Stretta |

Stretta, stretto

ital. stretta, stretto, kubva stringere - compress, kuderedza, kupfupisa; German eng, gedrängt - pfupi, padhuze, Engfuhrung - kupfupika kubata

1) Simulation kubata (1) polyphonic. madingindira, anoratidzirwa nekusumwa kwezwi rekutevedzera kana manzwi asati apera dingindira muzwi rekutanga; mune imwe pfungwa yakajairika, sumo yekutevedzera yedingindira rine chinhambwe chenhanganyaya pane mufanidzo yepakutanga. S. inogona kuitwa nenzira yekutevedzera yakapfava, apo dingindira rine shanduko mune melodic. kudhirowa kana kuitiswa zvisina kukwana (ona a, b mumuenzaniso uri pazasi), pamwe chete neiyo canonical form. kutevedzera, canon (ona c, d mumuenzaniso mumwe chete). Chimiro chechimiro chekubuda kweS. ndiko kupfupika kwechinhambwe chekupinda, icho chiri pachena kune nzeve, iyo inosarudza kusimba kwekutevedzera, kukurumidza kweiyo nzira yekuisa polyphonic. mavhoti.

JS Bach. Prelude uye Fugue mune f diki yenhengo, BWV 534.

PI Tchaikovsky. Suite Nhamba 1 yeorchestra. Fugue.

P. Hindemith. Ludus tonalis. Fuga secunda muG.

IS Bax. The Well-Tempered Clavier, Vhoriyamu 2. Fugue D-dur.

S. inopesana zvachose. nzira yekukora uye kubatanidza ruzha, inonyatso shanda thematic reception. concentration; izvi zvinofanoronga hupfumi hwayo hunokosha - hucharatidza chinhu chikuru. unhu C. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuora. polyphonic mafomu (pamwe nezvikamu zvepolyphonized zvemahomophonic mafomu), kunyanya mufugue, ricercare. Mune fugue S., kutanga, imwe yeakanyanya. kuumba “zvivakwa” pamwe chete nedingindira, kupikiswa, kupindirana. Chechipiri, S. inzira inoshanda kuburitsa pachena chinangwa chedingindira semamosi anotungamira. pfungwa dziri muhurongwa hwekuendesa uye panguva imwechete ichimaka nguva dzakakosha dzekugadzirwa, kureva, kuve kutyaira uye panguva imwechete kugadzirisa chinhu polyphonic. chimiro (sekubatana kwe "kuva" uye "kuva"). Mune fugue, S. inosarudzwa. MuBach's Well-Tempered Clavier (inozopfupikiswa se "HTK"), inoitika munenge hafu yemafugues. S. haapo kazhinji pane zvisikwa. basa rinoitwa kana ne tonal (somuenzaniso, mu e-moll fugue kubva ku1st volume ye "HTK" - chete kufanana kweS. muzviyero 39-40), kana contrapuntal. budiriro inoitwa mukuwedzera kune S. (semuenzaniso, mu c-moll fugue kubva ku1st vhoriyamu, apo hurongwa hwemakomponi ezvinobuda hunoumbwa mumibatanidzwa uye mafambisirwo edingindira rine akachengetwa counterpositions). Mune fugues, apo nguva yekuvandudza tonal inosimbiswa, segue, kana iripo, inowanzowanikwa muzvikamu zve tonal stable reprise uye inowanzobatanidzwa nekuguma, ichisimbisa. Saka, muf-moll fugue kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu (matatu-chikamu nesonata hukama hwekiyi), S. inonzwika chete mukupedzisa. zvikamu; muchikamu chinokura chefugue mu g-moll kubva ku1st volume (bar 17), iyo S. haina kuvharika, nepo reprise 3-chinangwa. S. (chiyero 28) chinoumba magumo echokwadi; mune-zvikamu zvitatu fugue muC-dur op. 87 No 1 naShostakovich nekuenderana kwayo kwakasiyana. Kusimukira kwaS. kwakaunzwa chete nekudzokorora: yekutanga ine yechipiri counterposition yakachengetwa, yechipiri ine yakachinjika kusimuka (ona Movable counterpoint). Tonal kukura hakurevi kushandiswa kweS., zvisinei, contrapuntal. chimiro cheS. chinotara basa rayo rinonyanya kukosha mune izvo fugues umo chinangwa chemunyori chinosanganisira kupikisa kwakaoma. kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu (somuenzaniso, mune fugues C-dur uye dis-moll kubva ku1st volume ye "HTK", c-moll, Cis-dur, D-dur kubva ku2nd volume). Mavari, S. inogona kuwanikwa mune chero chikamu chefomu, isingasanganisire kuratidzwa (E-dur fugue kubva ku1st vhoriyamu, No 2 kubva kuBach's Art of Fugue - S. yakakurisa uye mukutenderera). Fugues, expositions to-rykh inogadzirwa muchimiro cheS., inonzi stretta. Nhanganyaya dzevaviri mustretta fugue kubva kuBach's 1nd motet (BWV 7) inoyeuchidza tsika yevatenzi vane utsinye vakashandisa zvakanyanya mharidzo yakadai (semuenzaniso, Kyrie wekuPalestrina's "Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La" mass).

JS Bach. Motet.

Kazhinji mune fugue akati wandei S. anoumbwa, achikura mune imwe. system ( fugues dis-moll and b-moll from the 1st volume of "HTK"; fugue c-moll Mozart, K.-V. 426; fugue kubva musumo ye opera "Ivan Susanin" naGlinka). Chimiro ndechekupfumisa zvishoma nezvishoma, iyo complication ye stretta conducts. Semuenzaniso, mune fugue mu b-moll kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK", iyo 1st (bar 27) uye 2nd (bar 33) S. yakanyorwa pane dingindira mukufamba kwakananga, yechitatu (bar 3) uye 67- I (bar 4) - mune yakazara inodzoserwa counterpoint, 73th (bar 5) uye 80th (bar 6) - mune isina kukwana reversible counterpoint, yekupedzisira yechinomwe (bha 89) - mukusakwana kudzoreredzwa nemanzwi akapetwa kaviri; S. yeiyi fugue inowana kufanana neyakapararira polyphonic. variational cycle (uye nokudaro chirevo che "chimiro che 7nd order"). Mumafugues ane anodarika S., zviri muropa kuti titarise maS aya semakomboni epakutanga uye anobva muropa (ona Complex counterpoint). Mune zvimwe zvigadzirwa. iyo yakanyanya kuoma S. ndeyechokwadi kusanganiswa kwepakutanga, uye mamwe ese eS., sekunge, akarerutswa kubva kune akarerutswa, "zvakatorwa" kubva kune yekutanga. Semuenzaniso, mune fugue C-dur kubva ku96st volume ye "HTK", yekutanga ndeye 2-chinangwa. S. mumabhawa 1-4 (golden chikamu zone), derivatives - 16-, 19-chinangwa. S. (ona mbariro 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, 19) ine matendero akatwasuka uye akachinjika; zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti munyori akatanga kuumba fugue iyi zvakanyatsonaka nekugadzirwa kwefugue yakaoma zvikuru. Nzvimbo ye fugue, mabasa ayo mu fugue akasiyana uye anonyanya kukosha; kunze kwenyaya dzakataurwa, munhu anogona kunongedza kune S., iyo inonyatso tsanangura chimiro (iyo-zvikamu zviviri fugue mu c-moll kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri, uko mune pachena, anenge 21-musoro. 24st chikamu cheS ine huzhinji hwezvikamu zvina zve viscous, ine yakazara S.), pamwe chete neS., ichiita basa rekusimudzira (fugue kubva kuTchaikovsky's 2st orchestral suite) uye chirevo chinoshanda (Kyrie muMozart's Requiem, mabara 3- 1). Manzwi ari muS. anogona kupinda mune chero nguva (ona muenzaniso uri pasi apa), zvisinei, zviyero zviri nyore - kupinda mune octave, yechishanu nechina - zvinonyanya kuwanda, sezvo muzviitiko izvi toni yedingindira yakachengetedzwa.

IF Stravinsky. Concerto yemapiyano maviri, 4th kufamba.

Chiitiko cheS. mwero, nhamba yesumo, asi kusvika pamwero mukuru - kubva kune contrapuntal. kuoma kweS. uye chinhambwe chekupinda kwemanzwi (idiki iri, iyo inonyanya kushanda iyo S., zvimwe zvinhu zvese zvakaenzana). Misoro miviri kanoni pane dingindira rakananga kufamba - iyo yakajairika fomu yeC. Mu 3-chinangwa. S. Izwi rechitatu rinowanzopinda mushure mekupera kwedingindira muzwi rekutanga, uye S. akadaro anoumbwa sengetani yemaketani:

JS Bach. The Well-Tempered Clavier, Vhoriyamu 1. Fugue F-dur.

S. vashoma, umo dingindira rinoitwa zvakazara mumanzwi ese nenzira yekanoni (yokupedzisira risposta inopinda kusvika pakupera kweproposta); S. yerudzi urwu inonzi main (stretto maestrale), ndiko kuti, yakagadzirwa neunyanzvi (somuenzaniso, mune fugues C-dur uye b-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu, D-dur kubva ku2nd vhoriyamu ye "HTK"). Vanyori vanozvidira kushandisa S. pamwe decomp. polyphonic shanduko. Topics; kutendeuka kunoshandiswa kakawanda (semuenzaniso, fugues mu d-moll kubva ku1st vhoriyamu, Cis-dur kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri; inversion muS. inowanzoitika kune fugues yeWA Mozart, semuenzaniso, g-moll, K. .-V. 2, c-moll, K.-V. 401) uye kuwedzera, dzimwe nguva kuderera (E-dur fugue kubva ku426nd volume ye "HTK"), uye kazhinji yakawanda inosanganiswa. nzira dzekushandura (fugue c-moll kubva kuvhoriyamu yechipiri, mabara 2-2 - mukufamba kwakananga, mukutenderera uye kuwedzera; dis-moll kubva ku14st vhoriyamu, mumabhawa 15-1 - rudzi rwe stretto maestrale: mukufamba kwakananga , mukuwedzera uye neshanduko mune rhythmic ratios). Inzwi reS. rinozadzikiswa nemakwikwi (somuenzaniso, C-dur fugue kubva ku77st volume muzviyero 83-1); dzimwe nguva counter-addition kana zvidimbu zvayo zvinochengetwa muS. (bar 7 mu g-moll fugue kubva ku8st volume). S. dzakanyanya kurema, uko dingindira uye anochengeterwa anopikisa kana madingindira efugue yakaoma anoteedzerwa panguva imwe chete (bar 28 uyezve mune cis-moll fugue kubva ku1st vhoriyamu yeCTC; kudzokorora - nhamba 94 - fugue kubva kuquintet. op. 1 naShostakovich). Mune yakataurwa S., iye achawedzera pamisoro miviri. mavhoti akasiiwa (ona col. 35).

A. Berg. "Wozzek", 3rd chiito, 1st mufananidzo (fugue).

Sezvimwe kuratidzwa kwemaitiro akajairwa mukugadzirwa kwepolyphony nyowani, kune kumwe kuomeswa kwemaitiro estretto (kusanganisira musanganiswa weiyo isina kukwana inodzoreredzwa uye inofambiswa kaviri counterpoint). Mienzaniso inoshamisa ndeye S. mune katatu fugue Nhamba 3 kubva ku cantata "Mushure mekuverenga Pisarema" naTaneyev, mune fugue kubva kune suite "Tomb of Couperin" naRavel, mune kaviri fugue muA (bars 58-68 ) kubva kuHindemith's Ludus tonalis cycle, mune kaviri fugue e -moll op. 87 No 4 by Shostakovich (hurongwa hwekudzokorora S. ine kanoni kaviri muchiyero 111), mune fugue kubva kune concerto ye2 fp. Stravinsky. Mukugadzira Shostakovich S., sekutonga, inoiswa mukudzokorora, iyo inosiyanisa munyori wavo wemitambo. basa. High level technical sophistication inosvika S. mune zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana neserial tekinoroji. Semuenzaniso, reprise S. fugue kubva kumagumo eK. Karaev's 3rd symphony ine dingindira mune rakish movement; rwiyo rwepamusoro-soro muPrologue kubva kuLutosławski's Funeral Music inoteedzera manzwi gumi negumi nerimwe ane makuriro nekudzoka shure; iyo pfungwa yepolyphonic stretta inounzwa kumagumo ayo ane musoro muzvinyorwa zvakawanda zvemazuva ano, apo manzwi anouya "akamanikidzwa" muhuwandu hwakakosha (semuenzaniso, iyo mana-izwi risingaperi canon yechikamu chechipiri pakutanga kwe 2rd chikamu cheK. Khachaturian's tambo quartet).

Chimiro chinogamuchirwa cheS. hachipo. S., umo chete mavambo echinyorwa kana musoro une nzira inoshandiswa. Kuchinja kwenziyo dzimwe nguva kunonzi hakuna kukwana kana chidimbu. Sezvo hwaro hwakakosha hweS. mafomu, eiyo S.'s maitiro ekushandisa osn anoruramiswa. tsananguro dzemafomu aya. S. pamisoro miviri inogona kunzi kaviri; kune chikamu che "akasarudzika" mafomu (maererano nezwi reSI Taneev) ndiS., iyo nzira inoenda kupfuura huwandu hwezviitiko zvenharembozha counterpoint, kureva S., uko kuwedzera, kuderera, raked kufamba kunoshandiswa; nekuenzanisa necanons, S. inosiyaniswa mukufamba kwakananga, mukutenderera, kusanganiswa, 1st uye 2nd zvikamu, nezvimwe.

Mune homophonic mafomu, kune polyphonic zvivakwa, izvo zvisiri S. mupfungwa yakazara (nekuda kweiyo chordal mamiriro, mavambo kubva panguva yehomophonic, chinzvimbo muchimiro, nezvimwewo), asi mukunzwika vanofanana nayo; mienzaniso yeakadaro stretta sumo kana stretta-kunge zvivakwa zvinogona kushanda seyo huru. dingindira rekufamba kwechipiri kweiyo 2 symphony, kutanga kwevatatu vechitatu yekufamba kwe1th symphony naBeethoven, chidimbu cheminuet kubva kune symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") naMozart (bar 3 zvichienda mberi), fugato mu. kuvandudzwa kwekutanga kufamba (ona nhamba 5) yeShostakovich's 44th symphony. Mune homophonic uye yakasanganiswa homophonic-polyphonic. anoumba imwe analogy ye S. are contrapunally complicated anogumisa. zvivakwa (iyo kanoni mukudzokororwa kweGorislava's cavatina kubva kuopera Ruslan naLyudmila naGlinka) uye musanganiswa wakaoma wemadingindira aimbonzwika zvakasiyana (kutanga kwekudzokororwa kweiyo opera The Mastersingers of Nuremberg naWagner, inopedzisa chikamu che iyo coda muchiitiko chekukurukurirana kubva pachiitiko chechina che opera- epic "Sadko" naRimsky-Korsakov, iyo coda yekupedzisira yeSimphony yaTaneyev mu c-moll).

2) Kukurumidza kukurumidza kwekufamba, kuwedzera kwekufamba Ch. arr. mukupedzisa. chikamu chemimhanzi huru. prod. (muzvinyorwa zvemimhanzi inoratidzwa piъ stretto; dzimwe nguva chete shanduko ye tempo inoratidzwa: piъ mosso, prestissimo, nezvimwewo). S. - nyore uye mune zvigadzirwa. relation chishandiso chinoshanda kwazvo chinoshandiswa kugadzira chinochinja. magumo ezvigadzirwa, kazhinji achiperekedzwa ne activation ye rhythmic. kutanga. Chekutanga pane zvese, dzakapararira uye dzakava dzinenge dzinosungirwa rudzi rwemhando muItaly. opera (kazhinji kashoma mucantata, oratorio) yenguva yaG. Paisiello naD. Cimarosa sechikamu chekupedzisira chemusangano (kana nekutora chikamu kwekwaya) yekupedzisira (semuenzaniso, ensemble yekupedzisira mushure mePaolino's aria muCimarosa's. The Secret Marriage). Mienzaniso yakatanhamara ndeye WA Mozart (semuenzaniso, prestissimo mukupera kwechiitiko chechipiri che opera Le nozze di Figaro sechikamu chekupedzisira mukuvandudzika kwemamiriro ecomedic; mumagumo ekutanga chiitiko cheopera Don Giovanni, piъ stretto inowedzerwa ne stretta kutevedzera). S. mukupedzisira inofananidzirawo kune chigadzirwa. ital. vanyori vezana remakore rechi2 - G. Rossini, B. Bellini, G. Verdi (somuenzaniso, piъ mosso mumagumo echiito chechipiri che opera "Aida"; muchikamu chakakosha, munyori anotsanangura C. kusuma opera "La Traviata"). S. yaiwanzo shandiswa mumakodhiki arias uye duets (semuenzaniso, accelerando mune yakakurumbira aria yaBasilio pamusoro pekunyomba kubva kuopera The Barber of Seville naRossini), pamwe chete nerwiyo rwekuda (semuenzaniso, vivacissimo mune duet yeGilda uye Duke mune yechipiri chiitiko opera "Rigoletto" naVerdi) kana mutambo. hunhu (somuenzaniso, mune duet yeAmneris naRadames kubva pachiito chechina che opera Aida naVerdi). Idiki aria kana kuti duet yemhando yerwiyo ine inodzokororwa melodic-rhythmic. kutendeuka, uko S. inoshandiswa, inonzi cabaletta. S. senzira inokosha yekutaura yakashandiswa kwete neItaly chete. vanyori, asiwo masters edzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Kunyanya, S. muOp. MI Glinka (ona, somuenzaniso, prestissimo uye piъ stretto muna Nhanganyaya, piъ mosso muna Farlaf kuti rondo kubva opera Ruslan uye Lyudmila).

Kashoma kazhinji S. kudaidza kukwidziridza mumhedziso. instr. chigadzirwa chakanyorwa nekukurumidza. Mienzaniso yakajeka inowanikwa muOp. L. Beethoven (somuenzaniso, presto yakaoma nekanoni mukodha yekuguma kwe5 symphony, "multi-stage" S. mukodha yekuguma kwe9 symphony), fp. mimhanzi naR. Schumann (semuenzaniso, mazwi schneller, noch schneller pamberi pekodha uye mukodha ye1st chikamu chepiyano sonata g-moll op. 22 kana prestissimo uye immer schneller und schneller mukupedzisira kweiyo sonata; mu chikamu chekutanga uye chekupedzisira cheCarnival, kuiswa kwemadingindira matsva kunoperekedzwa nekukasira kwekufamba kusvika kune yekupedzisira piъ stretto), Op. P. Liszt (nhetembo yesymphonic "Hungary"), etc. Mafungiro akapararira kuti munguva mushure meG. Verdi S. anonyangarika kubva kumutambo wevanyori haisi yechokwadi zvachose; mumhanzi con. 1th century uye mukugadzira 19th century Mapeji anoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvakasiyana; Nekudaro, iyo tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya zvekuti vanyori, vachishandisa zvakanyanya musimboti weS., vakapotsa varega kushandisa izwi racho pacharo. Pakati pemienzaniso yakawanda inogona kunongedzerwa kumagumo ekutanga uye 20nd zvikamu zve opera "Oresteia" naTaneyev, apo munyori anotungamirirwa zvakajeka nechekare. tsika. Muenzaniso wakajeka wekushandiswa kweS. mumimhanzi yakadzama yepfungwa. kuronga - chiitiko cheInol naGolo (kuguma kwechiito che1) mu opera Pelléas et Mélisande naDebussy; izwi rokuti "S." inoitika muchikamu cheBerg's Wozzeck (2nd act, interlude, nhamba 3). Mumimhanzi yezana ramakore rechi2 S., netsika, kazhinji inoshanda senzira yekuburitsa komiki. mamiriro ezvinhu (semuenzaniso Nhamba 160 “Mutaberna guando sumus” (“Patigere mutaveni”) kubva kuOrff's “Carmina burana”, uko kukwidziridza, kwakasanganiswa necrescendo isingaregi, kunoburitsa mhedzisiro inenge yakawandisa mukuzviitira kwayo). Nekuseka kwemufaro, anoshandisa classic. kugamuchirwa naSS Prokofiev muChelia's monologue kubva pakutanga kwe20nd chiitiko che opera "Rudo kune Matatu Oranges" (paizwi rimwechete "Farfarello"), mu "Champagne Scene" naDon Jerome naMendoza (kupera kwe14nd chiitiko. opera "Kupfimbana muMamongi"). Sekuratidzwa kwakasiyana kweiyo neoclassical maitiro kunofanirwa kutariswa quasi stretto (kuyera 2) mu ballet "Agon", Anne's cabaletta pakupera kwe 2st chiitiko che opera "The Rake's Progress" naStravinsky.

3) Kutevedzera mukuderedza (chiItaly: Imitazione alla stretta); izwi iri harinyanyi kushandiswa mupfungwa iyi.

References: Zolotarev VA Fugue. Nhungamiro yefundo inoshanda, M., 1932, 1965; Skrebkov SS, Polyphonic analysis, M.-L., 1940; yake pachake, Textbook of polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; Mazel LA, Maumbirwo emabasa emimhanzi, M., 1960; Dmitriev AN, Polyphony sechinhu chekuumba, L., 1962; Protopopov VV, Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo inonyanya kukosha zviitiko. Nziyo dzechiRussian dzeclassical neSoviet, M., 1962; yake, Nhoroondo yepolyphony mune yayo inonyanya kukosha zviitiko. Western European classics ye18th-19th century, M., 1965; Dolzhansky AN, 24 preludes uye fugues naD. Shostakovich, L., 1963, 1970; Yuzhak K., Zvimwe zvechimiro chefugue naJS Bach, M., 1965; Chugaev AG, Zvimiro zvechimiro cheBach's clavier fugues, M., 1975; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Fuge, Lpz., 1859, 1921 (shanduro yechiRussian - Richter E., Fugue Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1873); Buss1er L., Kontrapunkt und Fuge im freien Tonsatz…, V., 1878, 1912 (shanduro yechiRussian – Bussler L., Strict style. Textbook of counterpoint and fugue, M., 1885); Prout E., Fugue, L., 1891 (shanduro yeRussian - Prout E., Fugue, M., 1922); onawo lit. paArt. Polyphony.

VP Frayonov