakare kuCurtis Institute - iye zvino semudzidzisi wekugadzira uye hunyanzvi hwekuimba dramaturgy. Kubatana nehupenyu hwemimhanzi hweItaly hakuna kukanganiswa zvakare, apo Menotti muna 1958 akaronga "Mutambo Wenyika mbiri" (muSpoleto) yevaimbi veAmerica neItaly.

Menotti semunyori akaita debut yake muna 1936 ne opera Amelia Goes to the Ball. Yakatanga kunyorwa murudzi rweItalian buffa opera ichibva yashandurirwa muchiRungu. Kubudirira kwekutanga kwakatungamira kune imwe komisheni, panguva ino kubva kuNBC, yeredhiyo opera The Old Maid uye Mbavha (1938). Sezvo atanga basa rake semuimbi weopera ane zvirongwa zvekuvaraidza anecdotal chirongwa, Menotti munguva pfupi akatendeukira kumitambo inoshamisa. Chokwadi, kuyedza kwake kwekutanga kwerudzi urwu (opera The God of the Island, 1942) hakuna kubudirira. Asi kare muna 1946, opera-njodzi Medium yakaonekwa (makore mashomanana gare gare yakatorwa uye yakakunda mubairo paCannes Film Festival).

Uye pakupedzisira, muna 1950, basa rakanakisisa raMenotti, mutambo wemimhanzi The Consul, opera yake yekutanga "hombe", yakaona chiedza chezuva. Chiito chayo chinoitika munguva yedu mune imwe yenyika dzeEurope. Kushaya simba, kusurukirwa uye kusazvidzivirirwa pamberi pezvishandiso zvine masimba ese zvinotungamira heroine kuzviuraya. Kukakavadzana kwechiito, kuzara kwemanzwiro emimhanzi, kureruka uye kuwanikwa kwemutauro wemimhanzi kunounza opera iyi pedyo nebasa rekupedzisira maItaly makuru (G. Verdi, G. Puccini) uye verist vanyori (R. Leoncavallo , P. Mascagni). Pesvedzero yekudzokororwa kwenziyo yaM. Mussorgsky inonzwikawo, uye manzwi ejazz anonzwika pano neapo anoratidza kuti mimhanzi ndeyezana redu ramakore. Iyo eclecticism ye opera (kusiyana kwemaitiro ayo) inokwenenzverwa nekunakisisa pfungwa yetiyetera (yakagara iri muMenotti) uye kushandiswa kwehupfumi kwenzira dzekutaura: kunyangwe iyo orchestra muma opera ake inotsiviwa ne ensemble ye akati wandei. zviridzwa. Zvikuru nekuda kwedingindira rezvematongerwo enyika, The Consul akawana mukurumbira unoshamisa: yaimhanya paBroadway kasere pasvondo, yakaitwa munyika makumi maviri epasirese (kusanganisira USSR), uye yakashandurirwa mumitauro gumi nemaviri.

Munyori zvakare akatendeukira kunjodzi yevanhuwo zvavo mumitambo yeThe Saint of Bleecker Street (1954) uye Maria Golovina (1958).

Chiito che opera Munhu Anonyanya Kukosha (1971) chinoitika kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, gamba rayo, musayendisiti wechidiki weNegro, anofira mumaoko evasarura. Iyo opera Tamu-Tamu (1972), iyo muIndonesian inoreva vaenzi, inopera nerufu rwechisimba. Opera iyi yakanyorwa nekuraira kwevarongi veInternational Congress yeAnthropologists uye Ethnologists.

Zvisinei, dingindira rinosiririsa haripedze basa raMenotti. Pakarepo mushure meOpera "Medium", muna 1947, comedy inofadza "Terefoni" yakagadzirwa. Iyi ipfupi opera, uko kune vatambi vatatu chete: Iye, Iye uye Runhare. Kazhinji, zvirongwa zveMenotti's operas zvakasiyana zvakasiyana.

Iyo teleopera "Amal and the Night Guests" (1951) yakanyorwa zvichibva pamufananidzo waI. Bosch "Kunamata kweMagi" (tsika yekuratidzwa kwayo kwegore negore paKisimusi yakagadzirwa). Mimhanzi yeiyi opera yakapfava zvekuti inogona kugadzirwa kuita kweamateur.

Kuwedzera kune opera, rudzi rwake rukuru, Menotti akanyora 3 ballets (kusanganisira iyo comic ballet-madrigal Unicorn, Gorgon naManticore, yakagadzirwa mumweya wemitambo yeRenaissance), iyo cantata Rufu rwaBhishopi paBrindisi (1963), nhetembo yesymphonic. yeorchestra "Apocalypse" (1951), concertos for piyano (1945), violin (1952) ne orchestra uye Triple Concerto yevatambi vatatu (1970), chamber ensembles, Nziyo nomwe pamashoko ega emuimbi akatanhamara E. Schwarzkopf. Kutarisa kumunhu, kuimba nziyo dzechisikigo, kushandiswa kwezviitiko zvinoshamisa zvemitambo zvakabvumira Menotti kutora nzvimbo yakakurumbira mumimhanzi yemazuva ano yeAmerica.

K. Zenkin

Zvinyorwa:

opareta - Musikana wekare nembavha (Musikana wekare nembavha, 1st ed. yeredhiyo, 1939; 1941, Philadelphia), Island God (The Island God, 1942, New York), Medium (The medium, 1946, New York ), Runhare (The phone, New York, 1947), Consul (The consul, 1950, New York, Pulitzer Ave.), Amal nehusiku vashanyi (Amahl nehusiku vashanyi, teleopera, 1951), Holy with Bleecker Street ( Mutsvene weBleecker street, 1954, New York), Maria Golovina (1958, Brussels, International Exhibition), The last savage (The last savage, 1963), terevhizheni opera Labyrinth (Labyrinth, 1963), nhema dzaMartin ( nhema dzaMartin, 1964 , Bath, England), Munhu anokosha zvikuru ( The most important man, New York, 1971); ballet - Sebastian (1943), Rwendo rwekuenda kune maze (Errand into the maze, 1947, New York), ballet-madrigal Unicorn, Gorgon uye Manticore (The unicorn, the Gorgon and the Manticore, 1956, Washington); cantata - Kufa kwabhishopi weBrindisi (1963); yeorchestra - nhetembo yesymphonic Apocalypse (Apocalypse, 1951); makonzati neorchestra - piyano (1945), violin (1952); katatu concerto yevatambi vatatu (3); Mufundisi wepiyano netambo orchestra (1970); chamber instrumental ensembles - 4 zvidimbu zvetambo. quartet (1936), Trio yemabiko emumba (Trio yepati yekudziya imba; yenyere, vlch., fp., 1936); zvepiyano - kutenderera kwevana "Nhetembo Ddiki dzaMaria Rosa" (Poemetti naMaria Rosa).

Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa: Handitendi mu avant-gardism, "MF", 1964, No 4, p. 16.