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Late Lat., batanidza nhamba neuma, kubva muchiGiriki. Pneuma - mweya

1) Zviratidzo zvekunyora kwemimhanzi zvakashandiswa muEurope muMiddle Ages, kunyanya. mukuimba kweKatorike (ona rwiyo rweGregorian). N. dzakaiswa pamusoro pechinyorwa chemashoko uye dzaingoyeuchidza muimbi nezvekwaienda kufamba kwemutinhimira munziyo dzinozivikanwa kwaari. Zviratidzo zvezvinyorwa zvisingasungiri zvakatorwa zvakanyanya kubva kune mamwe maGiriki. mazita ezvirevo zvekutaura - kusimudza uye kuderedza mataurirwo ekutaura, izvo zvinotarisa kujekesa kwayo. MuN., vakawana embodiment uye zviratidzo zvecheironomy - kutonga kwekwaya nerubatsiro rwemamiriro ekufamba kwemaoko neminwe. N. masisitimu aivepo mune akawanda. tsika dzekare (Egypt, India, Palestine, Persia, Syria, etc.). Chimiro chakagadziridzwa chekunyora kwakadzama kwakagadzirwa muByzantium; Catholic N. vane Byzantium. mavambo. Notation masisitimu akafanana nemusimboti kune asiri echinyakare kunyora aivepo muBulgaria, Serbia, Armenia (ona Khazy), Russia (kondakar notation, hoko kana kunyora banner - ona Kondakar kuimba, Kryuki). MuZap. Europe yakasiyana-siyana munzira dzakawanda. marudzi emunharaunda akabatana neKatorike. liturgy yekunyora kusina pfungwa; Benevetian (pakati peguta raive guta reBenevento kuSouthern Italy), Middle Italian, North French, Aquitaine, Anglo-Norman, Germany kana St. Gallen (pakati peboka iri raive guta reSt. Gallen muSwitzerland) , zvichingodaro. Dzakasiyana zvakanyanya muzvinyorwa zvevasinga sungirwe mavara, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kweimwe kana imwe yadzo. Chimiro chakakudziridzwa zvikuru cheN. chakabatira kurekodha mativi akagadzirwa norwiyo eKaturike. shumiro dzechechi. Pano paive N., zvichireva otd. manzwi kana mapoka emanzwi anowira pane imwe syllable yezvinyorwa (lat. virga uye punctum), inzwi rinokwira kumusoro (lat. pes kana podatus) uye pasi (lat. flexa kana clinis), nezvimwewo. N. derivatives yakashandiswawo, inomiririra misanganiswa basic. Mamwe marudzi eN. akashanda kuratidza nzira dzekuita uye melodic. zvishongo.

Chiyeuchidzo chekare cheChechi yeKatorike chadzika kwatiri. dementia kunyora kunoreva 9th century. (Yakachengetwa muMunich "Code 9543", yakanyorwa pakati pe817 ne834).

Kubuda kwetsamba yakarasika kwakasangana nezvinodiwa nemamisi. maitiro. Kushandiswa kwemagwaro mamwechete ane diff. Mumhanzi waida kuti muimbi akurumidza kuyeuka kuti ndeipi rwiyo rwaaifanira kuita, uye kurekodha kwedementia kwakamubatsira mune izvi. Zvichienzaniswa nearufabheti notation, zvinyorwa zvisiri zvemaoko zvaive nemukana wakakosha - melodic. mutsara wakaratidzwa mairi zvakajeka. Zvisinei, yakanga inewo zvipingamupinyi zvakakomba - sezvo manzwi chaiwo emanzwi akanga asina kugadziriswa, pakanga pane zvakaoma mukududzira zvakarekodhwa zvenziyo, uye vaimbi vakamanikidzwa kuyeuka nziyo dzose nemusoro. Saka, kare muzana remakore rechi9. mitsindo yakawanda. varatidziri vakaratidza kusagutsikana nehurongwa uhu. Kuedza kwakaitwa kuvandudza zvinyorwa zvisiri zvemaoko. Kutanga kuma 9th c. kuMadokero, mabhii akatanga kuwedzerwa kuna N., achitsanangura urefu hwemanzwi kana kuti nguva dziri pakati pawo. Imwe nzira yakadaro yakaunzwa nemumongi Hermann Khromy (Hermannus Contractus - 11th century). Yakapa mataurirwo chaiwo enguva imwe neimwe yerwiyo. Mabhii ekutanga emashoko akawedzerwa kuna N., zvichireva kufamba kweimwe nhambo: e – equisonus (unison), s – semitonium (semitone), t – toni (toni), ts – toni cum semitonio (diki yechitatu), tt -ditonus (guru rechitatu), d - diatessaron (quart), D - diapente (yechishanu), D s - diapente cum semitonio (diki yechitanhatu), D t - diapente cum tono (huru yechitanhatu).

Nekuiswa kwemitsara pamusoro pezvinyorwa kuti zvivagamuchire, zvisikwa zvitsva zvaitika. kugadzirisa hurongwa uhu. Kwenguva yekutanga, mutsara wemimhanzi wakashandiswa mu con. 10 c. mumusha wemamongi weKorbi (rekodhi yenguva 986). Pakutanga, ukoshi hwayo hwepamusoro hwakanga husingachinji; gare gare, kukwirira f kweoctave duku yakagoverwa kwairi. Kutevera mutsara wekutanga, wechipiri, c1, wakaunzwa. Mutsetse f waidhirowa mutsvuku, uye mutsetse c1 mune yero. Yakavandudza iyi notation muses. nyanzvi yezvechitendero, mumongi Guido d'Arezzo (chiItalian: Guido d'Arezzo); akashandisa mitsetse mina mu terts ratio; kureba kwechimwe nechimwe chazvo kwaisarudzwa nokupenda kana kuti chiratidzo chikuru muchimiro chezita retsamba. Mutsetse wechina wakaiswa naGuido d'Arezzo, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa, pamusoro kana pazasi:

H. akatanga kuiswa pamitsetse nepakati pawo; zvino. kusava nechokwadi kwechirevo chechimiro chezviratidzo zvisingataurwi kwakakundwa. Mushure mekutanga kwekunyorwa kwemimhanzi, mitsetse pachayo yakashandurawo-kunyanya pamusana peFranco-Norman system yezvinyorwa, izvo zvinonzi zvinyorwa zvemimhanzi zvakasimuka ndokutanga kukura nokukurumidza. square notation (nota quadrata). Zita rekwaya yakapiwa kuhurongwa uhu; yaisiyana neiyo yakarasika mutsetse kunyora chete muchimiro chezviratidzo zvemimhanzi. Paive nemhando mbiri huru dzekwaya notation - Roman neGerman. Mubvunzo we rhythm mukereke yaGregory hausati wanyatsojekeswa. kuimba kwenguva yekusaziva pfungwa. Pane maonero maviri: maererano nekutanga, rhythm yemitambo yakagadziriswa nekutaura kwekutaura uye yainyanya kufanana; maererano yechipiri - rhythmic. musiyano uchiripo uye wairatidzwa nevamwe H. uye mukwanisi. tsamba.

2) Anniversaries - melismatic. mashongedzero muchiimbo cheGregorian, anoitwa pane imwe syllable kana vowel, zvakanyanya. pamagumo eantiphon, hareruya, nezvimwewo Sezvo idzi nyasha dzezwi dzaiwanzoitwa mumhepo imwe chete, dzainziwo pneuma (kubva muchiLatin pneuma - breath).

3) Wed. mazana emakore, zvakare ruzha rwakasiyana, rwakaimbwa ne pli imwe yakati wandei. inonzwika syllable yemutinhimira, dzimwe nguva mutinhi wose.

References: Грубер R. И., История музыкальной культуры, т. 1, ч. 2, M. - Л., 1941; Fleischer О, Neumenstudien, Vol. 1-2, Lpz., 1895-97, Vol. 3, В, 1904, Wagner PJ, Nhanganyaya yeGregorian Melodies, Vol. 2 - Neumenkunde, Lpz., 1905, 1912, Hildesheim - Wiesbaden, 1962; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationkunde, Vol. 1, Lpz., 1913; его же, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Agustioni L, Notation neumatique et interprйtation, «Revue Grйgorienne», 1951, n 30; Huglo M., Les noms des neumes et leur origine, «Etudes Gregoriennes», 1954, No 1; Jammers E., Zvinyorwa uye zvehungwaru zvinodiwa pakubuda kwekunyora neume, "German Quarterly Journal for Literary Science and Intellectual History", 1958, gore 32, H. 4, его же, Zvidzidzo paNeumenschnften, zvinyorwa zveNeumeschnften uye neumatic music, в сб Library and Science, Vol 2, 1965; Cardine E., Neumes et rythme, «Etudes grígoriennes», 1959, No 3; Kunz L., Antiquity elements mukutanga medieval neumes, «Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch», 1962 (gore 46); Floros С., Universale Neumenkunde, vols. 1-3, Kassel, 1970; Apel W., Iyo Notation yePolyphonic Music 900-1600, Lpz., 1970.

VA Vakhromeev