Arnold Schoenberg |

Arnold Schoenberg

Rima rose uye mhosva yenyika mimhanzi mitsva yakazvitora pachayo. Mufaro wake wose uri pakuziva nhamo; runako rwayo rwose rwuri mukurega chitarisiko chorunako. T. Adorno

A. Schoenberg akapinda munhoroondo yemimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. semugadziri weiyo dodecaphone system yekuumbwa. Asi kukosha uye chiyero chebasa reAustria tenzi hazvina kugumira kune ichi chokwadi. Schoenberg aive munhu ane matarenda akawanda. Akanga ari mudzidzisi akangwara akaunza boka renyeredzi revaimbi vemazuva ano, kusanganisira vatenzi vanozivikanwa saA. Webern naA. Berg (pamwe chete nemudzidzisi wavo, vakaumba inonzi Novovensk School). Akanga ari mupendi anonakidza, shamwari yaO. Kokoschka; mifananidzo yake yakabuda kakawanda pazviratidzwa uye yakadhindwa muzvinyorwa zvakare mumagazini yeMunich "The Blue Rider" pedyo nemabasa aP. Cezanne, A. Matisse, V. Van Gogh, B. Kandinsky, P. Picasso. Schoenberg aive munyori, mudetembi uye munyori weprose, munyori wezvinyorwa zveakawanda emabasa ake. Asi pamusoro pezvose, akanga ari munyori akasiya nhaka inokosha, munyori akapinda nenzira yakaoma zvikuru, asi yakatendeseka uye isingachinji.

Basa raSchoenberg rakabatana zvakanyanya nemimhanzi kutaura. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekukakavadzana kwemanzwiro uye kupinza kwekuita kune nyika yakatitenderedza, iyo yakaratidza vazhinji vemazuva ano maartist akashanda mumhepo yekushushikana, kutarisira uye kuzadzikiswa kwenhamo dzinotyisa dzemagariro (Schoenberg akabatanidzwa navo nehupenyu hwakafanana. magumo - kudzungaira, kusagadzikana, tarisiro yekurarama uye kufa kure nenyika yavo ). Zvichida kuenzanisa kwepedyo kumunhu weSchoenberg ndiye shamwari uye akararama panguva yemunyori, munyori weAustria F. Kafka. Sezvakangoita mumanovhero aKafka uye nyaya pfupi, mumhanzi waSchoenberg, maonero akawedzera ehupenyu dzimwe nguva anoenderana nefivha, mazwi akaomesesa ari muganho pane zvinotyisa, achishanduka kuita chiroto chepfungwa muchokwadi.

Achigadzira hunyanzvi hwake hwakaoma uye hwakatambura zvakanyanya, Schoenberg aive akasimba mukutenda kwake kusvika pakunyanyisa. Upenyu hwake hwose akatevera nzira yokudzivisa kukuru, achirwisana nokunyombwa, kudheerera, kusanzwisisa matsi, kutsungirira kutukwa, kushaiwa kunorwadza. "MuVienna muna 1908 - guta re operettas, classics uye pompous romanticism - Schoenberg akashambira achipesana nezvino," akanyora G. Eisler. Yakanga isiri iyo yakajairwa kupokana pakati pemugadziri wehunyanzvi uye nharaunda yephilistine. Hazvina kukwana kutaura kuti Schoenberg aive mugadziri akazviita mutemo kutaura muunyanzvi chete izvo zvisati zvambotaurwa. Maererano nevamwe vatsvakurudzi vebasa rake, iyo itsva yakaonekwa pano mune yakanyatsojeka, yakapfupikiswa shanduro, muchimiro chemhando yechinhu. Kunyanya kutarisisa, kunoda hunhu hwakakwana kubva kumuteereri, kunotsanangura kuomerwa chaiko kwemimhanzi yaSchoenberg pakuona: kunyangwe nekumashure kwevakararama panguva imwe chete naye, Schoenberg ndiye munyori "akaoma" zvakanyanya. Asi izvi hazviregi kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwake, kutendeseka uye kwakakomba, kupandukira kutapira kwakashata uye lightweight tinsel.

Schoenberg akabatanidza kugona kwekunzwa kwakasimba nehuchenjeri hwakarangwa zvisina tsitsi. Ane chikwereti chekubatanidza uku kune shanduko. Mamiriro ehupenyu hwemunyori anoratidza chishuviro chisingachinji kubva kuzvirevo zverudo zvechinyakare mumweya waR. Wagner (nziyo dzezviridzwa "Enlightened Night", "Pelleas naMélisande", cantata "Nziyo dzeGurre") kune imwe itsva, yakanyatsosimbiswa yekugadzira. nzira. Nekudaro, rudo rwaSchoenberg rwakazokanganisawo gare gare, zvichipa fungidziro yekuwedzera kufara, hypertrophied kutaura kwemabasa ake mukutanga kwe1900-10. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, imonodrama Kumirira (1909, monologue yemukadzi akauya musango kuzosangana nemudiwa wake ndokumuwana afa).

Iyo post-yerudo yekunamata yemasiki, yakanatswa maitiro muchimiro che "anoshungurudza cabaret" inogona kunzwika mumelodrama "Mwedzi Pierrot" (1912) yezwi rechikadzi uye ensemble yezviridzwa. Mubasa iri, Schoenberg akatanga anosanganisira musimboti weinonzi kuimba kwekutaura (Sprechgesang): kunyangwe chikamu chega chakaiswa muchikamu chine manotsi, chimiro chayo chepitch chakaenzana - senge mukudzokorora. Ose maviri "Kumirira" uye "Lunar Pierrot" akanyorwa nenzira yeatonal, inoenderana neiyo nyowani, inoshamisa yekuchengetera mifananidzo. Asi mutsauko pakati pemabasa unokoshawo: orchestra-ensemble ine zvishoma, asi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidzira mavara kubva zvino zvichienda mberi zvinokwezva munyori kupfuura yakazara yakazara orchestral kuumbwa kwekupedzisira Romantic mhando.

Zvakadaro, nhanho inotevera uye yakasarudzika yekunyora zvine hupfumi kuve kusikwa kwegumi nembiri-toni (dodecaphone) yekuumbwa system. Nziyo dzeSchoenberg dze20s uye 40s, dzakaita sePiano Suite, Variations for Orchestra, Concertos, String Quartets, dzakavakirwa panhevedzano yegumi nembiri isingadzokororwe manzwi, akatorwa mushanduro ina huru (nzira inodzokera kune yekare polyphonic. kusiyana).

Iyo dodecaphonic nzira yekuumbwa yakawana vakawanda vanoyemura. Ufakazi hworuzha rwechigadzirwa chaSchoenberg munyika yetsika chakanga chiri “kunokora mashoko” kwaT. Mann mubhuku rinonzi “Chiremba Faustus”; inotaurawo nezvengozi ye“kutonhora kwenjere” kunomirira munyori wenziyo anoshandisa nzira yakafanana yokusika. Iyi nzira haina kuva yepasi rose uye yakazvimiririra - kunyangwe kumusiki wayo. Zvikurukuru, yaingove yakadaro chete sezvo isingakanganise kuratidzwa kweruzivo rwechisikigo rwatenzi uye ruzivo rwakaunganidzirwa rwemumhanzi nekunzwa, dzimwe nguva zvinosanganisira - zvinopesana ne "dzidziso dzekudzivisa" - kushamwaridzana kwakasiyana nemimhanzi ye tonal. Kuparadzana kwemunyori netsika yemanzwi kwakanga kusingachinjiki zvachose: chirevo chinonyatsozivikanwa che "kunonoka" Schoenberg kuti zvakawanda zvinogona kutaurwa muC chikuru zvinonyatsosimbisa izvi. Akanyura mumatambudziko ekugadzira tekinoroji, Schoenberg panguva imwechete yaive kure nekuzviparadzanisa nechigaro chemaoko.

Zviitiko zveHondo Yenyika Yechipiri - kutambura uye kufa kwemamiriyoni evanhu, ruvengo rwevanhu nekuda kwefascism - zvakapindirana mairi nemafungiro anokosha evanyori. Nokudaro, "Ode to Napoleon" (1942, pavhesi yaJ. Byron) ibhuku rakatsamwa rinorwisana nesimba rehudzvinyiriri, basa rakazadzwa nekutsvinya kwemhondi. Chinyorwa cheCantata Survivor kubva kuWarsaw (1947), pamwe basa rakakurumbira raSchoenberg, rinoburitsa nyaya yechokwadi yemumwe wevashoma vanhu vakapona panjodzi yeWarsaw ghetto. Basa racho rinoratidza kutyisa uye kuora mwoyo kwemazuva ekupedzisira evasungwa veghetto, kupera nemunyengetero wekare. Mabhuku ese ari maviri anozivisa pachena uye anoonekwa semagwaro enguva yacho. Asi kupinza kwenhau kwechirevo ichi hakuna kuvharidzira kuda kwemuumbi kuhuzivi, kumatambudziko einzwi re transtemporal, raakagadzira nerubatsiro rwengano. Kufarira munhetembo uye chiratidzo chengano yebhaibheri kwakabuda kare kuma30s, maererano neprojekti ye oratorio "Ladder yaJakobho".

Ipapo Schoenberg akatanga kushanda kune rimwe basa rinotonyanya kukosha, iro raakazvipira makore ese ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake (zvisinei, asina kuipedza). Tiri kutaura nezve opera "Mosesi naAroni". Nheyo dzengano dzakashanda kumunyori chete sechikonzero chekufungisisa pamusoro penyaya dzenguva yedu. Chinangwa chikuru cheiyi "mutambo wepfungwa" munhu uye vanhu, pfungwa uye maonero ayo neruzhinji. Kuenderera mberi kwekutaura kwaMosesi naAroni kunoratidzwa mu opera ndiko kunetsana kusingaperi pakati pe "mufungi" ne "muiti", pakati pemuprofita-chokwadi anotsvaka kuyedza kutungamira vanhu vake kubva muuranda, uye mutauri-demagogue uyo, kuedza kwake kuita kuti pfungwa yacho ionekwe nenzira yokufananidzira uye iwanikwe inotoitengesa (kuparara kwepfungwa kunoperekedzwa nemheremhere yemasimba ekutanga, anoratidzwa nekupenya kunoshamisa nemunyori mune orgiastic "Dance of the Golden Calf"). Kusapindirana kwezvinzvimbo zvemagamba kunosimbiswa munziyo: chikamu chakanaka chekuimba chaAroni chinosiyana nechikamu chekuzvinyima uye chekuzivisa chaMosesi, icho chisingazivikanwi nekuimba kwechinyakare. Iyo oratorio inomiririrwa zvakanyanya mubasa. Zvikamu zvekwaya zve opera, nemifananidzo yavo yakasarudzika yepolyphonic, inodzokera kuBach's Passions. Pano, kubatana kwakadzika kweSchoenberg netsika yeAustro-German mimhanzi inoratidzwa. Kubatana uku, pamwe nenhaka yeSchoenberg yeruzivo rwemweya rwetsika dzeEurope pazere, zvinobuda zvakanyanya uye zvakajeka nekufamba kwenguva. Heino tsime rekuongorora kwechinangwa chebasa raSchoenberg uye tariro yekuti "yakaoma" art yemunyori ichawana mukana kune yakakura kwazvo siyana yevateereri.

T. Kuruboshwe

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