Giovanni Paisiello |

Giovanni Paisiello

G. Paisiello ndewevanyori veItaly avo vane tarenda yakanyatsoratidzwa mumhando ye opera-buffa. Nebasa raPaisiello nevenguva yake - B. Galuppi, N. Piccinni, D. Cimarosa - nguva yemaruva akajeka emhando iyi muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore re1754 yakabatana. Dzidzo yepuraimari uye hunyanzvi hwekutanga hwekuimba Paisiello akagamuchira mukoreji yevaJesuit. Huzhinji hwehupenyu hwake hwakapedzerwa muNaples, kwaakadzidza kuSan Onofrio Conservatory naF. Durante, munyori anozivikanwa weopera, mutungamiri weG. Pergolesi naPiccinni (63-XNUMX).

Agamuchira zita remubatsiri wemudzidzisi, Paisiello akadzidzisa panzvimbo inochengeterwa zvinhu, uye akazvipira nguva yake yekusununguka pakunyora. Pakupera kwema1760. Paisiello atova munyori anonyanya kuzivikanwa muItaly; maopera ake (akanyanya buffa) akabudirira kuitirwa munhandare dzeMilan, Roma, Venice, Bologna, zvichingodaro, achisangana nekuravira kwenzvimbo yakafara, kusanganisira yakanyanya kujekeswa, yeruzhinji.

Nokudaro, munyori wenziyo weChirungu ane mukurumbira C. Burney (munyori we "Musical Journeys" ane mukurumbira) akataura zvakanyanya nezve buffa opera "Intrigues of Love" yakanzwa muNaples: "... Ndaifarira chaizvo mimhanzi; rakanga rizere nemoto nekufungidzira, ritornellos rakazara nendima itsva, uye mativi enzwi ane mitsindo inoyevedza uye yakapfava iyo inoyeukwa uye inotakurwa newe mushure mekuteerera kwekutanga kana inogona kuitwa mudenderedzwa reimba nediki orchestra uye. kunyange, pasina chimwe chiridzwa, ne harpsichord “.

Muna 1776, Paisiello akaenda kuSt. Petersburg, kwaakashanda somunyori wedare kweanenge makore 10. (Muitiro wokukoka vaimbi vokuItaly wakanga wava nenguva refu watangwa mudare ramambo; vakatangira Paisiello muSt. Petersburg vakanga vari shasha yakakurumbira B. Galuppi naT. Traetta.) Pakati pemaopera akawanda enguva ye“Petersburg” pane The Servant-Mistress. (1781), kududzirwa kutsva kwechirongwa, hafu yezana remakore kumashure yakashandiswa mune yakakurumbira Pergolesi opera - tateguru wemhando yebuffa; pamwe chete neThe Barber of Seville yakavakirwa pamutambo wakaitwa naP. Beaumarchais (1782), uyo wakanakidzwa nekubudirira kukuru nevanhu vekuEurope kwemakumi emakore akati wandei. (Apo G. Rossini wechiduku muna 1816 akatendeukirazve kunyaya iyi, vakawanda vakaitora soushingi hukuru.)

Mimhanzi yaPaisiello yakaitwa padare uye mumitambo yemitambo yevateereri vane demokrasi - iyo Bolshoi (Dombo) muKolomna, iyo Maly (Volny) paTsaritsyn Meadow (ikozvino Munda weMars). Mabasa emuumbi wedare aisanganisirawo kugadzira mimhanzi yezviridzwa zvemitambo yematare uye makonti: munhaka yekugadzira yePaisiello kune 24 divertissements yezviridzwa zvemhepo (mamwe ane mazita echirongwa - "Diana", "Masikati", "Zuva ravira", etc.), clavier zvidimbu, chamber ensembles. Mumakonzati orudzidziso eSt. Petersburg, oratorio yaPaisiello The Passion of Christ (1783) yakaitwa.

Kudzokera kuItaly (1784), Paisiello akagamuchira chinzvimbo semunyori uye tenzi webhendi mudare raMambo weNaples. Muna 1799, apo mauto aNapoleon, nerutsigiro rwevaItaria vaimukira, vakapidigura humambo hweBourbon muNaples ndokuzivisa Parthenopean Republic, Paisiello akatora chigaro chemutungamiriri wemimhanzi yenyika. Asi mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, munyori wacho akabviswa pachinzvimbo chake. (Republic yakawa, mambo akadzokera kusimba, mutungamiriri weboka akapomerwa mhosva yekupandukira - panzvimbo yekutevera mambo kuSicily panguva yemhirizhonga, akaenda kune rumwe rutivi rwevapanduki.)

Zvichakadaro, kukoka kunoedza kwakauya kubva kuParis - kutungamira dare redzimhosva reNapoleon. Muna 1802 Paisiello akasvika muParis. Zvisinei, kugara kwake muFrance kwakanga kusiri kwenguva refu. Asina hanya akagamuchirwa neruzhinji rweFrance (iyo opera seria Proserpina yakanyorwa muParis uye kupindirana kwaCamillette hazvina kubudirira), akadzokera kunyika yake yatova muna 1803. Mumakore achangopfuura, munyori aigara ari oga, ari oga, achingoonana chete newake. shamwari dzepedyo.

Anopfuura makore makumi mana ebasa raPaisiello akazadzwa nemabasa akanyanya uye akasiyana-siyana - akasiya anopfuura zana operas, oratorios, cantatas, masasi, akawanda mabasa eorchestra (semuenzaniso, 100 symphonies - 12) uye chamber ensembles. Mukuru mukuru we opera-buffa, Paisiello akasimudza rudzi urwu kune imwe nhanho yekusimudzira, akapfumisa hunyanzvi hwecomedic (kazhinji nechinhu chinopinza satire) mimhanzi yevatambi, yakasimbisa basa reorchestra.

Maopera ekupedzisira anosiyaniswa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekubatanidza - kubva kune yakapfava "duets yemvumo" kusvika kumafainari makuru, umo mumhanzi unoratidza zvese zvakaomesesa zvechiito chedanho. Rusununguko mukusarudzwa kwezvirongwa uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvinosiyanisa basa raPaisiello kubva kune vakawanda venguva yake vakashanda mumhando yebuffa. Saka, mune yakakurumbira "The Miller" (1788-89) - imwe yeakanakisa comic operas yezana ramakore reXVIII. - maficha ehufundisi, idyll inopindirana nehupenzi parody uye satire. (Madingindira anobva muopera iyi akaumba hwaro hwekusiyana kwepiyano yaL. Beethoven.) Mitoo yechinyakare yemimhanzi yakakomba yengano inosekwa muThe Imaginary Philosopher. Nyanzvi isingaenzaniswi yemaitiro eparodic, Paisiello haana kufuratira kunyange Gluck's Orpheus (the buffa operas The Deceived Tree uye The Imaginary Socrates). Muimbi wacho akakwezvwawo nezvidzidzo zvekunze zvekumabvazuva zvaive mufashoni panguva iyoyo ("Polite Arab", "Chinese Idol"), uye "Nina, kana Kupenga neRudo" ane hunhu hwemutambo wenziyo. Misimboti yekusika yePaisiello yakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya neWA ​​Mozart uye yaive nesimba rakasimba paG. Rossini. Muna 1868, atova mumakore ake ari kuderera, munyori ane mbiri weThe Barber weSeville akanyora, kuti: “Munzvimbo yemitambo yokuParis, The Barber yaPaisiello yakamboratidzwa: parera renziyo dzisina unyanzvi uye nhandare yemitambo. Kwave kuri budiriro huru uye yakafanira.”

I. Okhalova

Zvinyorwa:

opareta – Chatterbox (Il сiarlone 1764, Bologna), Chinese idol (L'idolo cinese, 1766, post. 1767, tr “Nuovo”, Naples), Don Quixote (Don Chisciotte della Mancia, 1769, tr “Fiorentini”), Naples Artaxerxes (1771, Modena), Alexander muIndia (Alessandro nelle Indie, 1773, ibid.), Andromeda (1774, Milan), Demophon (1775, Venice), Imaginary Socrates (Socrate immaginario, 1775, Naples), Nitteti, 1777 St. Petersburg), Achilles paSkyros (Achille muSciro, 1778, ibid.), Alcides pamharadzano dzenzira (Alcide al bivio, 1780, ibid.), Maid-mistress (La serva padrona, 1781, Tsarskoye Selo), Seville barber , kana Vain precaution (Il barbiere di Siviglia ovvero La precauzione inutile, 1782, St. Petersburg), Lunar world (Il mondo della luna, 1783, Kamenny tr, St. Petersburg), Mambo Theodore muVenice (Il re Teodoro muVenezia, 1784 , Vienna), Antigonus (Antigono, 1785, Naples), Trophonia's Cave (La grotta di Trofonio, 1785, ibid.), Phaedra (1788, ibid.), Miller's Woman (La molinara, 1789, ibid., original ed. — Rudonezvipingamupinyi zvangu, kana Mudzimai waMiller, L'arnor kusiyana osia La molinara, 1788), Gypsies paFair (I zingari in fiera, 1789, ibid.), Nina, kana Mad with Love (Nina o sia La pazza) per amore, 1789, Caserta), Yakasiiwa Dido (Di-done abbandonata, 1794, Naples), Andromache (1797, ibid.), Proserpina (1803, Paris), Pythagoreans (I pittagorici, 1808, Naples) nevamwe; oratorios, cantatas, misa, Te Deum; yeorchestra - 12 symphonies (12 sinfonie concertante, 1784) nevamwe; chamber instrumental ensembles, в т.ч. посв. великой кн. Марии Фёдоровне Kuunganidzwa kweakasiyana Rondeau uye capriccios ine Violin inoperekedza p. fte, yakanyorerwa zvakananga SAI Iyo Grand Duchess yeRussia yese, и др.